不同注意条件对孤独症儿童视听整合的影响

目的：考察不同注意条件对孤独症儿童视听整合能力的影响及其与典型发展儿童的差异。方法：通过线索材料将注意指向不同感觉通道以形成选择性注意和分配性注意两种注意条件，并采用简单反应时任务对孤独症儿童和典型发展儿童的视听整合能力进行测量。结果：孤独症儿童仅在分配性注意条件下对视听一致刺激出现了竞争模型的违反，而典型发展儿童在两种注意条件下均对视听一致刺激出现了竞争模型的违反。两组儿童在两种注意条件下均未对视听不一致刺激出现竞争模型的违反。结论：孤独症儿童在分配性注意条件下能够对视听一致刺激产生整合，但这种整合具有较宽的时间窗，出现了延迟；而在选择性注意条件下对视听一致刺激未产生整合。对于视听不一致刺激，两组儿童在两种条件下均未能产生整合。     

中医针刺两种不同手法对机体应力作用及其能量传播

目的 通过建立基于两种中医针刺手法的力学模型来了解在针刺手法的“得气”现象中，频率的变化对针刺过程中应力分布及能量在软组织中耗散的作用。方法 用粘弹性力学理论和软组织粘弹性准线性理论建立二维针刺极坐标方程，用Matlab6．1进行数值求解。结果取f1=0．0984，T2=8454．76和C=0．0351时，在低频区(0-8Hz)能量耗散因子和捻转手法随频率变化显著；对于提插手法，在相应频率上存在周期约为8Hz的能量耗散极值。结论 两种手法中能量耗散在低频区的显著性，以及提插手法过程中出现的能量耗散极值情况对“得气”现象可能存在一定的相关性。     

生理学理论教学与临床病例结合的教学模式探讨

通过对生理学理论教学与临床病例结合的教学，注意挑选病例，采用辐射式和聚中式讲授方法，提高生理学的教学水平。     

强迫选择条件下性别刻板印象对行为信息注意加工的影响:个人理论的调节作用

目的:考察在强迫选择条件下,个人理论对性别刻板印象相关信息注意加工的调节作用。方法:采用内隐个人理论测验挑选出63名动态论大学生和67名实体论大学生作为被试,通过再认测验考察在强迫选择条件下,个人理论对性别刻板印象相关信息注意加工的调节作用。结果:高认知负荷条件下,实体论者将更多的注意资源分配于与其刻板印象一致信息,而动态论者将更多的注意资源分配于与其刻板印象不一致信息;低认知负荷条件下,实体论者对与其刻板印象一致信息分配了更多的注意资源,但两类被试对与其刻板印象不一致信息及中性信息的注意资源分配均不存在差异。结论:刻板印象对行为信息注意加工的影响确实受到个人理论的调节。     

情绪对注意选择性的影响:注意偏向和注意瞬脱

注意的选择性普遍存在,注意偏向和注意瞬脱分别是个体对空间呈现刺激和时间序列呈现刺激的选择性注意。注意偏向是个体对某些特定的信息具有较高敏感度而出现的选择性注意;注意瞬脱是指在相隔很短时间内(200ms-500ms)序列呈现目标刺激(T1,T2),个体对第二个目标(T2)的正确识别率显著下降的现象。本文首先介绍了注意偏向和注意瞬脱的研究范式和理论基础;然后介绍了焦虑、抑郁和PTSD人群在这两方面的相关研究,表明情绪障碍患者在这两方面均存在明显的对情绪刺激的选择性注意;最后指出该研究领域的发展趋势。     

选择性注意及其ERP效应

选择性注意及其ＥＲＰ效应廖四照综述杨文俊审校注意是心理学的一个重要研究领域，许多学者提出了各种不同的理论或模型，如大家熟知的早、晚期选择理论和多通道理论等。近几十年，事件相关电位（ｅｖｅｎｔｒｅｌａｔｅｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌ，ＥＲＰ）应用于在这一研究领...     

学习困难大学生选择性注意的特征

目的探讨学习困难大学生选择性注意的特点。方法用眼动记录仪记录大学生注意过程的眼动过程。结果学习困难大学生在进行选择性注意时的眼跳距离、注视次数与正常大学生之间的差异达到了显著性水平。结论学习困难大学生选择信息过程中排除干扰刺激能力差,搜索目标刺激效能低下。     

选择性注意与节律性神经振荡关系综述

选择性注意促进了大脑对外界的感知、协调分配了大脑的有限资源,这一认知过程依赖于注意相关脑网络的神经电活动。节律性的神经振荡作为大脑神经电活动的重要形式,与选择性注意有着紧密的联系。近几十年来,两者的关系成为了热点研究问题。通过外部节律性刺激来引导内部神经振荡发生周期性活动改变的方式,即神经振荡-外部节律同步化作用,为揭示两者关系提供了新的思路,同时也为注意功能障碍的诊疗提供了新的方法。本文就选择性注意与神经振荡关系的研究现状展开了综述讨论,并着重介绍了神经振荡-外部节律同步化作用在揭示两者关系乃至注意功能障碍的诊疗方面的应用前景。     

