Human bocavirus infections in hospitalized children and adults

Studies have reported human bocavirus (HBoV) in children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs), but only occasionally in adults. We searched for HBoV DNA in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) from adults with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis or pneumonia, from children hospitalized for acute RTIs, and from asymptomatic children during the winter of 2002-2003 in Canada. HBoV was detected in NPAs of 1 (0.8%) of 126 symptomatic adults, 31 (13.8%) of 225 symptomatic children, and 43 (43%) of 100 asymptomatic children undergoing elective surgery. Another virus was detected in 22 (71%) of the 31 HBoV-positive NPAs from symptomatic children. Two clades of HBoV were identified. The pathogenic role of HBoV in RTIs is uncertain because it was frequently detected in symptomatic and asymptomatic children and was commonly found with other viruses in symptomatic children.     

武汉市呼吸道感染儿童博卡病毒的检测及临床分析

目的 分析武汉市呼吸道感染儿童博卡病毒(HBoV)感染的临床特点,为临床治疗提供理论依据。方法 收集2014年12月1日-2015年12月1日期间在本院儿科住院的365例急性呼吸道感染患儿为研究对象,在疾病急性期用一次性吸痰管采集患儿鼻咽分泌物(NPA)标本液2 ml。先进行7种常见呼吸道病毒的筛查,然后采用PCR方法检测HBoV 基因,对阳性标本进行序列验证及分析。结果 1)对365份标本进行免疫荧光检测,结果显示呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)的阳性检出率最高18.90%(69/365),其他依次为腺病毒(ADV)阳性15例(4.11%),副流感病毒Ⅲ(PIV-Ⅲ)阳性8例(2.20%),甲型流感病毒(IFV-A)阳性5例(1.37%),乙型流感病毒(IFV-B)阳性3例(0.82%),副流感病毒Ⅱ型(PIV-Ⅱ)阳性2例(0.55%)。2)365例标本中,32例(8.77%)出现HBoV 的PCR扩增产物,均为单一条带,大小约为354 bp,与预期的扩增片段大小相符合,显示为HBoV阳性。32例阳性标本进行测序后经Blast分析,HBoV1型28例(7.67%),HBoV2型3例(0.82%),HBoV3型1例(0.27%)。3)32例HBoV阳性患儿中,其中男19例,女13例,男女比例为1.47∶1;年龄3~13个月,平均6.87个月。结论 HBoV 感染是引起武汉市小儿呼吸道感染的重要病毒之一,主要以HBoV1型感染为主,而且多为混合感染。应加强对婴幼儿的预防保健工作,以便进行合理用药、早期治疗。     

Association of human bocavirus 1 infection with respiratory disease in childhood follow-up study, Finland

Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) DNA is frequently detected in the upper airways of young children with respiratory symptoms. Because of its persistence and frequent co-detection with other viruses, however, its etiologic role has remained controversial. During 2009-2011, using HBoV1 IgM, IgG, and IgG-avidity enzyme immunoassays and quantitative PCR, we examined 1,952 serum samples collected consecutively at 3- to 6-month intervals from 109 constitutionally healthy children from infancy to early adolescence. Primary HBoV1 infection, as indicated by seroconversion, appeared in 102 (94%) of 109 children at a mean age of 2.3 years; the remaining 7 children were IgG antibody positive from birth. Subsequent secondary infections or IgG antibody increases were evident in 38 children and IgG reversions in 10. Comparison of the seroconversion interval with the next sampling interval for clinical events indicated that HBoV1 primary infection, but not secondary immune response, was significantly associated with acute otitis media and respiratory illness.     

Prevalence analysis of different human bocavirus genotypes in pediatric patients revealed intra-genotype recombination

