阴道毛滴虫在性传播疾病患者寄生情况的研究

为了解阴道毛滴虫在淋病等性传播疾病患者寄生的情况,分析阴道毛滴虫寄生与ＳＴＤ之间可能存在的关系,对临床上拟诊的ＳＴＤ患者２２４５人和正常健康女工１９１人,分别采用生理盐水涂片法镜检阴道毛滴虫滋养体。结果显示ＳＴＤ组阴道毛滴虫滋养体的平均检出率为３０。９１％,高于正常对照组检出率１．０５％〈差异非常显著。     

1994～1995年STD门诊病人流行病学分析

北京协和医院皮肤科ＳＴＤ门诊１９９４年初诊人数８５７例，检出主要ＳＴＤ３４１例，占３７．７９％。ＳＴＤ发病率依次为尖锐湿疣（１４．５９％），淋病（９．５７％），由沙眼衣原体感染引起的非淋菌性尿道炎（９．３３％），梅毒（５．２５％），由ＨＳＶ－Ⅱ型感染引起的生殖器疱疹（１．０５％）。１９９５年初诊人数６９１例，检出主要ＳＴＤ３０９例，占４４．４７％。ＳＴＤ发病率依次为尖锐湿疣（１５．２９％），非淋菌性尿道炎（１２．５９％），梅毒（８．１０％），淋病（６．８０％），生殖器疱疹（１．３０％）。１９９５年检出ＨＩＶ阳性１例。２年中尖锐湿疣发病率均占第一位，淋病发病率从１９９４年的第二位降至１９９５年的第四位，而非淋菌性尿道炎自第三位升至第二位。     

非淋菌性尿道炎患者支原体合并阴道毛滴虫感染情况的调查分析

对1744例非淋菌性尿道炎（NGU）患者中段尿（男性）和阴道分泌物（女性）进行支原体培养、鉴定，并将该分泌物置显微镜下检查阴道毛滴虫。发现1744例NGU患者中，支原体、阴道毛滴虫、支原体和阴道毛滴虫混合感染率依次为36．35％、12．79％、12．44％。在支原体和毛滴虫混合感染217例中，男39．17％，女60．83％；不同年龄组中，以20～40岁年龄段感染率最高。认为本地区NGU患者中，混合感染现象较为多见，并以女性居多，好发于20～40年龄段，应引起临床重视。     

阴道毛滴虫的研究进展

阴道毛滴虫是寄生在人体阴道及泌尿道的鞭毛虫 ,以性传播为主 ,主要引起滴虫性阴道炎 ,呈全球性分布 ,人群感染比较普遍 ,感染率各地不同 ,以女性 2 0～ 4 0岁年龄组感染率最高 ,平均感染率为 2 8% [1 ]。性罪错妇女、受 HIV感染的妇女和临床上可疑的 STD患者 ,其患病率远高于平均值 ,最高可达4 3.32 % [1～ 3]。很多男性不育症病人的配偶滴虫阳性率也明显高于正常妇女的感染率 [4 ]。1　致病阴道毛滴虫的致病力随虫株及宿主生理状态而变化。 (1)其粘附到人阴道上皮细胞上与之平行 ,根据其外形改变自己的形状 ,然后发挥细胞毒性作用。把…     

石家庄市4215名已婚妇女淋病双球菌感染情况调查

石家庄市４２１５名已婚妇女淋病双球菌感染情况调查石家庄市卫生防疫站（０５００１１）赵欣荣，刘丽花，李正光，常辉石家庄市桥东区妇幼保健站（０５００１１）张新建，刘桂敏近几年来，石家在市性传播疾病（ＳＴＤ），年报告发病率在４０／１０万左右。淋病占４０％～...     

128名性罪错妇女阴道毛滴虫感染情况分析

我们于1998年9～12月对128名性罪错妇女及106名对照组妇女作了阴道毛滴虫感染情况调查,结果如下。材料与方法1　样本来源随机选择济南市某妇女劳教所性罪错妇女128名,年龄15～35岁。同时随机抽取济宁市妇幼保健站要求查体妇女106名,年龄22～36岁,作为正常对照。2　检测方法　用消毒棉拭子蘸取子宫颈、阴道后穹隆及阴道壁上分泌物,置于装有2ml温生理盐水的试管中混匀,再取1小滴悬滴在薄片上加盖玻片即刻镜检。镜检阴性时取分泌物涂片,待自然干燥后革兰氏染色镜检以提高检出率。结果与讨论128名性罪错妇女阴道分泌物悬滴液有90例镜检阳性,6例…     

