淋巴结显示液联合CK19在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结检测中的临床意义

目的探讨淋巴结显示液(LNRS)联合CK19在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结检出及微转移灶检测中的临床意义。方法 58例经根治性手术乳腺癌标本分别应用传统法和LNRS法检出淋巴结,应用HE染色检测淋巴结转移状况,HE染色阴性淋巴结进一步行CK19免疫组织化学检测微转移病灶。结果传统法检出淋巴结774枚,HE染色pN0期患者37例(淋巴结463枚);应用LNRS处理后多检出淋巴结469枚,HE染色pN0期患者45例(淋巴结332枚);传统法和LNRS法HE染色均为pN0期的患者35例(传统法淋巴结441枚及LNRS法淋巴结244枚,共685枚)。685枚淋巴结进一步行CK19免疫组织化学检测,5例患者(淋巴结17枚)发现微转移病灶。传统法pN0期的患者中有13.5%(5/37)的患者分期移动为pN1mi;传统法pN0期的患者中有5.4%(2/37)的患者分期移动为pN1;传统法pN1期的患者中有16.7%(2/12)的患者分期移动为pN2;传统法pN2期的患者中有14.3%(1/7)的患者分期移动为pN3,总体上共有17.2%(10/58)的患者发生了N分期的移动。结论应用LNRS能够显著提高乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结检出数量,行CK19免疫组织化学检测微转移病灶,可更准确地反映乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结的转移状态,对于评估N分期及指导术后治疗有一定临床意义。     

血脂与激素受体阴性乳腺癌远处转移及疗效的关系

目的 测定激素受体阴性乳腺癌患者的血脂水平,探讨血脂异常与远处转移的关系,及化疗后血脂水平变化与近期疗效的关系。方法 收集154例激素受体阴性乳腺癌患者的临床病理资料和空腹血脂水平,远处转移组患者化疗2周期后第14天再次测定血脂水平。χ²检验分析临床病理特征及基线血脂水平与远处转移的关系,Logistic回归分析远处转移的独立危险因素,配对t检验分析远处转移组患者化疗后血脂各指标变化与疗效关系。结果 乳腺癌远处转移与肿块大小、区域淋巴结转移、组织学分级、高TC、高TG及高LDL-C血症有关(P＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,肿块大小(OR=1.563)、区域淋巴结转移(OR=1.983)、高TC血症(OR=1.502)、高TG血症(OR=1.877)是远处转移的独立危险因素。远处转移组中化疗有效组(PR+SD),TC、TG及LDL-C水平有降低趋势,HDL-C水平有升高趋势,疗效PR组TG水平降低有统计学意义。结论 高脂血症与激素受体阴性乳腺癌远处转移相关,有效的抗肿瘤治疗可降低血脂水平。动态监测血脂水平可作为激素受体阴性乳腺癌远处转移及疗效评价的辅助参考指标。     

乳腺癌内分泌治疗中激素受体问题

雌激素受体(ｅｓｔｒｏｇｅｎｒｅｃｅｐｔｏｒ,ＥＲ)已被作为乳腺癌内分泌治疗和预后评估的一个重要指征。近年来的研究已取得显著进展,特别是有关实际应用中存在的一些问题,许多已有较明确的解释。现就一些有关新认识、新进展做一概要综述。一、雌激素、激素受体与乳腺癌1896年Ｂｅｎｔｓｏｎ发现乳腺细胞的增生及癌变与激素密切相关,并观察到切除卵巢可使进展期乳腺癌消退。1967年Ｊｅｎｓｅｎ发现人类乳腺癌中含有ＥＲ。这一发现把乳腺癌内分泌治疗推向了崭新的阶段,使内分泌治疗变得有的放矢,疗效明显提高。研究证明,有的肿瘤细胞恶变…     