BackgroundHuman bocavirus (HBoV) genotypes 1–4 have been detected worldwide in respiratory samples and stool samples, and are increasingly associated with respiratory and intestinal infections of previously unknown etiology in young children. Several studies revealed evidence of extensive recombination among HBoV genotypes at the NP1 and VP1 gene boundary region. This study explored the prevalence of HBoV genotypes in pediatric patients in Beijing, and studied their phylogeny.MethodsA total of 4941 respiratory specimens and 1121 fecal specimens were collected from pediatric patients with respiratory infections from January 2006 to December 2013, or with acute diarrhea from October 2010 to December 2012. Conventional PCR was used to detect HBoV1–4 within these samples. Gene fragments at the NP1 and VP1 gene boundary were amplified from HBoV-positive specimens, sequenced, and their phylogenetic inferences constructed using MEGA 6.0 software. Recombination events were identified with SimPlot software.ResultsHuman bocavirus 1, 2, and 3 were detected in 9 (0.80%), 15 (1.33%), and 1 (0.08%) of 1121 stool samples, respectively. However, only HBoV1 (82, 1.65%) was detected in respiratory specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of gene fragments at the HBoV NP1 and VP1 gene boundary indicated that HBoV1 sequences obtained from fecal or respiratory specimens across 8 years were highly conserved (99–100%), while 15 HBoV2 sequences collected across 2 years in Beijing were more diverse with up to 4.40% variation. Of the 15 HBoV2 sequences, 14 clustered into a new lineage divergent from other HBoV2 sequences in GenBank. Five HBoV2 genomic sequences were analyzed for recombination, revealing intra-genotype recombination between HBoV2A and HBoV2B.ConclusionsMore HBoV1 were detected in children with respiratory tract diseases, and HBoV2 in patients with acute diarrhea. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a new cluster of HBoV2 was prevalent in China, which may be the result of intra-genotype recombination between HBoV2A and HBoV2B.     

苏州地区人博卡病毒在儿童急性呼吸道感染中的流行特征

目的分析人博卡病毒(human bocavirus,HBoV)在苏州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染患儿中的流行特征。方法收集6108例急性呼吸道感染的住院儿童鼻咽分泌物标本,实时荧光PCR法检测HBoV,同时采用实时荧光定量PCR检测肺炎支原体(MP),直接免疫荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、流感病毒A型、B型(IVA,IVB)、副流感病毒1~3型(PIV1~3)和腺病毒(ADV)。结果共检出HBoV感染378例(6.19%,378/6108),其中HBoV与其他病原体混合感染73例(19.31%,73/378)。与HBoV混合感染的前三位病原体分别为RSV(64.38%,47/73),PIV-3(16.44%,12/73),MP(12.33%,9/73)。HBoV感染阳性率在夏秋季分别为9.06%和11.35%,而在冬春季3.52%和2.37%,夏秋和冬春各季之间阳性率存在显著性差异(均P<0.01)。HBoV感染在7~12月和1~3岁儿童中的阳性率分别为11.14%和10.40%,而在0~6月组、3~5岁组、5~6岁组和≥6岁组的阳性率分别为2.83%、4.29%、3.11%和1.97%,7月~3岁患儿与其它年龄组间HBoV阳性率存在显著性差异(χ2=144.26,P<0.01)。结论人博卡病毒是苏州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的主要病原之一,苏州全年均存在HBoV感染,以夏秋季高发。HBoV易与其它病原混合感染,尤其是RSV。HBoV感染在7月~3岁儿童中高发。     

从我国儿童呼吸道标本中首次检出人博卡病毒

目的 调查国内儿童急性呼吸道感染中是否存在人类博卡病毒（human Boeavirus）感染。方法 采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术对湖南地区急性呼吸道感染儿童的鼻咽抽吸物（NPA）进行包括HBoV等12种病毒基因筛查，然后将PCR扩增阳性产物构建到Ppbs-T载体进行TA克隆及步移法测序，获取全长cDNA，登录Gen Bank作对比研究。结果 从某儿童急性肺炎的呼吸道标本中，检获到HBoV基因，该患者11种常见呼吸道病毒PCR均为阴性，唯检出HBoV。患者表现咳嗽、低热、呼吸困难等临床症状，在儿科诊断为肺炎。结论 国内儿童急性呼吸道感染中，特别是在中国南方地区的急性呼吸道感染患儿中，有部分可能系HBoV感染引起，应引起临床医护人员重视。     

