运动性失语患者的句法理解障碍

目的 讨论运动性失语患的句法理解障碍的机制。方法 采用标准汉族失语检查法和句法理解的补充检查，对10例运动性失语患进行测验。结果 对复杂是否句的理解比简单是否句理解困难，对可逆被动句和“把”字结构句的理解较主动句理解困难，对功能词的理解较实义词的理解困难。结论 运动性失语患的句法理解障碍与功能词的异常加工有关。     

皮层性失语的神经语言学特点及发病机制研究

目的：研究汉语皮层性失语的神经语言学特点及发病机制，方法：采用ABC法及补充语法检查对67例脑血管病致皮层单灶性损害患者进行神经语言学检查，并行头颅CT图像标准化及脑电地形图检查。结果：运动性失语（BA）病损范围大于Broca区，经皮层运动性失语（TCMA）少数也有Broca区部分受损，感觉性失语病灶范围差异较大，经皮层混合性失语（TMA）病灶介于TCMA及经皮层感觉性失语（TCSA）之间，BA及TCMA均有音位及声调障碍，功能词完成差，实质词正常，主动句正常，被动句理解障碍；感觉性失语（WA）及TCSA音位声调正常，功能词正常,实质词完成极差，尤以同义词较多的名词提取障碍，主动句及被动句理解均障碍，结论：各型失语病灶有其结构及功能定位，可指导临床医生进行定位诊断，各型失语神经语言学特点不同，应作为针对性制安康复计划的客观依据。     

汉语失语患者方位介词加工的初步探察

目的观察和分析汉语失语症患者方位介词的加工特点，为脑卒中后汉语失语患者的临床康复治疗提供一定理论依据。 方法选取20例汉语失语患者（病例组）以及20例正常受试者（对照组）作为研究对象，分别进行方位介词的复述、听理解、填词、视空间功能以及短时记忆检测，比较2组各项得分情况，分析其间的差异。 结果与对照组相比，病例组在方位介词的复述、理解以及填词任务的完成均存在障碍；对单个方位介词以及介词短语的复述成绩优于句中介词，前两者的复述成绩较对照组稍差，但差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）；句中方位介词的复述、理解存在明显障碍，均较对照组差（P<0.05）。复述测试中主要表现为目标词省略错误。2组患者视空间功能评分比较，差异无统计学意义（P&rt;0.05）。病例组短时记忆明显受损，与对照组比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论汉语失语患者存在方位介词加工障碍。句中方位介词的复述较方位介词短语、单个方位介词的复述更困难，这可能与短时记忆障碍以及该类词在句法中的角色功能有关。我们在进行语言康复训练时，应制定针对性的康复计划。     

脑卒中致运动性失语伴构音障碍的早期训练

脑卒中是神经内科的常见病，患者常有各种不同的后遗症，其中失语伴构音障碍是主要后遗症之一，患者的社会交往能力、日常生活能力均下降。运动性失语（Broca失语）其口语表达障碍最突出，星非流利型口语。表现语量少、讲话费力、发音和语调障碍和找词困难等，因语量少仅限于实质词且缺乏语法结构而呈电报式语言；口语理解相对好，对语法词和次序词句子理解困难，复述、命名、阅读及书写均不同程度受损。     

脑血管意外后可逆被动句的听理解研究

运用汉语四类可逆被动句对正常成人（４５例）、右半球脑血管意外病人（３１例）、左半球脑血管意外无失语病人（２０例）、左半球脑血管意外失语症病人（２０例）进行测验，以了解非语言中枢的脑损伤是否可造成可逆被动句的听理解困难。结果表明，失语症病人与其他三组被试者之间存在差异，只有失语症病人可存在可逆被动句的听理解困难。失语组的四类可逆波动句型听理解之间无差异。感觉性失语、运动性失语、完全性失语三组被试可逆被动句听理解成绩之间无差异。同时，对失语组、对照组、右半球病变组、左半球病变无失语组被试的主动句与可逆被动句听理解比较，表明失语症组的主动句与被动句的听理解有差异，对被动句的理解表现出更大的困难，其余三组主、被动句间无差异。进一步对失语组的可逆被动句与语段听理解进行比较，对可逆被动句的理解较语段的理解更困难。     

说汉语的失语患者言语表达的初步分析

目的：研究说汉语的失语患者在文法上的特点。方法：收集脑血管意外失语患者22例，右侧病变8例，左侧14例。进行失语评定后，根据13项文法指标，研究其失文法特点，并与14例正常人加以对比。结果：前部失语患者均表现为不能正确地组合语句，口语障碍为语句不完整，少长句及复杂句；后部失语患者能说出连串的长句和复杂句，但存在较多的错语和新语。文字表达的检查中，前部失语的患者容易颠倒主-谓和谓-宾关系；后部失语患者则容易颠倒主-宾关系，即混淆实质词的语义层的句法功能。结论：汉语失语患者对词的语义保留比对音位保留程度相对好；声调性错语与声韵错语(即音位错语)一起出现。左颢顶部受损导致语义层理解障碍，脑深部病变引起的句法结构障碍依其受损部位和范围而异。     

