佛子岭水库水质生态学监测

目的开展佛子岭水库水质生态学监测。方法于2009年1—12月,对佛子岭水库进行水质理化监测的同时,进行浮游生物群落的生态调查。采用生物多样性指数(Shannon-wiener)指数(H)和综合污染指数(K)评价水质。结果共检出浮游藻类8门221种,以绿藻门、硅藻门和蓝藻门为主;检出浮游动物83种,以原生动物和轮虫为主。水库浮游生物数量为10.45×104～123.34×104个/L,H值为2.22～3.37,K值为0.56～0.73,藻类叶绿素a含量为2.40～2.74 mg/m3。结论佛子岭水库受到轻-中度污染,水质等级为II类,属中营养型水体。     

淠河总干渠大型底栖动物初步调查

目的 研究淠河总干渠大型底栖动物分布及水质状况.方法 于2009年5月-2010年3月,对淠河总干渠六安段进行水质理化监测与大型底栖动物群落生态调查,并采用生物多样性指数(H)和综合污染指数(K)评价水质.结果 共检出底栖动物21种,隶属于3门5纲6目13科.优势种是中国圆田螺(Cipangopaludina chin...     

武汉市农村地区饮用水藻类污染状况调查

目的了解武汉市农村地区饮用水藻类污染状况。方法以武汉市郊黄陂、蔡甸两个区的饮用水为样本,鉴定种类,藻类计数和测定微囊藻毒素,并与同期汉江水厂,长江水厂及东湖水水样做对比分析。结果武汉市农村地区饮用水中的藻类分布以绿藻和硅藻为主,蓝藻次之,但有微囊藻、颤藻等可能产毒的种类检出,藻类数量远高于长江水和汉江水,此次调查微囊藻毒素均未超过现有标准规定的1.0μg/L。结论农村的水质状况较差,应积极开展农村饮用水藻类污染监测。     

黄河三角洲地上平原水库淡水藻类分布研究

目的了解地上平原水库淡水藻类分布污染现状.方法对7座正在使用的水库水体、底质用梅花布点法,5、10月份各采集样品5份.结果70份样品均检出淡水藻类(28属43种),硅、绿、蓝藻属为主要优势种群,5、10月份无明显差别,但10月份种类及数量大于5月份,水生植物多的B、E、F水库以硅、绿藻为主,其他以蓝藻为主.水华藻、C、D水库检出种数、数量最多(17.39%、16.67%),D、F水库接近富营养化,藻类检出与水体底质TN成正相关(t=6.078,3.829,P<0.001),TP成负相关.引起水华的藻类、味臭藻类、污水藻类、阻塞滤池藻类均不同程度被检出.结论黄河三角洲地上平原水库藻类存在不同程度的污染,水体富营养化趋势明显,应尽快加以治理.     

三门峡市饮用水藻类污染及影响因素研究

目的　研究三门峡市饮用水藻类污染及影响因素。方法　于 1998年 5月～ 1999年 4月采集三门峡市某以黄河为水源的水厂的源水、调蓄池水、滤池水和出厂水每月 1次 ,进行总氮、总磷、藻细胞计数、藻毒素及常规水质分析。结果　黄河三门峡段水质劣于地表水 类标准 ,年平均藻类密度 5 .6 9× 10 7/ L,7～ 8月以蓝藻为优势藻类 ,其余时间为绿藻 ,7～ 10月份为藻类生长高峰 ,8～ 10月呈富营养状态〔 TSI(TP) =76～ 87〕。调蓄水池藻密度与水温成正相关 (r=0 .96 7,P<0 .0 5 )。微囊藻毒素调蓄池水 0 .82～ 95 7.9ng/ L,出厂水 2 .70～ 10 1.33ng/ L。结论　黄河三门峡段藻类污染严重 ,藻类密度与水温和水体富营养化有关     

武汉市饮用水中浮游藻类的调查

目的了解武汉市饮用水中浮游藻类的污染情况。方法分别于1999—2001年春、夏、秋、冬对武汉市不同水源供水区末梢水和同一地点水箱水进行4次采样，进行藻类形态学检测。结果生活饮用水中浮游藻类有蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、隐藻门(Cryptohyta)、金藻门(Chrysophyta)、硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)、裸藻门(Euglenophyta)、绿藻门(Chlorophyta)等6个门，56个属、97个种藻类(其中67个鉴定到种，30个鉴定到属)。城市末梢水中浮游藻类检出为89％，饮水水箱水中浮游藻类检出率为86％。同一地点水箱水中浮游藻类在种类和数量上比末梢水均分别增加37％和60％。结论武汉市饮用水受到浮游藻类不同程度的污染。     

