肾筋膜减压平面在腹膜后病变CT诊断中的应用

目的 进一步探讨肾筋膜减压平面的解剖及其在腹膜后病变CT诊断中的应用。资料与方法 搜集37例腹膜后病变病例，其中急性胰腺炎23例，肾及肾周病变14例。均采用CT扫描。结果 所有病例在CT上均可见不同程度和范围的肾筋膜和桥隔增厚。结论 将肾筋膜减压平面分为肾前筋膜前平面、肾前筋膜后平面、桥隔旁平面、肾后筋膜前平面及肾后筋膜后平面有助于加深对腹膜后病变CT表现的理解和提高CT诊断的准确性。     

左侧肾前筋膜间平面的CT解剖学研究

目的 :探讨左侧肾前筋膜间平面的CT解剖学特点。方法 :对1具尸体标本的左侧肾前筋膜行单纯断层解剖学研究。对3具尸体标本行左侧肾旁前间隙乳胶灌注,并制作断面标本;其中1具在制作断面标本前行CT扫描。将CT图像及断面标本进行对照观察,记录灌注剂在肾旁前间隙和肾前筋膜间平面内的弥散情况。结果:1具尸体标本的单纯断层解剖学研究表明,左侧肾前筋膜为多层膜状结构,其间存在潜在间隙。3具灌注标本中,肾旁前间隙的灌注剂进入左侧肾前筋膜间平面内。其中,1具轴位断层标本,灌注剂仅进入左侧肾前筋膜间平面,边界清晰;1具轴位断层标本中,灌注剂进入左侧肾前筋膜间平面并蔓延至桥隔内,向内侧蔓延至中线大血管周围,向外侧蔓延至侧锥筋膜和肾后筋膜内;1具矢状位断面标本,灌注剂进入左侧肾前筋膜间平面并蔓延至桥隔内,向后进入肾后筋膜内,向下进入锥下间隙内。结论:左侧肾前筋膜为多层膜状结构,其间有潜在间隙即肾前筋膜间平面。肾旁前间隙急剧增多的液体可进入左侧肾前筋膜间平面,并可蔓延至桥隔、侧锥筋膜、肾后筋膜和锥下间隙内。     

急性胰腺炎扩散至肾周间隙的螺旋CT表现及其解剖基础

目的探讨急性胰腺炎(AP)扩散至肾周间隙的螺旋CT表现及其解剖学基础。方法回顾分析87例连续AP病例的螺旋CT增强扫描表现,着重观察肾周间隙是否受累以及其CT特征,并进行CT分级评分,观察肾周间隙受累与肾筋膜的毗邻关系。结果肾周间隙总的受累率为75%(65/87),其中B级50%(44/87),C级25%(21/87)。本组轻症AP24例,其中9例出现了肾周间隙受累;63例重症AP,56例出现了肾周间隙受累。肾周间隙内出现的水肿或积液通过肾周间隙内的桥隔与同侧水肿或积液的肾筋膜相连。结论AP累及肾周间隙时,轻者CT表现为肾周间隙内桥隔或脂肪水肿,重者可见蜂窝组织炎或积液。AP所致的炎性水肿或积液主要通过肾周间隙内的桥隔扩散或者破坏肾筋膜而进入肾周间隙。     

AP侵及肾旁后间隙的CT表现及其解剖学基础

目的基于肾筋膜间平面的解剖概念,探讨肾筋膜外侧解剖附着分型为Ⅱ型的急性胰腺炎(AP)患者的肾旁后间隙扩散的CT表现及其受累的解剖途径。方法收集97例急性胰腺炎患者的临床和影像学资料。97例中,23例患者的一侧或双侧肾筋膜外侧附着解剖分型为Ⅱ型,且均有肾旁后间隙(PPRS)受累。回顾性分析23例中的PPRS受累的CT表现及其解剖学基础。结果 1)左侧PPRS和右侧PPRS受累分别为22例和9例;双侧PPRS受侵8例;2)PPRS受累表现为与同侧增厚的肾后筋膜后层和锥侧筋膜相连的条索影、斑片状影、条状积液,以及片团状积液影;3)PPRS受累的途径为:(1)肾旁前间隙的炎症先侵入肾后筋膜后层的筋膜间平面,再侵及PPRS;(2)肾旁前间隙的炎症直接通过增厚的肾后筋膜后层的薄弱处侵犯PPRS;(3)肾旁前间隙和/或肾前筋膜间平面的炎性积液向下进入锥下间隙,然后反折向上而侵犯PPRS。结论基于肾筋膜间平面的解剖,CT可良好显示肾筋膜外侧解剖附着分型为Ⅱ型的急性胰腺炎侵犯肾旁后间隙的解剖细节及其途径。     