词画匹配训练法在脑卒中运动性失语康复中的作用

目的 探讨词画匹配训练法对脑卒中运动性失语患者的语言康复和非语言交流能力的作用.方法 18例患者通过词画匹配训练法进行较系统的言语功能训练,对患者训练前后的言语能力进行评估并比较.结果 18例患者经过1个疗程(3个月)的训练,言语复述、表达及运用语言功能方面与治疗前比较康复组明显恢复且优于对照组(P<0.05).结论 词画匹配训练法对脑卒中运动性失语患者的语言康复和非语言交流能力有良好的促进作用.     

左半球卒中后汉语语法缺失的句法理解障碍

目的　探讨左半球卒中后汉语语法缺失的句法理解障碍特点及其可能存在的机制。方法　采用汉语失语检查法、短时记忆量表和汉语语法量表中的句法测试任务对 3 0例汉语语法缺失患者和 3 0例正常对照者进行测试。结果　在句法测试项目中 ,2组被试者的主动句完成率比较 ,差异无统计学意义(P >0 .0 5 ) ,其余语法句完成率比较 ,差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。汉语语法缺失组的短时记忆测试成绩明显差于正常对照组 ,2组成绩比较 ,差异有统计学意义 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　汉语语法缺失患者存在较严重的句法理解障碍 ,其机制可能与痕迹删除和工作记忆障碍有关。     

脑卒中运动性失语的综合康复训练

运动性失语是脑卒中患者的常见后遗症之一,其临床特征为明显的口语表达障碍,听理解相对保留.运动性失语患者预后相对好,早期积极训练对改善患者的生活质量有重要意义.本科采用吞咽言语治疗仪配合综合语言训练,探讨运动性失语康复的方法及疗效.     

传导性失语——附6例报告

在临床工作中,发现不同于运动性失语、感觉性失语及命名性失语的一特殊类型的失语,这类失语患者发音无困难,呈流利型或中间流利型,听理解正常或基本正常,但口语复述出现明显障碍,这一类失语称为传导性失语,是一特殊的失语类型,并非罕见,临床上常见于脑血管病及局限性脑疾病,我们诊断的6例均为男性,现报道如下。 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料:6例传导性失语患者均为卒中后失语症病例,年龄42～71岁,平均57.5岁,均为男性,6例患者皆首次患病,神志清楚,定向力完整,智能正常。 1.2 检查方法:病后2周～3月进行失语检     

脑血管意外后空间方位和时间词句的听理解研究

运用空间方位词、时间词对４５例正常成人、３１例右半球脑血管意外病人、２０例左半球脑血管意外无失语病人和２０例左半球脑血管意外失语病人进行了听理解测验。结果表明，失语组、右半球病变组的空间方位词句测验成绩与对照组有差异，而且失语组与右半球病变组的成绩也有差异。失语组时间词句的听理解成绩与其它三组的成绩有差异。结果表明失语组的是否句与语段成绩无差异；可逆被句、方位词句、时间词句的成绩无差异。但是否句、语段与可逆被动句、方位词句、时间词句的成绩有差异。认为失语组听理解是否句、语段较理解可逆被动句、方位词句、时间词句容易。失语组倾向于按事件发生的时间顺序理解时间词句。     

脑血管病失语症听觉理解障碍的研究

目的　听觉理解障碍是脑血管病失语症的常见症状,分析听觉理解各个过程的特点,对于汉语失语症的分类、比较东西方失语症的异同、探索语言在脑内加工过程的神经机制及言语康复具有一定意义。方法　采用汉语失语检查法和听觉理解补充检查法,并结合CT、MRI技术,对不同类型汉语失语症听觉理解障碍各个过程的特点进行比较系统的研究。结果与结论　①失语类型不同,听觉理解在各个层级受损程度也不同;②不同类型失语都存在音素辨别的损害或保留;③在词的理解上,多数失语存在程度不等的困难等级,皮质下失语无此特性,与英语失语症有一定的差别;④各种失语对被动句理解比主动句更困难;⑤各组失语中篇章理解损害均较重。     

When do you grasp the idea? MEG evidence for instantaneous idiom understanding

We investigated the time-course of cortical activation during comprehension of literal and idiomatic sentences using MEG and anatomically guided distributed source analysis. Previous fMRI work had shown that the comprehension of sentences including action-related words elicits somatotopic semantic activation along the motor strip, reflecting meaning aspects of constituent words. Furthermore, idioms more strongly activated temporal pole and prefrontal cortex than literal sentences. Here we show that, compared to literal sentences, processing of idioms in a silent reading task modulates anterior fronto-temporal activity very early-on, already 150-250 ms after the sentences' critical disambiguating words (“kick the habit”). In parallel, the meaning of action words embedded in sentences is reflected by somatotopic activation of precentral motor systems. As neural reflections of constituent parts of idiomatic sentences are manifest at the same early latencies as brain indexes of idiomatic vs. literal meaning processing, we suggest that within ¼ of a second, compositional and abstract context-driven semantic processes in parallel contribute to the understanding of idiom meaning.     

