长沙市小学4年级学生尝试吸烟状况及相关知识、态度和行为分析

目的了解长沙市小学生尝试吸烟的现状及相关知识、行为和态度,为尽早在小学生中实施控烟干预方案提供依据。方法对长沙市岳麓区8所小学4年级的所有小学生进行问卷调查。结果长沙市小学4年级学生自陈尝试吸烟比例为15.6%,72.9%的小学生存在被动吸烟。80%以上的小学生认同"吸烟有害健康",但是对于吸烟究竟会对身体产生哪些影响,尚不是很清楚。小学生尝试吸烟与父母年龄、受教育程度、是否存在被动吸烟等无关;与性别、学校类型和小学生对父母吸烟态度有关,男同学尝试吸烟率高于女同学,城郊结合部的学校的小学生尝试吸烟率高于城区小学,不反对父母吸烟的小学生尝试吸烟率高。结论长沙市小学生尝试吸烟比例高,小学生控烟知识的缺乏主要表现为对吸烟危害认识的深度和广度不够,位于城郊结合部的学校应成为控烟教育的重点。     

三门峡市农村中学无烟学校控烟干预模式效果评价

目的 了解农村初中学生吸烟情况及对控烟知识的知晓状况,探讨对农村初中生进行控烟干预的有效措施.方法 通过多级抽样方法,在控烟干预前、后采用问卷调查法对陕县一中全部在校学生的相关知识、态度及行为进行调查;干预措施包括学校领导在全体师生会上宣布创建无烟学校活动、教师率先戒烟、开展讲座、同伴教育和"远离烟草珍爱生命"为主题的签字活动等.结果 基线调查1 645人,尝试吸烟率为30.46%(501/1 645),男生尝试吸烟率(58.50%)高于女生(3.12%)(P＜0.01).干预后,学生控烟知识平均得分由干预前的5.13分提高到9.76分,差异有统计学意义;对烟草与健康相关知识的知晓率干预后均显著高于干预前(p值均＜0.01);预防吸烟的态度和行为除吸烟对异性有吸引力、朋友递烟坚决不吸并劝朋友不吸2项外,其他5项干预后正向回答率均显著高于干预前(P值均(0.01):3项预防吸烟的环境支持率干预后均显著高于干预前(P值均＜0.01).结论 无烟学校创建活动是对初中学生进行控烟干预的有效途径和方法,可以帮助初中学生提高抵制烟草的能力,树立正向态度.     

长宁区1177名小学生吸烟影响因素及控烟对策探讨

目的　了解长宁区小学生吸烟情况及其影响因素 ,为探讨小学生控烟对策提供依据。方法　收集并分析 2 0 0 3年长宁区参加中国 /WHO控烟能力建设项目小学基线调查资料。结果　小学生尝试吸烟率为 8.0 % ,男生高于女生 (χ2 =9.70 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ;61 .3 %的小学生吸第 1支烟是因为好奇 ,吸第 1支烟的场所和香烟来源主要为家庭 (69.1 %和 42 .0 % ) ;父亲吸烟情况对孩子吸第 1支烟的影响无统计学意义 ;学生回忆学校开设的课程涉及控烟内容的比例较低 (思想品德 30 .8% ,自然 2 4 .8% ,语文、数学、外语等均 <1 0 .0 % )。结论　家庭、学校和社会对小学生吸烟都有着重要的影响。学校控烟工作较为薄弱 ,应采取综合措施对低龄儿童进行控烟干预。     

城市学校控烟活动效果评价

目的开展学校控烟教育活动并评价活动效果，探讨开展学校控烟干预活动的有效方法。方法于2003年在6城市15所中小学按照统一的设计方案开展为期一年的学校控烟干预活动，并设立对照组。通过基线和终末问卷调查了解干预学校和对照学校学生、教职工的控烟相关知识、态度和行为的变化，评价干预效果。结果干预学校小学生、中学生和教职工的控烟相关知识知晓率和正确态度持有率均有明显的提高。干预学校学生的尝试吸烟率均有降低，其中干预中学学生尝试吸烟率的下降幅度为10．91％，远远大于对照学校学生的2．28％。干预学校教职工尤其是男性教职工和35岁以下教职工的现在吸烟率明显降低。结论学校控烟新模式在学校实施后，在改变学生、教职工知识、态度和行为方面取得了明显的效果，证明开展学校控烟干预活动是成功的模式。     

云南三个城市大中小学学生吸烟及二手烟暴露行为调查

目的 了解云南省大中小学学生吸烟和二手烟暴露及学校开展控烟健康教育的情况,为有针对性地开展青少年吸烟行为干预提供依据.方法 于2009年8-9月,采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在云南省昆明市、曲靖市和楚雄市抽取8所学校的800名大中小学生,对学生的吸烟情况、二手烟暴露情况、学校开展控烟教育情况以及影响学生吸烟行为的因素等进行了问卷调查.结果 本研究共回收有效问卷799份,云南省3个城市大中小学学生的现在吸烟率为8.89％,尝试吸烟率为30.66％,二手烟暴露为53.69％.小学、中学和大学学校健康教育活动中,学校设置控烟宣传栏、学校组织控烟主题活动以及在学校学过烟草危害健康知识方面,小学开展的宣教情况好于中学和大学.多因素非条件logistic 回归分析结果显示,朋友大部分吸烟(OR=10.169,P＜0.01)、老师经常吸烟(OR=2.089,P＜0.05)的大学生(OR=4.910,P＜0.01)的男生(OR =3.938,P＜0.01)更容易遭受吸烟的危害.结论 云南省大中小学学生吸烟和二手烟暴露率较高,应加强学校的控烟方面的干预能力建设.     