天津地区儿童人博卡病毒感染及基因型分析

目的 了解天津地区急性下呼吸道感染儿童中人博卡病毒(HBoV)的感染情况及病毒基因特性.方法 采集2008年9月- 2009年5月急性下呼吸道感染住院儿童的鼻咽吸取物标本202份,进行PCR扩增来检测HBoVNP-1基因,对VP1及VP2基因进行扩增及序列测定,与GenBank中登录的序列进行比较,分析序列特征并绘制种系发生树,同时采用多重PCR方法检测其他12种呼吸道病毒及WU多瘤病毒.结果 202份标本中,6.9％( 14/202)为HBoV阳性,所有阳性患儿的年龄均≤6岁,6月～12月龄患儿感染率最高,为14.3％ (6/42);所有感染者均为肺炎和喘息性支气管炎患儿,各月份均有检出;HBoV与其他病毒的混合感染率为85.7％ (12/14),其中58.3％ (7/12)为3种以上呼吸道病毒混合感染;VP1/VP2基因种系发生树分析表明13株HBoV均属于Ib簇,同源性分析表明,天津地区HBoV VP1基因与从GenBank下载的Ⅰ型序列比较,核酸及氨基酸的同源性分别为99.0％～ 99.8％及99.0％ ～99.9％.结论 天津地区存在HBoV流行,感染者多为＜6岁儿童,HBoV与其他呼吸道病毒混合感染常见,HBoV病毒均属于Ib簇.     

呼和浩特地区急性呼吸道病毒感染的病原学构成调查

目的:调查呼和浩特地区急性呼吸道病毒感染的病原学构成情况。方法:收集呼和浩特地区2009年-2011年急性呼吸道感染病例标本561份,采用多重PCR方法检测15种急性呼吸道感染常见病毒。结果:检测的561份样本中171份为阳性,阳性检出率为30.48%;8份为混合感染病例,占阳性样本的4.68%。阳性样本中以流感病毒和腺病毒为主,一年四季中均可检出。病毒检出率最高的是4月-6月份。呼吸道病毒的检出率在散居儿童中较高,达到48.15%。结论:近3年来,引起呼和浩特地区急性呼吸道疾病的主要病原以流感病毒为主,其次是腺病毒。     

2016年武汉地区住院儿童人博卡病毒感染的临床特征及流行病学

目的了解武汉地区住院儿童呼吸道人博卡病毒（HBoV）感染情况、临床特征及流行病学特点。方法收集2016年1—12月该院儿科因急性呼吸道感染的住院患儿968例,采用无菌负压吸引法采集新鲜标本检查痰HBoV、RSV、ADV、INF A/B和PIV I/II/III,分析HBoV感染病例的流行情况及临床特征。结果968例患儿中,HBoV阳性75例,检出率7.75%。男女患儿检出率分别为5.68%、2.07%,不同性别HBoV检出率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=2.083,P=0.140）;53例（70.67%）HBoV阳性患儿年龄＜1岁,63例（84.00%）HBoV阳性患儿年龄＜3岁,各年龄组检出率比较,差异有统计学意义（χ2=4.60,P=0.043）。春、夏、秋、冬HBoV检出率分别为9.78%、5.29%、2.86%、5.20%;除9、10月份外,HBoV在其余月份均有检出,3月份检出率最高（为33.33%）。17例单纯HBoV感染,58例混合感染,HBoV临床诊断以支气管肺炎为主（26例,占34.67%）。HBoV病例主要临床特征为发热（81.33%）、咳嗽和喘息（各占77.33％）。结论HBoV是武汉地区住院儿童呼吸道感染的重要病原体之一,全年均可发生HBoV感染,流行高峰在春季和夏季,无性别差异。住院儿童感染HBoV临床诊断以支气管肺炎最常见,主要表现为发热、咳嗽、喘息。     

Circulating of human bocavirus 1, 2, 3, and 4 in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand

Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a newly identified human parvovirus that associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Epidemiological surveillance of HBoV was conducted on fecal specimens collected from hospitalized children with diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2011. Among a total of 222 fecal specimens tested, 17 (7.7%) were positive for HBoV by PCR. Of the 17 HBoV positive samples, double- or triple-infections together with other enteric viruses were found in 10 (58.8%) pediatric patients, while monoinfection with HBoV alone was detected in seven (41.2%) cases. Mixed infection among HBoV with norovirus GII was frequently observed in this population. The partial VP1 nucleotide sequences of all 17 HBoV strains demonstrated that all four species of HBoV were found in the specimens tested. Eleven strains were HBoV1. Other three strains showed the sequence identity with HBoV2, which were most closely related to the HBoV2A. In addition, other two HBoV strains showed the highest level of nucleotide sequence identity with the HBoV3. It was surprisingly to observe that one Thai HBoV strain showed a unique characteristic similar to the HBoV4, a rare species of HBoV found in acute gastroenteritis patients. In summary, this study presents the genetic background information of HBoV circulated in acute gastroenteritis children in Chiang Mai, Thailand and it was clearly demonstrated that HBoVs circulated in this area were genetically diverse as all four species of HBoVs (HBoV1-4) were detected in the fecal specimens collected from pediatric patients admitted to the hospitals in this area.     