饮用水源藻类及其毒素污染与消化系统肿瘤的关系

目的 分析江苏省饮用水源富营养化现状,探讨藻类及其毒素污染与消化道肿瘤的关系。方法 对近期江苏省水源水质评价的监测资料和公开发表的论资料进行整理和再分析。理化指标检测按“生活饮用水标准检验法”GB5750—85进行。藻类数量种群和叶绿素分级评价按(湖泊富营养化调查规范)进行。藻类毒素用竞争酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法进行测定。结果 水源水中藻类种届主要为蓝藻门、隐藻门、硅藻门、绿藻门。富营养化严重程度依次为太湖、骆马湖、北山水库、如东内河和运河,最低是长江(贫营养)。不同饮用水源类型中藻毒素含量阳性率高低顺序是：太湖水源水、沟塘水、河水、浅井,而深井水为0,太湖水为水源的水厂其出厂水有阳性。饮用不同水源的肝癌死亡串高低顺序为沟塘水、河水和浅井水,这与藻毒素污染程度一致。全省9个消化道肿瘤高发县均为太湖、洪泽湖流域和水网地区,而低发地区为非水网地区或多山地区。结论 江苏省饮用水源藻类及藻毒素污染已成为水源水质普遍恶化的重要因素。藻类污染的优势种群突出,富营养化程度比较严重。藻类及藻毒素污染与人群消化道肿瘤有联系。     

汉江枯水期藻类生长调查

目的了解汉江枯水期藻类生长情况。方法在汉江枯水期于宗关水厂段水深0.5m、1.0m和1.5m深处采水样进行藻类鉴定和计数。结果水温为19℃ ,硅藻门为优势藻 ,占72.38% ,其余为绿藻门 (13.35 %)、隐藻门(9.68% )、蓝藻门 (4.12 % ) ,藻类计数高达1.8×104 个/L ,同时发现不计其数的硅藻空壳。结论汉江枯水期藻类污染应引起充分重视 ,加强监测。     

黄河花园口某调蓄池产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素污染监测

目的了解黄河花园口某调蓄池浮游藻类、蓝藻、产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素污染情况。方法从2005年3月～2006年1月,用2.5L有机玻璃采水器在该调蓄池共采样15次。采用血细胞计数板法计数浮游藻类细胞密度,用全细胞PCR检测产毒微囊藻的藻青蛋白基因中间序列和微囊藻毒素合成酶基因,用ELISA法检测水体微囊藻毒素浓度,并对全细胞PCR和ELISA阳性结果进行比较。结果该调蓄池浮游藻类主要是硅藻、绿藻、蓝藻和裸藻,其他藻类较少;优势藻门有随季节变化逐渐演替的规律,总藻细胞密度和蓝藻细胞密度夏秋季较高。藻青蛋白基因中间序列和微囊藻毒素合成酶基因从2005年7月至11月PCR检测结果阳性;微囊藻毒素从6月份开始检出,其变化范围在0～0.251μg/L之间,夏季最高;全细胞PCR与ELISA的阳性结果没有差异。结论黄河花园口某调蓄池有产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素污染,全细胞PCR可以用于自然水体中产毒微囊藻的快速检测。     

某水厂水源水及不同阶段处理水藻密度的调查

[目的]了解海口某水厂水源水及不同处理阶段水的藻密度,及其与水质理化、感官指标的相关性,为集中式供水藻类预防及控制提供依据。[方法]于2013年4—5月,对海口市某水厂水源水藻密度、pH、温度、硝酸盐氮、氨氮、正磷酸盐、浑浊度和色度进行检测,同期检测该厂不同处理阶段（集水槽和滤后）水质藻密度,计算藻类去除率。对上述指标进行Pearson相关分析。[结果]该水厂水源水的藻密度为（5.47±1.69）×106个/L、浑浊度为（7.33±0.23）NTU、色度为（18.24±0.22）度,氨氮为（0.16±0.04）mg/L,硝酸盐氮为（0.46±0.13）mg/L,正磷酸盐为（0.02±0.01）mg/L,pH为7.48,温度为26.8℃。集水槽和滤后水藻类密度分别为（1.15±0.95）×106个/L和（0.81±0.06）×106个/L,出厂水藻密度为1.10×105个/L。水处理过程中去除率分别为：藻密度85.2%、浑浊度83.2%、色度75.4%。源水藻密度与色度、温度成正相关（P〈0.05）,与正磷酸盐含量呈负相关性（P〈0.05）。蓝藻门藻密度与硝酸盐氮含量呈正相关（P〈0.05）。[结论]该水厂水源水藻密度较高,并与色度、温度呈正相关,蓝藻密度与硝酸盐氮呈正相关,需关注硝酸盐氮污染对有毒藻的促生长作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.