486例成年女性阴道毛滴虫感染相关因素及预防对策研究

阴道毛滴虫感染（TVI）是世界范围内流行最广和发病最多的一类疾病,由阴道毛滴虫（TV）感染而引起。TV长15μm,有鞭毛,其生活史简单,只有滋养体而无包囊。主要寄生于阴道、尿道、子宫和膀胱等处,亦可寄生于男性前列腺、附睾之中,通过性交直接感染,或通过公共浴室、游泳池以及医疗器械交叉感染。在女性中容易引起阴道炎、宫颈炎和尿道炎。     

激素替代疗法对绝经后期妇女阴道生理状态的影响

目的 观察激素替代疗法对绝经后妇女阴道生理状态的影响。方法 用霉菌培养基及CPLM培养基分别培养对照组及观察组阴道分泌物中白色念珠菌及阴道毛滴虫,用阴道涂片法观察阴道分泌物中的线索细胞。结果 观察组分泌物中的白色念珠菌的检出率高于对照组（P＜0．05)。外阴瘙痒症状与对照组无明显差异（P＜0．05）。观察组阴道毛滴虫及线索细胞的检出率明显低于对照组（P＜0．05,P＜0．05）。结论 激素替代疗法可改善阴道环境,减少阴道毛滴虫和致病菌的入侵,同时,使白色念珠菌增多,但并不引起外阴瘙痒症状。     

48名性罪错妇女性病、艾滋病感染的调查报告

４８名性罪错妇女性病、艾滋病感染的调查报告石家庄市性病监测中心（０５００００）郭玉钗王书江刘丽花为了掌握石家庄市性罪错妇女的性病、艾滋病感染情况，我们于１９９５年１１月底对４８名性罪错妇女进行了检测，为进一步防治ＳＴＤ提供了科学依据。材料与方法１调...     

人群蠕形螨寄生生态的观察

目的：为了探讨蠕形螨的有关生态问题。方法：对正常体温和高于正常体温的不同人群作了人体蠕形螨检出率的比较。结果：毛囊蠕形螨多数寄生在毛囊内，颚体朝向毛囊底，少数朝向毛囊侧壁及毛囊口；皮脂蠕形螨皮表分布与毛囊蠕形螨大致相同，只是寄生毛囊内的皮脂蠕形螨的颚体仅见出或入皮脂腺方向。蠕形螨检出率夜间（７４％）比白天（５２％）高，体温增高（体温≥３８℃）者（９１．１％）比正常体温（６６．７％）高，浴后（６０．９％）比浴前（２９．９％）高，环境温度０±１℃、１０±１℃、２０±１℃、３０±１℃的检出率依次为２８％、５２％、６２％和７６％。各组间差别均具有显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：宿主体温及环境温度的变化对蠕形螨检出率有直接影响。夜间检出率增高似与温度或／和蠕形螨夜间爬到毛囊口或皮脂腺口交配有关。     

Association of Trichomonas vaginalis with sociodemographic factors and other STDs among female inmates in Lisbon

A study on STDs was conducted among 211 female inmates in a prison in Lisbon, Portugal, in order to establish possible associations between Trichomonas vaginalis infection, sociodemographic factors and other STDs. T. vaginalis was found in 31.2% of the women, from whom only 65.1% presented symptoms. It was more frequently isolated in the 20-40 year age group. On univariate analysis there was an association, although not statistically significant, between the existence of T. vaginalis, multiple sexual partners, drug addiction and no condom use. A statistically significant association was found between trichomoniasis, prostitution and other STDs. These were found in 87% of all women. T. vaginalis was detected alone in 23.8% (15/63) of all women with trichomoniasis, while 76.2% (48/63) of them had multiple infections with trichomonas and other STDs. A statistically significant association was present between trichomoniasis and Mycoplasma hominis and infection with Treponema pallidum. This study showed that the prevalence of T. vaginalis is as high as that of multiple infections with other STDs. Therefore, our findings seem to confirm that trichomoniasis serves as a marker for other STDs. Screening for STDs should then be offered to Portuguese inmates, or, at least, these women should be screened for T. vaginalis, as a marker for the other STDs.     

Seroprevalence and correlates of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in five sexually transmitted-disease clinics

The seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection was studied among 4128 patients from sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics who were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of human immunodeficiency virus and STD counseling efficacy. HSV-2 seroprevalence was 40.8% and was higher in women than in men (52.0% vs. 32.4%; P<.0001) and higher in blacks than in nonblacks (48.1% vs. 29.6%; P<.0001). Among 14-19-year-old patients, 36.8% of black women and 25.8% of nonblack women were infected with HSV-2. Independent predictors of HSV-2 seropositivity included female sex, black race, older age, less education, more lifetime sex partners, prior diagnosis of syphilis or gonorrhea, and lack of HSV-1 antibody. The majority of HSV-2-seropositive persons (84.7%) had never received a diagnosis of genital herpes. HSV-2 infection is common in STD clinic attendees in the United States, even among young age groups, especially among women. Efforts to prevent genital herpes should begin at an early age. The high rate of undiagnosed HSV-2 infection likely contributes to ongoing transmission.     

