肾少见良性肿瘤的影像学诊断分析

目的:分析肾少见良性肿瘤的影像学表现,提高术前诊断准确性。方法:回顾性分析20例肾脏少见良性肿瘤的影像学资料,其中嗜酸细胞腺瘤9例、后肾腺瘤1例、不典型血管平滑肌脂肪瘤(AML)4例(上皮样型2例,平滑肌瘤型2例)、纤维瘤3例、中胚叶肾瘤2例、神经鞘瘤1例。15例行CT检查,3例行MRI检查,2例同时进行了CT和MRI检查。结果:本组病例除1例中胚叶肾瘤和1例神经鞘瘤外,均表现为境界清楚、均质性的实性肿块影。中央瘢痕及可以高于肾皮质的强化方式是嗜酸细胞腺瘤的特征。不典型AML、纤维瘤、后肾腺瘤及实性中胚叶肾瘤,在抑脂序列T2WI上呈较明显的低信号,且纤维瘤和后肾腺瘤都具有延迟强化的特征。良性神经鞘瘤具有境界清楚和易于发生坏死、囊变的特征。囊性中胚叶肾瘤缺少特征性的影像学表现。结论:肾少见良性肿瘤的影像学表现具有一定的特征性,有助于与肾癌进行鉴别,准确的术前诊断对指导治疗具有重要价值。     

Macrocystic serous adenoma of the pancreas: radiologic-pathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: Macrocystic serous adenoma is a rare benign pancreatic neoplasm, recently described in the pathology literature. We describe the CT and MR imaging features in a series of five consecutive pathologically proven cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of seven cases fulfilling the pathology criteria for macrocystic serous adenoma over an 11-year period, five patients underwent preoperative CT and MR imaging at our institution. In addition to the clinical presentation and pathologic features of the tumor, the following CT and MR imaging features were reviewed: size and location; wall thickness; internal septations; and presence of mural nodules, papillary projections, or calcifications. RESULTS: All patients but one were women (age range, 36-78 years; mean age, 48.6 years). The sizes of the tumors ranged from 1.5 to 5.0 cm (mean, 3.1 cm). Three (60%) of five tumors were located in the pancreatic head. The wall measured less than 2 mm in four lesions and 4 mm in one. No mural nodules, papillary projections, or calcifications were present. Lesions were unilocular (n = 3) or bilocular (n = 2). Excellent correlation of imaging features with gross pathology was observed. CONCLUSION: On CT and MR imaging, the macrocystic variant of serous adenoma typically appears as a small (< 5 cm), uni- or bilocular cyst with a thin (< 2 mm) wall that lacks mural nodules or calcifications. The imaging appearance of macrocystic serous adenoma is distinctly different from that of microcystic serous cystadenoma, but the imaging appearance of macrocystic serous adenoma is indistinguishable from mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas.     

Acinic cell carcinoma of the head and neck: radiologic-pathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: To describe and correlate the imaging and pathologic findings of acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) in the head and neck. METHODS: We reviewed the radiologic findings of 12 patients with pathologically proven ACC in the head and neck. They were 6 males and 6 females (ages: 5-75 years, mean 36 years) who undergoing computed tomography (CT, n=9) and CT with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n=3). RESULTS: The lesions in the superficial lobe of the parotid gland were solid (n=7), cystic (n=1), and cystic mass with mural nodule (n=1) on CT. A parapharyngeal lesion was cystic mass with mural nodule, and a submandibular and a palate tumor were cystic lesions on CT. All solid masses in the parotid gland (n=7) included focal low-attenuating portions on CT, which were microcyst, hemorrhage, or necrosis on pathologic examination. We could not find intratumoral calcifications or metastatic lymphadenopathy on imaging and histologic studies in all 12 cases. Internal hemorrhage on the MR images was seen in a parapharyngeal and a parotid lesion. CONCLUSION: Although ACC appears to have nonspecific imaging findings, familiarity with some imaging features can be helpful for differential diagnosis of head and neck tumors.     