腋窝淋巴结阴性乳腺癌复发的高危因素

１９２例腋窝淋巴绵阴性的Ⅰ，Ⅱ期乳腺癌就年龄，肿块大注，激素状态，组织学分级，病理状态和肿瘤标记物ＣＥＡ，ＣＡ１５－３进行单因素ｃｏｘ多元回归模型分析。结果显示：年龄３２例以下，激素受体阴性，组织学分级Ⅲ者均主危复发因素。病理切片见坏死或单核细胞增后，肿块切除不完全，ＣＥＡ，ＣＡ１５－３持续高浓度或治疗后再度升高者均提示复发机会较高。     

乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移与预后的分析

本文分析我院1978年1月～1982年12月行乳腺癌根治术和仿根治术后有腋淋巴结转移360例的预后。发现阳性淋巴结数1～3个和≥4个的5年生存率分别为85.4％及50.2％(P<0.01)。 术后我们通常把腋结分为3组;胸小肌外侧组(第一水平),胸小肌后组(第二水平)及锁骨下组(第三水平)。当仅外侧组阳性,外侧十后组阳性以及外,后及锁下三组均阳性时,5年生存率分别为82.6％,59.2％及41.5％(P<0.01)。腋结受累的水平愈高,预后愈差,指出乳腺癌术后腋淋巴结分组病捡有利于估计预后和制定辅助治疗方案     

预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的研究进展

19世纪，乳腺癌被认为是局部病变，沿淋巴管转移扩散，且遵循逐级转移即从第一站淋巴结转移到第二站淋巴结，然后再转移到全身的规律。Halsted根治术就是依据这个理论设计的手术方式。直到20世纪60年代Fisher提出乳腺癌是全身性疾病，在病程的早期即可发生全身转移。乳腺癌局部病变的理论便为全身性疾病的理论所替代。并且，依据预后因素用“预后好”或“预后差”的乳腺癌替代“早期”或“晚期”乳腺癌。     

乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移的多因素分析

目的:研究乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移与年龄、民族、初潮年龄、第一胎生育年龄、绝经、绝经年龄、病程、哺乳时间、妊娠次数、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小（B超、钼靶、MRI分别测值）、病理分型、雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）、C-erbB-2基因表达之间的关系及规律,为乳腺癌手术中腋窝淋巴结清扫术的指征提供理论依据。方法:回顾性分析356例乳腺癌患者的临床资料。结果:腋窝淋巴结转移228例（64%）,无转移128例（36%）;腋窝淋巴结转移与第一胎生育年龄、妊娠次数、哺乳时间、病程、肿瘤大小(B超、钼靶、MRI)、肿瘤部位、病理类型相关（P<0.05）,P值分别为0.007、0.005、0.006、0.022、（0.001、0.000、0.020）、0.009、0.000。结论:腋窝淋巴结的转移受多种因素影响。     

Population‐based analysis of occult primary breast cancer with axillary lymph node metastasis

BACKGROUND:

Single‐institution data suggest that treatment with radiation and axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) may be an appropriate alternative to mastectomy for T0N+ breast cancer. Population‐based multi‐institutional data supporting this approach are lacking.

METHODS:

The cause‐specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) of women with T0N+M0 ductal, lobular, or mixed breast cancer in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database from 1983 to 2006 were analyzed. Groups were defined as: 1) no ALND, mastectomy, or RT (observation); 2) ALND only; 3) mastectomy plus ALND with or without postmastectomy radiation (Mast); and 4) breast‐conserving therapy (BCT) with ALND and radiation (BCT).

RESULTS:

In total, 750 of 770,030 patients with breast cancer had T0N+M0 disease (incidence, 0.10%), and 596 of those patients underwent ALND (79.5%). Patients who underwent Mast or BCT (n = 470) had a 10‐year OS rate of 64.9% compared with 58.5% for patients who underwent ALND only (n = 126; P = .02) and 47.5% for patients who underwent observation only (n = 94; P = .04). The 10‐year CSS rate was 75.7% for patients who underwent BCT versus 73.9% for patients who underwent Mast (P = .55). In multivariate analysis of CSS for patients who underwent Mast or BCT, the following factors were correlated with an unfavorable outcome: positive estrogen receptor status (hazard ratio [HR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24‐0.96; P = .04), ≥10 positive lymph nodes (HR, 5.7; 95%CI, 2.4‐13.4; P ≤ .01), and <10 resected lymph nodes (HR, 42.9; 95%CI, 1.2‐7.1; P = .02). Mast did not improve CSS compared with BCT (HR, 1.09; 95%CI, 0.57‐2.1; P = .79).