Contribution of HIV-1 infection to acquisition of sexually transmitted disease: a 10-year prospective study

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) enhance human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 susceptibility, but few studies have examined the reciprocal effect of HIV-1 on STD acquisition. METHODS: Data from a prospective cohort study conducted among female sex workers in Mombasa, Kenya between 1993 and 2003 were used to determine the effect of HIV-1 infection on STD susceptibility. The cohort included 1215 HIV-1-seronegative women who underwent monthly HIV-1 and STD screening, of whom 238 experienced seroconversion to HIV-1 during follow-up. Andersen-Gill proportional-hazards models were used to compare the incidence rates for genital-tract infections (syphilis, genital ulcer disease [GUD], Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, Trichomonas vaginalis infection, vulvovaginal candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis) in HIV-1-seropositive versus HIV-1-seronegative women, after controlling for sexual behavior and other potential confounding factors. RESULTS: HIV-1 infection was associated with a significantly higher incidence of GUD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.0-3.9), gonorrhea (HR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1-2.2), and vulvovaginal candidiasis (HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3-1.8). The risks of GUD and vulvovaginal candidiasis increased with progressive levels of immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: The increased incidence of genital-tract infections among HIV-1-seropositive women could promote the spread of both HIV-1 and other STDs, particularly in areas where these conditions are highly prevalent.     

慈溪市1994～2001年男青年征兵体检中性病情况分析

目的 调查参加征兵体检的男青年中性病感染情况。方法 对慈溪市 1994～2001年参加征兵体检的 14 241名男青年,按照国家标准进行体格检查和实验室检查,体检合格者于10～20天后进行复检。结果 检出淋病、尖锐湿疣、梅毒和非淋菌性尿道炎共269人,检出率为1.89％。1994～1999年,性病检出率逐年下降,近两年,性病检出率又大幅度上升。结论 有必要加强应征男青年对性、性道德和性病等的认识。     

High prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and other sexually transmitted infections among women attending two sexual health clinics in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau, West Africa

The objective was to examine the prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2 and 10 other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and to explore the relationship between HIV and those STIs in women attending two sexual health clinics in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. In all, 711 women with urogenital problems were included. Clinical examination was performed and HIV-1, HIV-2, human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)-1, HTLV-2 and syphilis were diagnosed by serology. Trichomonas vaginalis was examined using wet mount microscopy. Cervical samples (and swabs from visible ulcers, if present) were used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Haemophilus ducreyi, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and HSV-2, and culture diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The prevalence of HIV-1, HIV-2, and HIV-1 and HIV-2 (dual infection) was 9.5%, 1.8% and 1.1%, respectively. The prevalence of HTLV-1 was 2.8%, HTLV-2 0%, HSV-1 1.4%, HSV-2 7.7%, T. vaginalis 20.4%, syphilis 1.0%, N. gonorrhoeae 1.3%, H. ducreyi 2.7%, M. genitalium 7.7% and C. trachomatis 12.6%. HIV-1 and/or HIV-2 infection was significantly associated with active HSV-2 and HIV-1 was significantly associated with M. genitalium infection. In conclusion, HIV-1 and HIV-2 prevalence was higher compared with previous studies of pregnant women in Guinea-Bissau. The prevalence of co-infection of HIV and other STIs is high. National evidence-based guidelines for the management of STIs in Guinea-Bissau are essential.     

AIDS and STD knowledge, condom use and HIV/STD infection among female sex workers in Bali, Indonesia

The objectives of this paper were to examine changes in AIDS/STD knowledge and behaviour from 1992-1998, current levels of STD infection and psychosocial and demographic determinants of condom use and STD infection among female sex workers. Data for the study were drawn from cross-sectional surveys of female sex workers conducted in 1992, 1994 and 1997-8. For each survey, women participated in a face-to-face interview in the brothel complexes. Survey questions included information on AIDS/STD knowledge, demographics, sexual history and psychosocial factors related to condom use. After the last survey, women were offered a vaginal exam for STD diagnosis and treatment. Sera were tested for HIV infection (anonymous, Elisa/Western blot) and syphilis (TYPHA, RPR). Cervical mucous was tested for chlamydia (LcX), gonorrhea (LCx), herpes (pcr) and HPV (pcr). Knowledge of AIDS and awareness of STDs has increased tremendously in this population since 1992. Reported condom use has also increased substantially (69.9%). Perceived susceptibility toward HIV infection remains low. Ineffective preventive strategies such as medication use continue to be common. HIV infection remains very low in this population (0.2%), although the prevalence of other STDs such as gonorrhea (60.5%), chlamydia (41.3%) and HPV (37.7%) were very high. STD knowledge and self-efficacy were significantly related to condom use as were the sex workers' perceived susceptibility to STD and HIV infection. Women with a larger number of partners were more likely to be infected with gonorrhea, chlamydia and HIV. Women who had come to Bali recently were more likely to be infected with HIV and gonorrhea.     