尿外渗和尿瘤的病因及影像学诊断价值

目的 :探讨尿外渗和尿瘤的病因及影像学诊断价值。方法 :回顾性分析20例尿外渗和尿瘤的病因及影像学表现。结果:20例中,单纯尿外渗17例,尿外渗合并尿瘤1例,单纯尿瘤2例。超声表现为肾被膜下及输尿管周围无回声区或腹膜后囊性无回声区。CT平扫表现为肾被膜下及输尿管周围液体积聚或腹膜后囊性肿块。CT增强扫描延迟期可见对比剂外渗。尿外渗常伴肾周间隙桥隔增厚、肾周间隙内脂肪层斑片状影、肾筋膜增厚及肾旁间隙积液。结论:超声及CT可清楚显示病变及梗阻原因,结合病史可诊断尿外渗和尿瘤。     

急性胰腺炎累及肾旁后间隙的螺旋CT表现及其解剖基础

目的探讨急性胰腺炎(AP)累及肾旁后间隙(PPS)的螺旋CT表现及其解剖基础。方法回顾分析87例连续AP病例螺旋CT增强表现，着重观察：PPS受累的CT特征及其转归情况；PPS受累与肾后筋膜及锥侧筋膜的关系。结果PPS总的受累率为47％(41／87)。从PPS受累的CT形态看，发生率为：A级53％(46／87)，B级24％(21／87)，C级23％(20／87)。从PPS受累的纵向范围看，发生率为：0级53％(46／87)，Ⅰ级22％(19／87)，Ⅱ级25％(22／87)。PPS内出现的积液直接与同侧肾旁前间隙或肾后筋膜间的积液相连。随访中，3例PPS内的假性囊肿在肾圆锥下方与肾旁前间隙内假性囊肿相通。结论AP累及PPS时，轻者CT表现为PPS内脂肪水肿，重者可见蜂窝织炎或积液。AP产生的肾旁前间隙积液可沿3条路径进入PPS。     

急性胰腺炎腹膜后间隙受累的CT表现与临床严重程度的相关性分析

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)腹膜后间隙受累的CT表现与临床严重程度的相关性.资料与方法 回顾性分析76例AP患者的临床和影像学资料,按照亚特兰大AP临床分类标准及AP腹膜后间隙扩散CT表现范围分级评分.分析腹膜后间隙扩散CT表现范围分级评分与临床严重程度分级评分的相关性.结果 76例中,肾旁前间隙、肾周间隙及肾旁后间隙受累发生率分别是49%(37/76)、25%(19/76)及26%(20/76).轻症AP 26例,其中肾旁前间隙受累19例,肾周间隙受累6例,肾旁后间隙受累1例;重症AP 50例,其中肾旁前间隙受累18例,肾周间隙受累13例,肾旁后间隙受累19例.腹膜后间隙扩散CT表现范围分级评分与临床严重程度呈显著正相关(r=0.547,P=0.000).结论 AP腹膜后间隙扩散CT表现范围分级评分与临床严重程度密切相关,影像学检查能够为AP的严重程度及预后提供重要的信息.     

肾周间隙桥隔增厚的MSCT表现及临床意义

目的分析探讨肾周间隙桥隔增厚的MSCT表现及引起桥隔增厚的病因、临床意义。资料与方法回顾分析经MSCT扫描,临床或手术病理证实的引起桥隔增厚的病例共计159例,所有病例均行GE Lightspeed 16层螺旋CT扫描。结果桥隔增厚表现为肾周间隙内边缘模糊的条索状稍高密度影,分布紊乱、呈不规则排列,部分纵横交错呈栅栏状改变。依据桥隔增厚的分布范围分为:Ⅰ型局限型,Ⅱ型弥漫型,Ⅲ型弥漫型合并肾周间隙积液。引起桥隔增厚的主要病因为肾源性病变、肾周间隙及肾旁间隙病变、输尿管源性病变,其次为腹腔内病变。结论桥隔增厚为肾周间隙受累的主要CT表现,MSCT对肾周间隙桥隔增厚的诊断具有重要价值,准确显示桥隔增厚的分布范围,推测引起桥隔增厚的病因有一定价值,为临床进一步的治疗提供准确的影像学依据。     

肾周间隙桥隔:正常走向及异常增厚的CT表现

目的 探讨肾周间隙桥隔正常走向及异常增厚的CT表现.方法 回顾性分析75例肾周间隙桥隔增厚的CT表现.结果 肾周间隙桥隔增厚的原因可为肾源性、非肾源性疾病或原因不明.肾源性疾病包括肾外伤26例,肾结核2例,肾脓肿4例,肾盂肾炎3例,尿路梗阻15例,肾癌2例.非肾源性疾病包括急性胰腺炎15例,急性胆囊炎1例,腹膜炎2例,结肠癌3例.原因不明者2例.肾周间隙桥隔增厚的CT表现为肾周间隙内的条状、分支状软组织影.结论 肾周间隙桥隔增厚的病因多样化,影像学检查对探其病因有一定作用.     