宇宙进化论的理论支持：信息能与物质能的统一与进化

19世纪50年代初,热力学家提出了一个普遍的理论:由于孤立系统中的熵只增不减,能量做功的品质在不断下降."热寂说"是热力学第二定律的宇宙学推论,"能量退化论"是热寂说的理论支柱,关于宇宙演变的退化论、循环论坚如磐石.而我们认为,在宇宙演化的过程中,进化与退化两种倾向同时存在着,进化占主导地位.因此,信息学有责任驳斥宇宙熵增的总趋势,能量进化论也可以遏制能量退化的势头.如果物质能和信息能统一了,宇宙万物的运动机理自然就统一了,唯此,方能构造出一条能量进化或信息进化的逻辑链条,作为"宇宙进化论"的理论说明,来建立一条通向统一科学的途径.     

情绪与注意、记忆、决策关系的研究新进展

本文就情绪与注意、情绪与记忆、情绪与判断、推理、决策交互作用等方面综合描述情绪与认知的研究现状和进展．一些研究利用功能性磁共振成像技术，发现注意和情绪功能分离成为平行的背外侧和腹内侧通路延伸至前额皮层，并在前扣带得到整合，一些ERP研究发现情绪能够调节注意资源的分配．杏仁核、后扣带皮层对情绪刺激封记忆的增强效应具有重要意义，情绪刺激和非情绪刺激的编码和提取有着部分相同的机制，但随着情绪记忆效应的加强，记忆提取似乎还存在着特异性的神经通路．     

Cortical Potentials Evoked in Humans by Signals to Perform Memory-Guided Saccades

Increases in the latent periods of memory-guided saccades as compared with those of visually guided saccades were observed, providing evidence of slowing in saccade programming based on extraction of information from working memory. Comparison of the parameters and topography of the N1 and P1 components of evoked potentials induced by a signal to perform a memory-guided saccade and a visual stimulus-guided saccade suggested that the early stages of saccade programming, associated with the processing of spatial information, are mediated mainly by the descending mechanism of attention for memory-guided saccades and the ascending mechanism for saccades in response to a visual stimulus. These data may indicate that the increase in the latent period of memory-guided saccades is associated with lengthening of the central stage of saccade programming – the decision-taking stage, a correlate of which is the N2 wave developing in the middle of the latent period of the memory-guided saccade. The temporospatial dynamics of the N1, P1, and N2 components provide evidence that memory-guided saccade programming is controlled by the fronto-medio-thalamic system of selective attention, as well as by left-hemisphere motor attention mechanisms.     

Visual attention in the occipitotemporal processing stream of the macaque

Abstract

The occipitotemporal cortical areas of the macaque monkey are known to be important for normal object recognition processes, but comparatively little effort has gone into investigations of the role of these areas in selective attention to objects. In this paper we review the behavioural and electrophysiological evidence, which suggests that the occipitotemporal areas are also important for selective attention to recognisable objects. Areas V4 and IT are seen to be involved in aspects of selective attention driven by the spatial location of the attended object, features of objects, the relevance of a stimulus to a particular task, and the amount of sustained attention required to perform a task. The superior temporal polysensory area (STPa) is an area usually thought of as a component of the temporal processing stream. However, the evidence reviewed here shows that one role of area STPa is to decode the direction of others' attention, a function which requires that the region accesses information from both of the major corticocortical processing streams.     

Interocular transfer of reversed and nonreversed discrimination via the anterior commissure in monkeys

The function of inferotemporal cortex in monkeys was investigated by testing for interocular transfer of visual discriminations via the anterior commissure. Good transfer was found when the stimulus rewarded during testing was the same as that rewarded during original training. Transfer was disrupted, however, when testing was carried out with the reward values reversed, which shows that the anterior commissure carries information about reward values. Interpretation in terms of two-stage theories of discrimination learning indicates that inferotemporal cortex is not concerned exclusively with selective attention.     

Neuropsychological implications of selective attentional functioning in psychopathic offenders

Several core characteristics of the psychopathic personality disorder (i.e., impulsivity, failure to attend to interpersonal cues) suggest that psychopaths suffer from disordered attention. However, there is mixed evidence from the cognitive literature as to whether they exhibit superior or deficient selective attention, which has led to the formation of several distinct theories of attentional functioning in psychopathy. The present experiment investigated participants' abilities to purposely allocate attentional resources on the basis of auditory or visual linguistic information and directly tested both theories of deficient or superior selective attention in psychopathy. Specifically, 91 male inmates at a county jail were presented with either auditory or visual linguistic cues (with and without distractors) that correctly indicated the position of an upcoming visual target in 75% of the trials. The results indicated that psychopaths did not exhibit evidence of superior selective attention in any of the conditions but were generally less efficient in shifting attention on the basis of linguistic cues, especially in regard to auditory information. Implications for understanding psychopaths' cognitive functioning and possible neuropsychological deficits are addressed.     