CT imaging spectrum and the histopathological features of adult metanephric adenoma

Objective:

To retrospectively evaluate the radiopathological features of adult metanephric adenoma (MA) and explore whether MA can be differentiated on CT images, including the basis of their morphological features and enhancement patterns.

Methods:

18 consecutive MA cases (age range, 18–66 years; 9 males and 9 females) were pathologically proven and recruited in our study between January 2004 and June 2014. Unenhanced and contrast-enhanced CT were performed and correlated with corresponding pathological findings to differentiate between MA and other renal tumours. The enhancement pattern, lesion contour and presence of calcifications were evaluated.

Results:

On unenhanced CT scan, the most common (n = 15, 83.3%) CT imaging characteristics were the presence of homogeneity and well-defined solid renal masses; the minority (n = 3, 16.7%) were heterogeneous or centrally located low-attenuation masses. Contrast-enhanced CT image revealed hypoattenuating heterogeneous masses with varying degrees of contrast enhancement in 16 (88.9%) cases, in contrast to those without increased attenuation in 2 (11.1%) cases. Scattered calcification was found only in one case (5.6%). Pathological results revealed that a total of 6 (33.3%) cases had concomitant malignant carcinoma components; 2 (11.1%) patients had malignant MA; and pure MA was found in 10 cases, with a surprisingly high proportion of malignant tumours.

Conclusion:

The positive-predictive values of “high” enhancement seemed relatively characteristic for the diagnosis of malignant and composite MA.

Advances in knowledge:

Radiopathological features of adult MA and exploring whether MA can be differentiated on CT images, including the basis of their morphological features and enhancement patterns.Metanephric adenoma (MA) was first identified in 1979 and has been subsequently classified within the group of metanephric tumours, which comprise MAs, metanephric adenofibromas and metanephric stromal tumours.¹ The wide use of ultrasound, CT and MRI has led to an increase of incidentally discovered renal masses, including benign and malignant renal tumours. However, there are no unique and reliable radiological features for the differentiation of MA from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and other benign renal tumours except for angioleiomyolipoma. There are no well-admitted criteria so this makes a diagnosis difficult; therefore, we performed the investigation focusing on CT imaging characteristics and corresponding pathological findings in order to establish CT diagnostic criteria of MA as the reference standard.     

Gallbladder Tuberculosis: CT Findings with Histopathologic Correlation

Objective

We wanted to describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of gallbladder tuberculosis (TB) and to correlate them with pathologic findings.

Materials and Methods

There were seven patients (M:F = 3:4; mean age, 46.3 years; age range, 32 to 78 years) in whom gallbladder TB was eventually diagnosed. All of them underwent cross-sectional imaging with CT, a pathologic examination and a retrospective review. CT imaging evaluation was done in each case, including the findings of a mass versus nodule, wall thickening (uniform or irregular) and the enhancement patterns (homogeneous or heterogeneous).

Results

All the cases of gallbladder TB revealed the following three different CT findings: micronodular lesion of the gallbladder wall (n = 1), a thickened wall (n = 4) and a gallbladder mass (n = 2). There were three cases of homogeneous enhancement of the lesions, including homogeneous enhancement with nodular lesion, homogeneous uniform thickness enhancement and homogeneous thickness enhancement in one case each, and these cases pathology showed tuberculous granuloma with a little caseating necrosis in one case and tuberculous granuloma with rich fibrous tissue, but little or no evident caseating necrosis in two cases. Four cases of heterogeneous enhancement of the lesions, including heterogeneous uniform-thickness enhancement in two cases, heterogeneous enhancement with a local mass lesion in one case and heterogeneous enhancement with a mass that replaced the gallbladder in one case; in these cases, pathology showed tuberculous granuloma with marked caseation or liquefaction necrosis in three cases and tuberculous granuloma by fibrous and calcifications accompanied by caseating necrosis in one case. Among the seven cases of gallbladder TB, six cases were accompanied by abdominal extra-gallbladder TB, including abdominal lymph node TB in five cases and hepatic TB in four cases.