肾周间隙积液的CT表现及解剖学基础

目的:结合肾周间隙的解剖学基础分析肾周间隙积液的CT表现。材料和方法:观察59例肾周间隙积液的分布及CT表现。结果:肾周间隙积液CT表现:肾窦水肿,肾被膜下积液,肾周间隙内桥隔增厚,肾周间隙脂肪层内斑片状影,肾被膜及肾前、肾后筋膜增厚,部分同时有圆锥侧筋膜增厚肿胀。右侧肾周间隙积液向上可至肝裸区。结论:CT能够清楚显示肾周间隙积液和肾筋膜的分隔作用,了解这些解剖结构,可合理地解释影像学征象及了解疾病扩展途径,为泌尿外科及介入治疗提供依据。     

Optimization of the system of medical service of students of Cadet Schools of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation

One of the factors of the successful military career guidance Cadet schools students is preserving and promoting their health. Medical support of children and adolescents aged 10-17 years should include the full range of medical and preventive measures defined for this group. The state of providing outpatient care for pupils at the Cadet School in St. Petersburg was studied. These results show that full medical care in accordance with the standards can be based only on children's health clinics. It is important that the organization of medical support pupils cadet schools should be cooperate with civilian health care.     

带状疱疹83例误诊原因分析

带状疱疹是由水痘—带状疱疾病毒引起的皮肤科常见疾病。其主要的病理损害,一是受累神经的严重炎症性浸润,继而导致受侵犯神经节内神经细胞变性、坏死;二是皮肤的水泡。迅速抑制神经节和相应的感觉神经纤维的充血、水肿和坏死,防止粘连形成,达到迅速镇痛、改善皮损,缩短病程及防止后遗症的发生是治疗的关键。因而,尽早明确诊断,     

Estimation of accumulated dose of radiation by method of ESR-spectrometry of dental enamel of mammals

ESR-spectrometry was used to investigate radiation-induced paramagnetic centers in enamel of mammals: carnivores (polar bear and fox), ungulates (reindeer, European bison, moose), and man. Values at half the microwave power saturation of the radiation signal, P_1/2, evaluated at room temperature, was found to range from 16 to 26 mW for animals and man. A new approach to discrimination of the radiation induced signal from the total ESR spectrum of reindeer enamel is proposed. ‘Dose-response’ dependencies of enamel of different species mammals were measured within the dose range from 0.48 up to 10.08 Gy. Estimations of ‘radiosensitivity’ enamel of carnivores and ungulates showed good agreement with radiosensitivity enamel of man by ESR method.     

Analysis of the results of the international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of Fe

The results of an international comparison of activity measurements of a solution of ⁵⁵Fe organized by the BIPM in 2005 are reported and analysed. This exercise, which follows the procedures of the CIPM mutual recognition arrangement to update older comparisons, is a renewal of the comparison organized by the BIPM that took place in 1978. A EUROMET comparison was organized in 1996 specifically to compare activity measurements of a ⁵⁵Fe solution by means of liquid-scintillation techniques. Results of these three comparisons are presented and discussed in this paper.

The radionuclide solution was provided by the NPL, which also distributed the samples to the participants. The activity of the ampoules was measured by 16 laboratories using 12 methods producing 25 results. Some general considerations on uncertainty assessments pertaining to the different techniques used are drawn. The outcome of four different estimators is compared from which the presence of at least one outlier can be confirmed. Further measurements should be made to try to reduce the discrepancy between the results. To date the outcome of the present comparison does not show an improvement to that of the 1996 comparison.     

Evaluation of the results of various technics of non-surgical therapy of varicocele

A new method of non-surgical treatment of varicocele syndrome is described: it consists in sclerotherapy of spermatic vein by trans-femoral percutaneous catheterization with balloon-catheters. In 8 cases venous thrombosis has been induced by direct electric clotting. The techniques and a 6 months follow-up are discussed. It is pointed out that this procedure should be considered as the method of choice for tubular lesions and sub-fertility prophylaxis in young people and in childhood.     

延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因分析

目的探讨延迟性脾破裂误漏诊原因和预防措施.方法回顾性分析总结12例延迟性脾破裂中的诊断和误漏诊的经验与教训.结果本组延迟性脾破裂的误漏诊5例(41.66%).对多发伤与脾破裂并存可能认识不足,外伤史轻微或伤员隐瞒外伤史,缺乏腹痛-缓解-突然再腹痛的典型病史,缺乏“对冲性脾破裂”力学分析和整体化诊断思路等为其误漏诊的主要原因.结论详细的外伤史和全面系统检查,重视腹以外多发伤掩盖腹内脏器伤及延迟性脾破裂可能.确立外伤-腹内脏器伤-脾破裂整体化诊断思路.不间断地辅以B超检查脾形态学变化和腹内有无积液,腹腔穿刺确定有无血腹、X线胸腹部检查观察左侧胸肋角和膈肌运动情况、必要时CT检查以尽早发现脾包膜下血肿,降低延迟性脾破裂误漏诊率.