Antibodies against MERS Coronavirus in Dromedary Camels,United Arab Emirates, 2003 and 2013

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) has caused an ongoing outbreak of severe acute respiratory tract infection in humans in the Arabian Peninsula since 2012. Dromedary camels have been implicated as possible viral reservoirs. We used serologic assays to analyze 651 dromedary camel serum samples from the United Arab Emirates; 151 of 651 samples were obtained in 2003, well before onset of the current epidemic, and 500 serum samples were obtained in 2013. Recombinant spike protein–specific immunofluorescence and virus neutralization tests enabled clear discrimination between MERS-CoV and bovine CoV infections. Most (632/651, 97.1%) camels had antibodies against MERS-CoV. This result included all 151 serum samples obtained in 2003. Most (389/651, 59.8%) serum samples had MERS-CoV–neutralizing antibody titers >1,280. Dromedary camels from the United Arab Emirates were infected at high rates with MERS-CoV or a closely related, probably conspecific, virus long before the first human MERS cases.     

长春地区冬季儿童上呼吸道感染病毒病原学检测结果分析

目的了解长春地区冬春季急性上呼吸道感染患儿6种呼吸道病毒感染情况。方法采集门诊119例患儿咽拭子,应用(RT)-PCR方法检测甲型流感病毒(IVA)、A亚型呼吸道合胞病毒(RSVA)、副流感病毒(PIV)3型、腺病毒(ADV)、博卡病毒(HBoV)以及人偏肺病毒(hMPV)等6种常见呼吸道病毒。结果检测出阳性标本53例,阳性率44.54%,以流感病毒最高(19.33%)。经χ2检验,病毒总检出率在性别间差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.96,P<0.05)。结论流感病毒是长春地区2008年冬季患儿急性上呼吸道感染的主要病毒病原,男性患儿较女性患儿对呼吸道病毒易感。     

西宁地区儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学检测分析

目的:探讨西宁市儿童常见呼吸道病毒感染的病原学特点和分布特征。方法:采集141例急性呼吸道感染住院患儿的咽拭子标本,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行合胞病毒(RSV),流感病毒A、B型(IFV A、B),副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型(PIVⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),腺病毒(ADV),冠状病毒(HCoV)OC43/HKU1、229E/NL63,博卡病毒(HBoV),偏肺病毒(hMPV)检测。结果:从141份鼻咽拭子样本中检测出呼吸道病毒阳性22例,阳性率为15.6%。检出4种呼吸道病毒,其构成比分别为ADV 45.5%、PIVⅡ26.1%、HCoV-229E/NL63 17.4%、IFV A 13.0%。不同性别间患儿呼吸道病毒阳性率无统计学差异(P>0.05)。<6个月组阳性率最低(6.3%),3～6岁年龄组阳性率最高(29.2%)。结论:西宁地区急性呼吸道感染病毒病原检出率低于全国水平,ADV为西宁地区急性呼吸道感染的首位病毒病原体,HCoV-229E/NL63是该地区急性呼吸道感染的病原之一。     

2014-2015年武汉地区4 232例儿童呼吸道人类博卡病毒感染流行病学特征

目的 分析武汉地区4 232例急性呼吸道感染(ARTI)的儿童人类博卡病毒(HBoV)感染的临床及流行病学特征。 方法 收集2014年1月1日-2015年12月31日期间4 232例7岁以下儿童经确诊为ARTI的鼻咽抽吸物(NPA),利用RT-PCR法对HBoV进行筛查,同时对流感病毒A型(Inf-A)、流感病毒B型(Inf-B)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)及副流感病毒Ⅰ型(PIV-Ⅰ)、副流感病毒Ⅱ型(PIV-Ⅱ)、副流感病毒Ⅲ型(PIV-Ⅲ)7种呼吸道病毒进行检测以了解其混合感染情况,并结合病例临床资料对其流行病学特征进行分析。 结果 4 232例NPA标本中,HBoV检出率为1.23%(52/4 232)。1～<3岁儿童HBoV阳性检出率最高,为2.81%(24/854)。HBoV在春夏秋冬各季节的检出率分别为3.05%、0.60%、0.52%、0.24%, 差异均有统计学意义(χ²=36.784,P=0.002),其中以春季检出率最高。HBoV与其他病毒混合感染率为69.23%(36/52)。以支气管肺炎患儿HBoV阳性检出率(51.92%)最高。 结论 2014-2015年HBoV为武汉地区儿童发热呼吸道症候群的主要病原之一,1～<3岁儿童检出率最高,与其他病毒有较高的混合感染率,且春季流行。     