CONCLUSIONS:

Definitive locoregional treatment with either Mast or BCT improved the outcome of patients with T0N+breast cancer, and no difference in survival was observed between the treatments. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.     

2108例T1~2期乳腺癌患者腋窝淋巴结转移的相关因素分析

目的：探讨T1~2期乳腺癌患者临床与病理因素与腋窝淋巴结转移的关系,指导前哨淋巴结活检术（SL-NB）的应用,以避免腋窝清扫术（ALND）后并发症的发生。方法收集接受手术且经病理确诊的T1~2期乳腺癌病例,对其临床病理资料进行回顾性统计分析。通过单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析寻找乳腺癌发生腋窝淋巴结转移的影响因素。结果共2108例患者入组,其中1021例患者发生淋巴结转移（48.4%）。单因素分析显示年龄、肿瘤大小、病理类型、组织学分级、脉管瘤栓、ER、PR、Ki-67指数以及分子分型等因素与淋巴结转移有关（P﹤0.05）;而HER-2是否过表达与淋巴结转移无关。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,患者的腋窝淋巴结转移的独立影响因素为肿瘤大小、病理类型、组织学分级、脉管瘤栓、ER表达状况（P﹤0.05）;而年龄也可能是腋窝淋巴结有无转移的独立影响因素（P=0.053）。结论肿瘤越大、分化越差、伴脉管瘤栓、ER阳性表达以及病理类型为浸润性小叶癌的T1~2期乳腺癌患者的淋巴结转移风险更高,而年龄≤50岁也可能增加了腋窝淋巴结转移的风险。T1~2期乳腺癌患者是否直接行ALND应持谨慎的态度。     

Occult axillary lymph node metastases do not have prognostic significance in early stage breast cancer

BACKGROUND:

Axillary lymph node status is one of the most powerful prognostic indicators in patients with breast cancer and has implications for adjuvant treatment. It has been demonstrated that enhanced histologic evaluation of axillary lymph nodes, including serial sectioning of paraffin tissue blocks and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, increases the rate of detection of occult metastases. The clinical significance of occult lymph node metastases has been the subject of debate.

METHODS:

In the current study, the authors identified 267 patients who underwent axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) between 1987 and 1995 and were lymph node negative according to a routine pathologic evaluation, which included the complete submission of all lymph nodes and an examination of 1 hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)‐stained section per paraffin block. Patients did not receive systemic chemotherapy or hormone therapy. All of the dissected lymph nodes from these patients were re‐evaluated by intensified pathologic methods (serial sectioning with H&E levels plus IHC). Occult metastases were categorized by detection method and size. The clinical significance of the occult metastases was determined.

RESULTS:

Thirty‐nine patients (15%) who had lymph node‐negative results on routine evaluation of their ALND specimens had occult metastases identified. Eight of these patients (20%) had macrometastases >2.0 mm, 15 (40%) had micrometastases (range, >0.2 mm to ≤2 mm), and 16 (40%) had isolated tumor cells (≤0.2 mm). The presence of occult metastases and the size of metastases did not affect recurrence‐free or overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS:

The presence of occult metastasis did not have clinical significance in this cohort of patients with early stage breast cancer. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.     

Diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastases in patients with breast cancer

Summary The diagnosis of axillary (AX) metastases remains a challenge in the management of breast cancer and is a subject of controversy. Clinical node staging clearly is limited in the assessment of AX lymph nodes. AX mammography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography (CT) do not provide histologic information. Although nuclear magnetic resonance imaging may have considerable value in the diagnosis of AX metastases, it does not detect micrometastases. The use of biologic markers in the assessment of AX metastases remains a subject of investigation. On the other hand, biopsy of selected AX nodes or tissue with examination of histology or cytology generally would not identify a significant percentage of patients with AX node involvement. Sentinel lymph node biopsy, however, might be potentially useful for assessing AX metastases, although it remains investigational. In order to simplify diagnosis and reduce morbidity and mortality, alternatives to AX dissection must be sought and imaging and staging modalities refined. We present a review of the literature pertaining to the diagnosis of AX metastases in patients with breast cancer and a discussion of some current areas of controversy.     

IV-DSA is a new diagnostic tool for axillary lymph node metastasis in breast cancer patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to know whether intravenous digital subtraction angiography (IV-DSA) is useful to detect axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer and to evaluate the anigiogenesis of lymph nodes in the axilla. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty three primary breast cancer patients (N0: 26 cases, N1: 5 cases, N2: 2 cases) who underwent IV-DSA between January and November 2000 were included in the study. Infinix CB apparatus (Toshiba, Japan) was used to collect IV-DSA images and when a mass became stained in the axilla, it was considered to be metastatic. The angiogenesis was studied by examining microvessel density (MVD) after lymph node immunostaining for factor VIII. Primary tumor was detected by IV-DSA in all 43 cases. RESULTS: Axillary lymph node metastases were detected by IV-DSA in 34.9% of cases (15/43), and by pathology in 37.2% (16/43). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the diagnostic method were 75.0% (12/16), 88.9% (24/27), and 83.7% (36/43), respectively. MVD, calculated after immunostaining for factor VIII, was significantly lower in the in metastatic region of lymph nodes identified by DSA (88.5 +/- 35.0) than in metastasis-free lymph nodes (141.1 +/- 34.0, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: IV-DSA is useful in the diagnosis of axillary lymph node metastasis of breast cancer. Our results suggest that the primary factors involved in the mechanism of DSA display may be different from high/low MVC values.     

Accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration cytology of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients

BACKGROUND

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of axillary lymph nodes is a simple, minimally invasive technique that can be used to improve preoperative determination of the status of the axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer, thereby serving as a tool with which to triage patients for sentinel versus full lymph node dissection procedures. The aim of the current study was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of FNA cytology to detect metastatic breast carcinoma in axillary lymph nodes.

METHODS

A total of 115 FNAs of axillary lymph nodes of breast cancer patients with histologic follow‐up (subsequent sentinel or full lymph node dissection) were included in the current study. The specificity and sensitivity, as well as the positive and negative predictive values, were calculated.

RESULTS

The positive and negative predictive values of FNA cytology of axillary lymph nodes for metastatic breast carcinoma were 1.00 and 0.60, respectively. The overall sensitivity of axillary lymph node FNA in all the cases studied was 65% and the specificity was 100%. The sensitivity of FNA was lower in the sentinel lymph node group than in the full lymph node dissection group (16% vs 88%, respectively), which was believed to be attributable to the small size of the metastatic foci in the sentinel lymph node group (median, 0.25 cm). All false‐negative FNAs, with the exception of 1 case, were believed to be the result of sampling error. There was no ‘true’ false‐positive FNA case in the current study.

CONCLUSIONS

FNA of axillary lymph nodes is a sensitive and very specific method with which to detect metastasis in breast cancer patients. Because of its excellent positive predictive value, full axillary lymph node dissection can be planned safely instead of a sentinel lymph node dissection when a preoperative positive FNA result is rendered. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2008. © American Cancer Society.     