Conclusion

Gallbladder TB has various CT manifestations, and the enhanced CT findings are well matched with pathological features. An irregularly thickened gallbladder wall or a gallbladder wall mass with multiple-focus necrosis or calcifications accompanied by the typical CT findings of abdominal extra-gallbladder TB should suggest the diagnosis of gallbladder TB.     

肾集合管癌:螺旋CT动态增强表现

目的:探讨肾集合管癌的影像学表现及其血液动力学特征与病理的关系,以提高诊断准确性。方法:经手术病理证实的肾脏集合管癌5例,术前行CT平扫及双期(皮髄交界期和实质期)增强扫描。回顾性分析其CT表现并与手术病理结果进行对比。结果:5例肿瘤形态不规则,境界欠清,肾脏轮廓基本正常。肿瘤直径4.0~13.5cm,平均7.3cm。2例肿瘤累及皮质-髓质,3例累及肾皮质-髓质-肾盂。3例肿瘤呈实质性,内可见小区域坏死;2例肿瘤呈囊实性,内可见很不规则液性低密度区。肿瘤实质部分平扫CT值17.1~36.8HU,平均27.4HU;动态增强扫描皮髓交界期其CT值为27.4~53.5HU,平均38.7HU;实质期CT值36.0~74.2HU,平均47.6HU。1例可见斑点状和针尖状钙化。腹膜后淋巴结转移2例,肺转移1例。结论:肾集合管癌的CT表现有一定特征性,表现为肿瘤较小时位于肾髓质,较大时位于肾脏中央区,形态极不规则,境界不清,患肾轮廓基本正常;动态增强扫描示肿瘤呈中等程度渐进性延迟强化,淋巴结和远处转移常见。     

Double-phase helical CT of small renal parenchymal neoplasms: correlation with pathologic findings and tumor angiogenesis

PURPOSE: To correlate the enhancement pattern of double-phase helical computed tomography (CT) of small renal parenchymal neoplasms with pathologic findings and tumor angiogenesis, and evaluate whether the enhancement pattern would be useful in differentiating the histomorphologic types of small renal parenchymal neoplasms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Double-phase helical CT (5 mm slice) of the corticomedullary phase (CMP) and late nephrographic phase (NP) was performed in 40 surgically resected renal neoplasms <3.5 cm. The patterns of CT attenuation value and homogeneity were correlated with the subtypes of neoplasms, microvessel density, and the existence of intratumoral necrosis or hemorrhage. RESULTS: Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (RCC) (n = 29) showed a peak attenuation value in the CMP of >100 HU [Hounsfield units]. Chromophobe cell RCC (n = 2) showed a peak attenuation value in the CMP of <100 HU. Papillary RCC (n = 5) showed a gradual enhancement with the attenuation value in the CMP of <100 HU. However oncocytomas (n = 2) and metanephric adenomas (n = 2) also showed patterns similar to these subtypes of RCC. The degree of enhancement in the CMP correlated with microvessel density (r = 0.87). All tumors with an homogeneous enhancement pattern did not show necrosis or hemorrhage on histologic specimen. CONCLUSION: The enhancement pattern in double-phase helical CT was different among the subtypes of RCC, and correlated with microvessel density or the existence of intratumoral necrosis or hemorrhage. However it did not differentiate between RCC and other solid tumors.     

Basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland: characteristics of 2-phase helical computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to report the radiologic characteristics of basal cell adenoma of the parotid gland, which is a relatively rare neoplasm. METHODS: A radiology and otolaryngology specialist reviewed the 2-phase helical computed tomography (CT) (n = 6) and/or magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (n = 2) scans of 7 patients with basal cell adenoma. The authors evaluated the imaging characteristics, including tumor size, location, contour and margin, internal density or signal intensity, contrast enhancement pattern, and presence of calcification. The imaging features were then analyzed and correlated with the pathologic findings. RESULTS: All the tumors presented as small (less than 3 cm), well-encapsulated, round or oval masses on CT or MR imaging. On the 2-phase CT scan, the mostly solid-looking tumors (n = 4) showed marked contrast enhancement on the early phase, and there was a subsequent decrease in attenuation on the delayed phase. These tumors were classified as the solid subtype on histologic examination. Meanwhile, the tumors with large cystic areas (n = 2) showed gradual and additional enhancement on the delayed phase and were classified as the tubular or trabecular subtype on pathologic evaluation. There were small spots of low attenuation in the tumors of the solid subtype, which were proved to be intratumoral microcysts in the pathologic correlation. Calcification was found in a tumor. CONCLUSIONS: Basal cell adenomas of the parotid gland present as small well-marginated tumors and appear as masses with central large cysts or solid masses with microcysts on CT and MR imaging scans. Basal cell adenomas of the parotid gland had at least 2 different enhancement patterns on the 2-phase helical CT scans, and the enhancement patterns and imaging architecture were related to the histologic subtype of the tumors.     

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma of the liver: MR and CT findings.

The MR imaging features in five patients with hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) were correlated with CT and pathologic findings. Two hemangioendotheliomas appeared as multiple nodular lesions with a predominantly peripheral location in the liver. In three more extensive cases, the tumors formed confluent peripheral lesions with macroscopic invasion of portal or hepatic veins (n = 3), signs of portal hypertension (n = 3), and nodular hypertrophy of uninvolved liver (n = 2). These findings, suggestive of EHE, were well demonstrated by MR imaging and CT. The internal architecture of the tumors was clearly depicted on T2-weighted MR images. Viable tumor peripheries appeared moderately hyperintense relative to liver. The center of the tumors consisted of one or several concentric zones. Hyperintense central zones were composed of loose, edematous connective tissue. Hypointense zones contained mainly coagulation necrosis, calcifications, and scattered hemorrhages. Except for the presence of calcifications, the internal architecture of EHE was better defined by MR imaging than by CT.     

儿童后肾腺瘤的临床及CT表现

目的:分析儿童后肾腺瘤的临床、病理及影像学特征。方法:对2例经病理证实的儿童后肾腺瘤结合文献中临床及影像学资料较完全的患者10例进行综合分析。结果:儿童后肾腺瘤临床伴有红细胞增多症较多见,B超多为高回声,CT平扫以相对高密度伴钙化多见,但可为囊性病灶伴壁结节,实质部分增强后强化程度不等,本院1例新病例为含大量脂肪成分的多囊性病灶,表现特殊。虽然后肾腺瘤为良性肿瘤,但是可有转移。结论:儿童后肾腺瘤的临床及影像学特征并不显著,但是综合分析其表现有助于做出正确诊断,最终诊断有赖病理学检查。     

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposition in and around the atlantoaxial joint: association with type 2 odontoid fractures in nine patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the histopathologic anatomy of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) crystal deposition in and around the atlantoaxial joint and the association between CPPD crystal deposition and subchondral cysts, erosions, and fracture involving the odontoid process of the axis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One adult cadaver demonstrating calcification in the retro-odontoid area at computed tomography (CT) was selected for further radiography, CT, and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging at the C1-2 level. Anatomic sectioning and histologic evaluations were performed in the specimen. For clinical study, radiographs (n = 5), CT scans (n = 8), and MR images (n = 6) in nine patients (mean age, 74.4 years) with odontoid process fractures and CPPD crystal deposits in and around the atlantoaxial joint were reviewed. RESULTS: In the cadaveric specimen, radiography and CT demonstrated calcifications in the transverse ligament; histologic evaluation confirmed that these calcifications were CPPD crystal deposits. In all nine patients, radiography (n = 5) and CT (n = 8) also showed calcification in areas adjacent to the odontoid process, which included the transverse ligament. T1- and T2-weighted MR imaging showed a retro-odontoid mass of low signal intensity that compressed the cervical cord in six patients. CT, MR imaging, or both demonstrated subchondral cysts, osseous erosions, or a type 2 odontoid fracture in all patients. CONCLUSION: CPPD crystal deposition disease involving the C1-C2 articulation can be a clinically important entity that may place affected patients at increased risk of pathologic fracture of the odontoid process.     

Fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: imaging and pathologic findings in 31 recent cases.

PURPOSE: To review characteristic findings of fibrolamellar hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) at computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the clinical, pathologic, and preoperative imaging findings in 31 patients with histologically proved fibrolamellar HCC. Dynamic contrast material-enhanced CT of the liver was performed in 31 patients, helical multiphase CT in 21, and MR imaging in 11. Complete resection was performed in 17 patients, and imaging-pathologic correlation was performed. RESULTS: Large tumors (mean diameter, 13 cm) were depicted at CT and MR in all cases. At CT, the margins of the tumors were well defined in 24 (77%) of 31 cases calcifications were depicted in 21 (68%), a central scar in 22 (71%), and abdominal lymphadenopathy in 20 (65%). In 20 (80%) of 25 cases with hepatic arterial phase CT images, all tumors were heterogeneous and depicted areas of hypervascularity. At MR imaging, tumors were hypointense to liver on T1-weighted images (n = 11) and hyperintense to liver on T2-weighted images (n = 10). Calcification was not depicted on MR images, but a central scar was depicted as hypointense to surrounding tumor in nine cases. CONCLUSION: CT and MR images demonstrate characteristic features that may allow confident diagnosis of fibrolamellar HCC.     

Incidence of malignancy in complex cystic renal masses (Bosniak category III): should imaging-guided biopsy precede surgery?

OBJECTIVE: Complex indeterminate renal cystic masses (Bosniak type III) can have benign and malignant causes and have been traditionally considered surgical lesions. We sought to determine the incidence of malignancy and to assess a possible role for imaging-guided biopsy for this category of renal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred ninety-seven renal biopsies were performed at our institution between 1991 and 2000. Between January 1997 and August 2000, 28 Bosniak category III lesions, based on established CT imaging criteria on helical CT scans, were identified for analysis. The incidence of malignancy, based on surgical pathology or imaging follow-up and percentage of lesions proceeding to surgery, among these 28 lesions, was determined. The surgical results were correlated with the biopsy findings. RESULTS: Of the 28 biopsied category III lesions, 17 (60.7%) were malignant (16 renal cell carcinomas and one lymphoma), and 11 (39.3%) were benign (six hemorrhagic cysts, three inflammatory cysts, one metanephric adenoma, and one cystic oncocytoma). Seventeen of the 28 lesions (16 renal cell carcinomas and one inflammatory cyst) had surgical resection after the biopsy. All resected lesions had pathologic diagnoses identical to the percutaneous imaging-guided biopsy results. The remaining 11 patients who had undergone nonsurgical biopsies had radiologic follow-up for a minimum of 1 year, with benign lesions showing no interval change. CONCLUSION: Renal biopsy and radiologic follow-up were useful in identifying nonmalignant lesions in complex cystic renal masses and avoided unnecessary surgery in 39% of patients.     

肺泡微石症的影像学诊断

目的：探讨肺泡微石症的影像学特征。方法;报道肺泡微石症6例,全部病例均行胸部X线检查,2例行常规CT,1例行HRCT。并对全部影像学表现进行了回顾性分析。结果：6例胸片表现为弥漫粟粒样微细结节（2例）。“鱼子样”或“暴风沙样”（2例）、“白肺样”（1例）及高密度“面纱样”改变（1例）,CT可明确肺内微细结节的钙化密度,肺尖部气肿样改变及支气管血管束增粗并呈钙化密度,HRCT则可进一步显示肺野磨砂玻璃样改变,小叶间隔,叶间胸膜及支气管血管束钙化密度与串珠状增厚,小叶中心分布的微细结节与胸膜下蜂窝,结论：肺泡微石症是一种罕见病,其影像学表现具有特征性,影像学检查尤以HRCT检查对该病的诊断有决定性作用。     