Quantitative modeling of visual attention processes in patients with Parkinson's disease: effects of stimulus integrality on selective attention and dimensional integration.

Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and normal controls (NCs) were administered a series of visual attention tasks. The dimensional integration task required integration of information from 2 stimulus dimensions. The selective attention task required selective attention to 1 stimulus dimension while ignoring the other stimulus dimension. Both integral- and separable-dimension stimuli were examined. A series of quantitative models of attentional processing was applied to each participant's data. The results suggest that (a) PD patients were not impaired in integrating information from 2 stimulus dimensions, (b) PD patients were impaired in selective attention, (c) selective attention deficits in PD patients were not due to perceptual interference, and (d) PD patients were affected by manipulations of stimulus integrality and separability in much the same way as were NCs.     

Neural mechanisms of visual selective attention

Visual selective attention improves our perception and performance by modifying sensory inputs at an early stage of processing. Spatial attention produces the most consistent early modulations of visual processing, which can be observed when attention is voluntarily allocated to locations. These effects of spatial attention are similar when attention is cued in a trial-by-trial, or sustained, fashion and are manifest as changes in the amplitudes, but not the latencies, of evoked neural activity recorded from the intact human scalp. This modulation of sensory processing first occurs within the extrastriate visual cortex and not within the striate or earlier subcortical processing stages. These relatively early spatial filters alter the inputs to higher stages of visual analysis that are responsible for feature extraction and ultimately object perception and recognition, and thus provide physiological evidence for early precategorical selection during visual attention. Moreover, the physiological evidence extends early selection theories by providing neurophysiologically precise information about the stages of visual processing affected by attention.     

Global capacity reduction and schizophrenia.

This paper reviews the evidence for a specific deficit in the flow of information through the schizophrenic processing system. It is suggested that there is little to support the notion of a single defective mechanism underlying schizophrenic cognitive dysfunction. The lack of a valid and reliable metric for measuring degree of difficulty across tasks and a lack of concern with matching tasks for attentional processing load, detracts from the usefulness of available results. The applicability of a global limited capacity model of selective attention to schizophrenic information processing is discussed as the most appropriate means of systematizing the wealth of published empirical data.     

Attention and intrinsic rewards in the control of psychophysiologic states.

Attention is a process which regulates the information obtained from a stimulus. In this paper I view selective attention as a means of arriving at different psychophysiologic states. Special consideration is given to the self-regulation of enjoyment by selective attention to intrinsically rewarding activities.     

Modality-specific selective attention attenuates multisensory integration

Stimuli occurring in multiple sensory modalities that are temporally synchronous or spatially coincident can be integrated together to enhance perception. Additionally, the semantic content or meaning of a stimulus can influence cross-modal interactions, improving task performance when these stimuli convey semantically congruent or matching information, but impairing performance when they contain non-matching or distracting information. Attention is one mechanism that is known to alter processing of sensory stimuli by enhancing perception of task-relevant information and suppressing perception of task-irrelevant stimuli. It is not known, however, to what extent attention to a single sensory modality can minimize the impact of stimuli in the unattended sensory modality and reduce the integration of stimuli across multiple sensory modalities. Our hypothesis was that modality-specific selective attention would limit processing of stimuli in the unattended sensory modality, resulting in a reduction of performance enhancements produced by semantically matching multisensory stimuli, and a reduction in performance decrements produced by semantically non-matching multisensory stimuli. The results from two experiments utilizing a cued discrimination task demonstrate that selective attention to a single sensory modality prevents the integration of matching multisensory stimuli that is normally observed when attention is divided between sensory modalities. Attention did not reliably alter the amount of distraction caused by non-matching multisensory stimuli on this task; however, these findings highlight a critical role for modality-specific selective attention in modulating multisensory integration.     

Neuroimaging Evidence for Top-Down Maturation of Selective Auditory Attention

This study investigated maturational differences of selective auditory attention effects on transient evoked responses and 40-Hz auditory steady-state responses between children and adults. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was recorded from children and adults performing a task where they attended to 40-Hz amplitude-modulated (AM) tones of 1,200?Hz while ignoring 40-Hz AM tones of 800?Hz. By using standard dipole-modeling procedures, the N1m of the transient evoked fields and the 40-Hz ASSRs were localized to secondary and primary auditory cortices, respectively. Source waveforms for the transient evoked fields and ASSRs were reconstructed at these locations and compared between attended and unattended tones. Source waveforms revealed attention enhances the sustained negativity of the transient evoked responses in both adults and children around 250 and 400?ms. ASSRs were also found to be enhanced within this time range but only for adults. The results provide evidence for a limited role of attention modification of the 40-Hz ASSRs in children around the age of 12?years old. Because ASSRs are generated in a lower auditory processing stage as compared to the transient auditory evoked responses, findings from the present study could indicate that the maturation of attention progresses in top-to-bottom manner. These findings fit with the notion that as a person gains sensory experience selective gating of relevant from irrelevant information likely occurs at earlier and earlier processing levels in order to become more automatic and efficient.