乳腺癌组织LOX蛋白表达与腋窝淋巴结转移相关性分析

目的 赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)是稳定细胞外基质的关键酶,主要功能是调节细胞黏附、运动及基因转录等.LOX在不同类型肿瘤中可能发挥着不同的作用.本研究通过观察LOX在腋窝淋巴结阳性乳腺癌组织中的表达,分析其与细胞周期蛋白D1 (Cyclin D1)、细胞增殖核抗原(nuclcar-associated antigen,Ki-67)、趋化因子受体4(C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4,CXCR4)及E-钙黏素(E-cadherin)的相关性,探讨LOX在乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结转移中的作用及可能机制.方法 收集广西医科大学附属肿瘤医院2013-09-01-2015-12-31住院手术切除的227例乳腺癌组织及配对的正常乳腺组织(距离癌组织＞5 cm)标本.采用免疫组化法检测LOX蛋白在乳腺癌组织和正常乳腺组织中的表达,分析LOX蛋白表达与临床病理特征及腋窝淋巴结转移数目的关系,以及Cyclin D1、Ki-67、CXCR4和E-cadherin蛋白与LOX蛋白表达的相关性.结果 LOX蛋白在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率64.8％ (147/227),显著高于癌旁正常乳腺组织的31.7％(72/227),x2 =49.621,P＜0.001.LOX蛋白表达与乳腺癌组织学分级、原发肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结状态、临床分期、ER、PR及HER2状态有关,x2值分别为8.312、6.183、10.597、7.950、19.731、5.221和16.648,P值分别为0.016、0.045、0.014、0.019、＜0.001、0.022和0.001;而与年龄、月经状态、体质量指数和分子分型无明显相关性,均P＞0.05.LOX蛋白表达与腋窝淋巴结转移数目呈正相关,r=0.199,P=0.003.LOX蛋白与Cyclin D1 (r=0.476,P＜0.001)、Ki-67(r=0.492,P＜0.001和CXCR4蛋白(r=0.539,P＜0.001)表达呈中度正相关,与E-cadherin蛋白表达呈中度负相关(r[-0.387,P＜0.001).结论 LOX蛋白在乳腺癌组织中表达升高,并与腋窝淋巴结转移相关.LOX蛋白过表达促进乳腺癌侵袭和转移,并可能通过上调Cyclin D1、Ki-67、CXCR4和下调E-cadherin表达促进腋窝淋巴结的转移.     

前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌患者腋窝管理中的研究进展

传统的观点认为腋窝淋巴结清扫(axillary lymph node dissection,ALND)是前哨淋巴结(sentinellymph node,SLN)阳性乳腺癌患者的标准治疗方法,而ALND容易引起上肢水肿、功能障碍等术后并发症,影响患者生活质量.近几年研究显示,对于SLN阳性的早期乳腺癌,并非所有患者都需...     

Photodynamic detection of diseased axillary sentinel lymph node after oral application of aminolevulinic acid in patients with breast cancer

Benign as well as malignant tumour tissues of the breast demonstrate higher fluorescence intensity (FI) than normal breast tissue after application of a photosensitiser. As a follow-up study, we evaluated the FI of metastatic sentinel lymph nodes and metastatic axillary lymph nodes compared to nonmetastatic sentinel and axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. In all, 11 patients received 30 mg 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) kg(-1) bodyweight orally 3 h prior to surgery. The sentinel lymph node was marked with Nanocoll preoperatively and with a blue dye intraoperatively. Tumour excision, excision of the sentinel lymph node and an axillary lymph node dissection were performed during the same surgical session. The operation site was illuminated with blue light (400 nm) to obtain macroscopic tissue characterisation of fluorescence. Tissue samples were stored protected from light, and analysed using a fluorescence microscope. Results were correlated with histopathology. In all, 14 sentinel lymph nodes, seven axillary lymph nodes and seven primary tumours were analysed. Metastatic sentinel lymph nodes demonstrated a statistically significant higher FI than nonmetastatic sentinel lymph nodes (2630 vs 526, P<0.0001). The FI of metastatic sentinel lymph nodes, of metastatic axillary lymph nodes and of the primary tumour were comparably high, and were statistically significantly higher compared to the normal mammary tissue. Intraoperatively, only in a few cases, it was possible to recognise the metastatic sentinel lymph node macroscopically with blue light. Our study indicates that photodynamic diagnosis with ALA has a potential in the diagnosis and detection of the sentinel lymph node in patients with breast cancer, and is worth to be further investigated and developed for intraoperative photodynamic diagnosis and possibly therapy.