Solid organizing hepatic abscesses mimic hepatic tumor: Multiphasic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings with histopathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: To describe the computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of solid organizing hepatic abscesses and correlate them with the pathologic findings. METHODS: Ten patients with 10 pathologically proven solid organizing hepatic abscesses who underwent 3-phase CT (n = 10) or MRI (n = 7) were enrolled in this study. Images were retrospectively analyzed by consensus of 2 radiologists for attenuation (signal intensity), shape, and margin of the lesions as well as for their enhancement patterns. Their imaging findings were correlated with their pathologic findings. RESULTS: The main imaging finding on CT or MRI was the well-defined target appearance of a central enhancing area with a low-attenuation (signal intensity) rim on arterial and portal phases. On the delayed phase, most of lesions showed slightly low attenuation (signal intensity) with an enhancing rim, and 1 showed diffuse enhancement. Pathologically, the central areas and peripheral rims corresponded to granulation tissue and fibrosis, respectively. Nine lesions demonstrated a tiny necrotic cystic portion in the center. CONCLUSION: The target appearance of solid organizing hepatic abscesses on CT and MRI can be helpful in differentiating them from other focal liver lesions. These imaging findings are well correlated with the pathologic findings.     

软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤的影像学表现及病理学基础分析

目的：探讨软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤的X线片、CT及MRI影像学表现和病理基础的相关性。方法：回顾性分析12例经病理证实的软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤X线片、CT及MRI片资料,并与病理结果结合分析。结果：软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤的影像学表现包括肿瘤骨、瘤软骨钙化、骨膜反应及软组织肿块。软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤的间隔强化和边缘强化区代表肿瘤的纯软骨成分。MRI增强扫描有利于软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤与软骨肉瘤的鉴别。结论：软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤容易误诊为软骨肉瘤,合理应用X线、CT、MRI检查,可提高软骨母细胞型骨肉瘤与软骨肉瘤鉴别诊断的准确性。     

Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS: CT findings

Clinical and computed tomographic (CT) findings in three cases of extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were reviewed. Proved sites of involvement included the spleen (n = 2), bone marrow (n = 1), liver (n = 1), and peritoneal and pleural fluid (n = 1). CT findings included focal low-attenuation splenic lesions that became progressively calcified in rimlike or punctate fashion; punctate calcifications in the liver, renal cortices, and adrenal glands; calcification of lymph nodes; and pleural and peritoneal effusions with subsequent calcifications of the pleural and peritoneal surfaces. Although rare both before and since the onset of the AIDS epidemic, extrapulmonary P carinii infection in AIDS patients has been reported with increasing frequency in recent years, and more cases with radiologic manifestations should be expected.     

CT and MRI features of pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in adults

OBJECTIVE: We sought to describe the CT and MRI features of pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eleven patients (six women and five men; mean age, 64 years) with acinar cell carcinoma, documented by pathologic examination of resected specimens, underwent CT (n=9) or MRI (n=2) examinations. Two radiologists evaluated imaging studies and determined, by consensus, the following data for each tumor: size, location, margination, internal density or signal intensity, and contrast enhancement pattern. In addition, they assessed the presence of calcification, pancreatic or bile duct dilation, and metastases. Imaging features were correlated with gross and microscopic pathologic features of the tumors. RESULTS: Masses were distributed throughout the pancreas (head, n=5; body, n=2; and tail, n=4). The mean largest dimensions were 6.0 x 5.3 cm (range, from 2 x 1.7 to 15 x 11 cm). Tumors were oval (n=5), round (n=4), or lobular (n=2). Ten (91%) masses were well marginated; nine (82%) were exophytic. Five (45%) masses enhanced homogeneously; the remaining tumors contained cystic areas. All masses enhanced less than the surrounding pancreas. Three (27%) masses contained calcifications. Four (80%) masses invaded the duodenum. Common bile and pancreatic duct dilatation was present in two and three patients, respectively. One patient had metastatic liver disease at presentation. CONCLUSION: Pure acinar cell carcinoma of the pancreas is usually an exophytic, oval or round, well-marginated, and hypovascular mass on CT and MRI. It typically is completely solid when small and contains cystic areas due to necrosis when large.     