Event-related potential characterisation of the Shakespearean functional shift in narrative sentence structure

Neurolinguistic studies have scrutinised the physiological consequences of disruptions in the flow of language comprehension produced by violations of meaning, syntax, or both. Some 400 years ago, Shakespeare already crafted verses in which the functional status of words was changed, as in "to lip a wanton in a secure couch". Here, we tested the effect of word class conversion as used by Shakespeare--the functional shift--on event-related brain potential waves traditionally reported in neurophysiolinguistics: the left anterior negativity (LAN), the N400, and the P600. Participants made meaningfulness decisions to sentences containing (a) a semantic incongruity, (b) a functional shift, (c) a double violation, or (d) neither a semantic incongruity nor a syntactic violation. The Shakespearean functional shift elicited significant LAN and P600 modulations but failed to modulate the N400 wave. This provides evidence that words which had their functional status changed triggered both an early syntactic evaluation process thought to be mainly automatic and a delayed re-evaluation/repair process that is more controlled, but semantic integration required no additional processing. We propose that this dissociation between syntactic and semantic evaluation enabled Shakespeare to create dramatic effects without diverting his public away from meaning.     

Redressing the Balance

Abstract

Purpose. A small number of studies have explored children's perception of speakers’ voice quality and its possible influence on language comprehension. The aim of this explorative study was to investigate the relationship between the examiner's voice quality, the child's performance on a digital version of a language comprehension test, the Test for Reception of Grammar (TROG-2), and two measures of cognitive functioning.

Method. The participants were (n = 86) mainstreamed 8-year old children with typical language development. Two groups of children (n = 41/45) were presented with the TROG-2 through recordings of one female speaker: one group was presented with a typical voice and the other with a simulated dysphonic voice.

Result. Significant associations were found between executive functioning and language comprehension. The results also showed that children listening to the dysphonic voice achieved significantly lower scores for more difficult sentences (“the man but not the horse jumps”) and used more self-corrections on simpler sentences (“the girl is sitting”).

Conclusion. Findings suggest that a dysphonic speaker's voice may force the child to allocate capacity to the processing of the voice signal at the expense of comprehension. The findings have implications for clinical and research settings where standardized language tests are used.     

Neural correlates of syntactic movement: converging evidence from two fMRI experiments

This paper studies neural processes of sentence comprehension, focusing on a specific syntactic operation-syntactic movement. We describe two fMRI experiments that manipulate this particular syntactic component. The sentences in each of the experiments are different, yet the structural contrast in both is syntactically identical, comparing movement and no-movement sentences. Two distinct Hebrew constructions, topicalization and wh-questions, were presented in an auditory comprehension task and compared to carefully matched baseline sentences. We show that both contrasts, presented in an auditory comprehension task, yield comparable activations in a consistent set of brain regions, including left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), left ventral precentral sulcus (vPCS), and bilateral posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). Furthermore, we show that these regions are not sensitive to two other syntactic contrasts. The results, considered in the context of previous imaging and lesion studies, suggest that the processing of syntactic movement involves a consistent set of brain regions, regardless of the superficial properties of the sentences at issue, and irrespective of task.     

汉语失语症心理语言评价与汉语标准失语症检查对命名困难定性的比较

目的：探讨汉语失语症心理语言评价(PACA)与汉语标准失语症检查(ABC)哪一方法可以揭示命名困难产生的根源。方法：采用汉语失语症心理语言评价,以及汉语标准失语症检查的相关测验对2例命名困难的失语症患者进行检查。结果：例1的ABC名词听理解、名词阅读理解、图画命名完全正常,但词复述和命名言语含糊不清。PACA的名词听理解、同义词判断检查提示该患者的语义系统接近正常;语音判断、读音一致性判断及起始音分类基本正确,表明语音输出词典正常;复述检查未显示出词长效应;根据PACA确定该患者的语言损害主要定位于言语运动计划水平。例2的ABC名词听理解与阅读理解全部正确;字、词复述全部正确;命名困难。PACA的听理解、阅读理解测验表明该患者存在词汇语义损害。语音输出词典有关测验表明语音输出词典的损害比语义认知更严重。词复述和非词复述正常,提示词典后加工正常。结论：汉语失语症心理语言评价可以揭示命名产生的根源,有帮于分析和确定造成命名困难的语言加工受损水平,从而为命名困难受损的认知加工进行针对性的治疗。