绍兴市中学生尝试吸烟的相关因素研究

目的了解绍兴市中学生尝试吸烟的相关影响因素,为开展针对性的控烟健康教育提供依据。方法以全球学校学生健康调查(GSHS)问卷为基础设计调查问卷,按分层随机整群抽样方法抽取364名学生进行调查和分析。结果绍兴市中学生尝试吸烟的率为7.14%。烟草相关知识得分高是学生尝试吸烟的保护因素(OR及95%CI:0.82,0.69~0.97,P=0.02),而男性(OR及95%CI:6.15,1.98~19.05,P=0.01)、朋友吸烟(OR及95%CI:6.29,1.65~11.17,P=0.02)、饮酒(OR及95%CI:5.86,1.29~26.71,P=0.02)是学生尝试吸烟的危险因素。结论中学生尝试吸烟率占有一定比例,学校应采取综合干预措施,积极营造无烟大环境和控烟氛围,努力降低学生尝试吸烟率。     

北京市学校控烟干预效果评价

目的在北京市开展学校控烟干预活动并评价活动效果,探讨开展学校控烟干预的有效方法。方法2012年1月—2013年2月在北京市15所大中小学校按照统一的设计方案开展为期一年的创建无烟示范学校活动,通过基线和终末问卷调查了解学校学生、教职工的控烟相关知识、态度和行为的变化,评估干预效果。结果干预后初中、高中、大学生尝试吸烟率下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);大学生、教职工吸烟率下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);除高中学生外,小学生、初中生、职高生、大学生、教职工的知信行得分比干预前均有所提高。结论创建无烟示范学校的干预模式,在学生、教职工控烟知识、态度和行为方面均取得了明显的效果,证明创建无烟示范学校是控烟干预行之有效的模式。     

宁夏中学生预防与控制吸烟健康教育终期评价分析

目的：探讨中学生预防与控制吸烟的有效途径和模式,方法：以学校为中心,以学生为参与主体,增强活动的趣味性,使学生自觉自愿选择不吸烟行为,结果：干预学校学生对烟草有害健康的知识,态度前后比较及对照学校横向比较发生明显转变,吸烟行为有非常显性差异（P＜0．01）。家长和社区的参与延伸了控烟环境,干预学校学生家长吸烟率与对照学校学生家长发生明显变化,二有显性差异（P＜0．05）。此方法对今后在中学生中开展预防与控制吸烟健康教育活动有一定借鉴意义。     

广东省城市学生吸烟与被动吸烟现状及吸烟危害认知调查

目的了解城市青少年吸烟与被动吸烟状况及吸烟相关认知状况，了解学校控烟措施开展情况，为进一步开展针对性的控烟工作提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样的方法，在广州市、江门市抽取大学、中学、小学各1所，各调查100名学生，在增城市抽取中学、小学各1所，各调查100名学生，采用中国疾病预防控制中心控烟办公室统一设计的《学生被动吸烟调查问卷》对学生吸烟、被动吸烟情况、吸烟相关知识等进行调查。结果共调查学生800人，其中男生474人，女生326人。学生现在吸烟率为6．3％，男生为8．4％，女生为3．1％，大、中、小学生分别为8．0％、7．3％、4．0％。学生在家里和家外遭受被动吸烟的比例分别为32．4％和36．1％。学生中父母、朋友、老师吸烟，学生自身尝试吸烟率较高。学生对吸烟与被动吸烟损害健康的知晓率分别为95．9％和91．1％。小学生控烟相关教育开展较好，大学校园内控烟宣传栏和组织控烟为主题的活动较少。结论青少年吸烟和被动吸烟情况较为严重，要通过大力开展学校控烟健康教育工作，提供控烟与戒烟相关服务与资讯，来预防青少年吸烟和减少二手烟的危害。     

深圳市龙岗区控烟健康教育的效果评价

目的评价深圳市龙岗区开展控烟健康教育的效果。方法用整群抽样的方法，对干预人群采取多种方式进行健康教育，并采用健康教育所统一问卷、统一时间调查机关事业单位员工、社区居民和外来劳务工在项目开展干预前后关于吸烟方面的知识状况与知识来源、态度（观念）、行为以及被动吸烟环境和知识技能需求等，并进行分析。结果机关事业单位工作人员干预前吸烟率平均为19．33％，干预后为13．33％，干预前后差异有统计学意义（Х^2=3．95，P〈0．05）；本地居民干预前吸烟率为23．22％，干预后吸烟率为19．67％；在外来劳务工人员中干预前的吸烟率为19．66％，干预后的吸烟率为15．34％；总的吸烟率干预前后分别为19．78％和15．46％，总体人群干预前后吸烟率差异有统计学意义（Х^2=171．34，P〈0．01）。结论控烟健康教育可有效降低吸烟率；综合干预的重点是抓好企业管理层和机关事业单位的领导、医生和老师。通过单位领导、医生、老师和企业管理层的带头示范作用，推动控烟工作的深入开展，降低其他人群的尝试吸烟率，是一个有效的干预方法。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.