Trichomonas vaginalis promotes apoptosis of human neutrophils by activating caspase-3 and reducing Mcl-1 expression

Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cells found in the vaginal discharge of patients with Trichomonas vaginalis infection. However, it is not known whether neutrophil apoptosis is induced by live T. vaginalis. Therefore, we examined whether T. vaginalis can influence neutrophil apoptosis, and also whether caspase-3 and the Bcl-2 family members are involved in the apoptosis. Thus, human neutrophils were incubated with live T. vaginalis and neutrophil apoptosis was evaluated by Giemsa, annexin V-PI, and DiOC6 stainings. The neutrophil apoptosis was significantly higher in those incubated with T. vaginalis than in the control group. When trichomonads were pre-treated with mAb to AP65 (adhesin protein), or when trophozoites were separated from neutrophils using a Transwell chamber, neutrophil apoptosis was significantly reduced. The activation of caspase-3 was evident in neutrophils undergoing spontaneous apoptosis but was markedly enhanced during T. vaginalis-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of caspase-3 effectively reduced T. vaginalis-induced apoptosis. Trichomonad-induced apoptosis was also associated with reduced expression of the neutrophil anti-apoptotic protein, Mcl-1. These results indicate that T. vaginalis alters Mcl-1 expression and caspase-3 activation, thereby inducing apoptosis of human neutrophils.     

Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in women attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of infection due to human papillomavirus (HPV) types of high and intermediate oncogenic risk, which was most frequently associated with uterine cervical neoplasia. The subjects were 236 prostitutes who visited a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic in a metropolitan area in 1998. Another 95 women who visited a university hospital were selected as a normal control group. A swab sample collected from the uterine cervix and external os was subjected to hybrid capture assays for low-oncogenic-risk HPV types (HPV A; including types 6, 11, 42, 43 and 44) and high- and intermediate-oncogenic-risk HPV types (HPV B; including 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 and 68). Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analyses. Among the microorganisms tested, the positive rate for HPV B was the highest both in the women attending the STD clinic (STD group) and in the control group. The positive rate for HPV B in the STD group was 47.5% (112 of 236), and this was significantly higher than the 5.3% (5 of 95) in the control group (p < 0.0001). These findings suggest that HPV examination is recommended for women who visit an STD clinic to assess the future risk of cervical neoplasia.     

Interrelationships among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and the presence of yeasts.

Vaginal discharge of mixed etiology occurs frequently, with abnormal vaginal flora being the most common condition. The interrelationships among the disturbance of the vaginal ecology, the presence of yeasts, and infection with Trichomonas vaginalis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were investigated among women presenting to a sexually transmitted diseases service. Analysis was done for 598 women. Although the prevalence of HIV-1 infection increased linearly with increasing Nugent's score (bacterial vaginosis score of Gram stain), the prevalence of T. vaginalis increased suddenly, from 12% in patients with a Nugent's score of < or =3 to 33% in patients with a score of 4, and remained at this level at higher scores. Yeast colonization and vulvovaginal candidiasis were inversely related to Nugent's scores. T. vaginalis might be responsible for the change in normal vaginal flora and may, therefore, be one of the causes of bacterial vaginosis. This could lead to more effective HIV-1 acquisition.     

Prevalence of common infective agents of vaginitis

A total of 100 women with vaginitis and 50 age matched healthy women were studied for common infective agents of vaginitis. The vaginal secretions collected from these women were examined for Trichomonas vaginalis, G. vaginalis, and Candida species. The prevalence of infective agents in the patients was T. vaginalis 11 per cent. Candida species 30 per cent and Gardnerella vaginalis 31 per cent. In contrast, in the control group the prevalence was Candida species 14 per cent and G. vaginalis 22 per cent. T. vaginalis was not isolated from any of the control women. Mixed infections with G. vaginalis and Candida species were seen in four cases and T. vaginalis and Candida species in one case only. Mixed infection with T. vaginalis ahd G. vaginalis was not observed in any of the patients studied.