Periosteal chondroid tumors: radiologic evaluation with pathologic correlation

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the imaging features of periosteal chondroid tumors correlate with histopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients (nine women and 13 men; mean age, 33 years) with pathologically proven periosteal chondroid lesions were retrospectively reviewed. The imaging modalities included conventional radiography (n = 17), CT (n = 10), and MR imaging (n = 14). The images were reviewed by two osteoradiologists, with agreement by consensus. Evaluation criteria included lesion location, mineralization, and size; periosteal reaction; and cortical response. Intramedullary extension, adjacent intramedullary edema, soft-tissue edema, and intrinsic characteristics were also evaluated on MR imaging. After the evaluation, a radiologic diagnosis of chondroma or chondrosarcoma was obtained. An experienced osteopathologist who was unaware of the patient's medical history and radiologic findings reviewed all histopathology. Agreement between the radiologic and the histopathologic diagnosis was tested using the kappa analysis. Imaging features were correlated with the pathologic findings, and a statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Using strict pathologic criteria, we diagnosed 11 chondromas and 11 chondrosarcomas (nine, grade I; two, grade II). Moderate agreement was reached between the radiologic and the pathologic diagnosis (kappa = 0.55). The size of periosteal chondrosarcomas (range, 3-14 cm; median, 4 cm) was considerably larger than the size of the chondromas (range, 1-6.5 cm; median, 2.5 cm; p < 0.05). Other imaging features did not significantly correlate with benign versus malignant disease at pathology (all p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: A variable overlap existed in the imaging appearances of benign and malignant periosteal chondroid lesions, with size being the most reliable indicator in distinguishing the two lesions. This and the fact that histologic differentiation of the entities can be difficult, suggests that surgical wide excision may be the most appropriate procedure in treating patients with lesions greater than 3 cm.     

Hepatocellular adenoma: multiphasic CT and histopathologic findings in 25 patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate multiphasic computed tomographic (CT) findings of hepatic adenomas and to correlate these findings with those of histopathologic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Multiphasic helical CT was performed in 25 patients with 44 hepatic adenomas. Nonenhanced scans were obtained in all cases, along with hepatic arterial-dominant phase (HAP) and portal venous-dominant phase (PVP) images at 25-28 and 60-70 seconds after intravenous contrast material injection at 3-5 mL/sec. Twelve patients with 24 adenomas also underwent delayed-phase (5-10-minute) CT. Two independent readers retrospectively reviewed each case for the number of detectable lesions in each CT phase, morphologic features of tumors, and degrees of enhancement. RESULTS: Thirteen patients had solitary adenomas; 12 patients had two or three adenomas. Both observers agreed on the numbers of lesions detected in all cases and in all phases of enhancement. The detection rate for all 44 adenomas per type of examination was as follows: nonenhanced, 86% (38 of 44); HAP, 100% (44 of 44); PVP, 82% (36 of 44), and delayed, 88% (21 of 24). Tumor margins were well defined in 38 adenomas (86%), and the surface was smooth in 42 adenomas (95%). The right hepatic lobe was the only site of adenoma or was a site along with the left lobe in 29 cases (66%). Tumor fat and calcifications were uncommon (three cases [7%] and two cases [5%], respectively). Other than areas of fat, hemorrhage, or necrosis, the adenomas enhanced nearly homogeneously, especially on PVP and delayed-phase scans. Five patients had coexistent hepatic masses, which were focal nodular hyperplasia (n = 3) or hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 2). CONCLUSION: Hepatic adenomas often have characteristic features at multiphasic CT that may allow their distinction from other hepatic masses.