吉林省2010年7-12月上呼吸道感染病毒病原学检测结果分析

目的了解2010年吉林省地区急性上呼吸道感染患者5种呼吸道病毒感染情况,为以后的急性呼吸道感染监测做出指导。方法采集门诊就诊的456例患者咽拭子标本,对其进行核酸提取后,采用(RT)-PCR方法检测甲型流感病毒(IVA)、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)A/B、副流感病毒(PIV)1-4型、腺病毒(ADV)以及博卡病毒(HBoV)等5种常见呼吸道病毒。结果检测出阳性标本92例,阳性率20.18%,以流感病毒感染阳性率(8.11%)最高。结论 2010年7-12月吉林省地区上呼吸道感染主要以流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒、腺病毒为主。其中流感病毒感染居首位。     

小儿急性呼吸道感染中常见呼吸道病毒的检测情况分析

目的分析急性呼吸道感染患儿中常见呼吸道病毒的检测情况,为防治小儿急性呼吸道感染提供参考。方法收集2019年6—9月我院收治的330例急性呼吸道感染患儿血样并采用ELISA法对血清副流感病毒(parainfluenza virus,PIV)、腺病毒(adenovirus,ADV)和呼吸道合胞病毒(respiratory syncytial virus,RSV)抗体进行检测,对上述各种病毒在不同病种、性别、年龄等患儿中的分布特征进行比较分析。结果330份血样中,三种常见呼吸道病毒抗体总检出212份,总检出率为64.2%;其中PIV-1型抗体检出50份(占15.2%,未检出其他型PIV抗体)、ADV抗体检出44份(13.3%)、RSV抗体检出118份(35.7%)。330例患儿中,急性下呼吸道感染者3类呼吸道病毒抗体检出率均高于急性上呼吸道感染患儿(P<0.05);女性患儿3类呼吸道病毒抗体总检出率高于男性患儿(P<0.05);年龄<3岁患儿血清病毒抗体总检出率、RSV抗体检出率高于年龄≥3岁患儿(P<0.05)。结论本地区小儿急性呼吸道感染病例中,PIV感染以1型为主,3岁以下幼儿易感染RSV,下呼吸道感染患儿常见呼吸道病毒检出率高于上呼吸道感染患儿。     

Frequency of illness associated with epidemic hepatitis A virus infections in adults

Hepatitis A virus infection is often described as mild or asymptomatic, particularly in children. The failure of most adults who are found to be immune to remember symptoms of an illness suggestive of hepatitis A virus supports this belief. In 1982, two large outbreaks occurred in well documented populations of military personnel. These outbreaks were each extensively studied epidemiologically and serologically. It was found that 28/29 (96.6%) hepatitis A infections recognized prior to immune serum globulin in Outbreak A and 35/46 (76.1%) infections in Outbreak A were symptomatic. Symptomatic cases failed to occur beyond eight days of immune serum globulin administration to these predominantly susceptible groups. Between 40 and 70% of patients were icteric. Apparent contrasts in symptoms associated with hepatitis A infection in adults and children suggest a basic age-dependent difference in immune response to such infection.     

成都地区儿童上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况及流行病学特征

目的了解成都地区儿童急性上呼吸道病毒和细菌感染状况,并分析其流行病学特征。方法将2018年4月至2020年4月医院收治住院治疗的1324例急性上呼吸道感染患儿纳入研究。对咽拭子标本进行病原体培养、分离与鉴定。结果1324份标本中,检出阳性1012份,阳性率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为50.40%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%。1324份标本中,细菌和病毒总检出率为76.44%,其中单纯病毒感染检出率为47.13%,单纯细菌感染检出率为16.21%,混合感染检出率为33.40%;细菌类型以流感嗜血杆菌为主,病毒类型以呼吸道合胞病毒A为主;不同年龄儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同季节儿童上呼吸道细菌和病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);不同地区儿童上呼吸道病毒感染阳性率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论成都地区儿童上呼吸道感染以病毒感染为主,流感嗜血杆菌和呼吸道合胞病毒A为儿童上呼吸道感染的主要病原体,0~1岁为上呼吸道细菌感染高发年龄,1~4岁为上呼吸道病毒感染高发年龄,冬季和城区儿童上呼吸道感染阳性率较高。