腹腔镜全直肠系膜联合经肛门内括约肌切除治疗低位直肠癌的疗效探讨

目的探讨腹腔镜全直肠系膜（TME）联合经肛门内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗低位直肠癌的疗效,评估手术的安全性。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2012年12月采用腹腔镜TME联合ISR术治疗的42例低位直肠肿瘤患者（腹腔镜组）,同时选取2006年1月至2012年12月开腹行TME联合ISR术治疗的44例低位直肠肿瘤患者（开腹组）。比较分析两组患者的一般资料、手术情况、临床病理特点、术后并发症和术后生活质量。结果两组患者的一般情况和术后临床病理特点相近。腹腔镜组患者均顺利完成手术,总体手术时间（min）明显小于开腹组（181.2±65.4 vs 216.6±82.9,t=2.192,P=0.031）,出血量（ml）亦明显小于开腹组（83.2±37.5 vs 117.4±33.0,t=4.495,P〈0.01）。4例低位直肠癌患者发生吻合口瘘,经保守治疗治愈,并发症发生率与开腹组相比差异无统计学意义。两组患者肛门功能自我评价以及KIRWAN分级差异均无统计学意义。结论对于术前评估早中期低位甚至超低位直肠癌,特别是肿瘤没有侵犯肛门内括约肌的患者,采用腹腔镜TME联合ISR术是安全可行的,提高了保肛成功率,保留患者术后肛门括约肌功能,改善生活质量。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除术联合经肛门内括约肌切除术治疗超低位直肠癌

目的探讨腹腔镜全系膜切除术（TME）联合经肛门内括约肌切除术（ISR）对超低位直肠癌的治疗效果。方法对接受腹腔镜TME联合经肛ISR手术的35例超低位直肠癌患者的临床和随访资料进行回顾性分析。结果35例患者肿瘤下缘距肛门2～5（平均3．4）cm;高、中分化腺癌32例,绒毛状腺瘤癌变3例;pTNMⅠ期16例,ⅡA期15例,ⅢA期3例,ⅢB期1例。术后末端回肠造口狭窄1例,吻合口瘘3例（均为未行末端回肠造E1者）。经4～49（中位时间16）个月的随访．1例患者出现吻合口复发．1例死于肝转移。随访满1年的19例患者术后1年排粪次数为1～4次／d．控便时间5min以上。结论腹腔镜TME联合经肛ISR治疗超低位直肠癌具有根治、保肛和微创的优点!侣廊进行严格的病例选择．     

经肛门切除内括约肌的低位直肠癌保肛术40例临床经验

目的分析在全直肠系膜切除术（TME）基础上采用内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗低位直肠癌的手术经验和初步结果。方法2000年3月至2007年3月共40例低位直肠肿瘤患者接受TME基础上的ISR治疗。手术方式：腹部手术施行TME,会阴部手术施行ISR。术后随访了解并发症、肛门功能、肿瘤局部复发和转移情况。结果本组患者手术均成功完成,无手术死亡。术后随访3个月-7年（平均34个月）,39例术后获得较好的肛门功能,Kirwan分级1—3级。1例发生吻合口瘘,2例发生伤口感染,均经保守治愈。2例术后直肠癌局部复发,其中1例死亡。结论ISR治疗超低位直肠癌安全可行,在根治的前提下可良好地保留肛门功能。     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除联合经肛门括约肌间切除术治疗超低位直肠癌

对于肿瘤下缘距离肛缘小于5em的超低位直肠癌,以往多采用腹会阴联合切除手术（Miles术）,以致部分未扩散转移的早期患者亦丧失肛门功能,给患者造成极大痛苦。2007年1月至2010年12月,     

全直肠系膜切除、结肠肛管吻合术治疗低位直肠癌84例分析

我院自1995年4月至2000年4月按全直肠系膜切除（total mesoreetal excision，TME）、结肠肛管吻合治疗低位直肠癌84例，在根治直肠癌的同时，又保留了肛门，取得了良好疗效，现报告如下。     

经腹腔镜经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术治疗超低位直肠癌13例

目的 探讨经腹腔镜经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术对超低位直肠癌保肛手术的治疗效果.方法 从2005年6月到2007年12月期间对13例患者施行该手术.其中男8例,女5例,平均年龄53岁(41～69岁).肿瘤距离肛缘均小于5 cm.结果 13例手术全部成功,无手术死亡,无吻合口漏发生.随访时间为1～30个月,平均随访17个月,1例盆腔复发,1例肝转移;无戳孔种植转移,术后6个月肛门括约肌功能达优良者9例.结论 经腹腔镜经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术是治疗超低位直肠癌的一种微创、安全、疗效可靠、肛门括约肌功能满意的较理想保肛手术.     

经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术作为超低位直肠癌保肛术的初步报告

目的 探讨经肛门括约肌间直肠切除结肠肛管吻合术（PIDCA)联合术前后放疗和化疗对超低位直肠癌保肛手术的治疗效果。方法从2002年6月到2004年10月,对19例患者施行该手术。男性11例,女性8例,平均年龄56岁(41-74岁)。肿瘤分期T,4例、T2 10例、T14例、L1例,肿瘤距离肛缘平均4．4cm(3．5-5．0cm)。经肛门在直视下从距离肿瘤下缘2cm全层切断直肠或肛门内括约肌,通过肛门内外括约肌间隙向上方游离直肠并与经腹完成的直肠游离汇合切除直肠及其系膜,经肛门行结肠肛管吻合,全部患者均未行预防性结肠或回肠造口。结果无手术死亡,吻合口瘘2例(10．5%)。随访时间为3～29个月,平均随访16个月,1例盆腔复发,复发率5．3％。术后肛门括约肌功能比较满意。结论对经过选择的距离肛缘≤5cm的超低位直肠癌结合术前后的盆腔放疗和化疗,PIDCA术是保留肛门括约肌功能较理想、安全的术式,有较好根治性治疗效果,术后肛门括约肌功能比较满意。     

腹腔镜下全直肠系膜加经内外括约肌间切除用于超低位直肠癌保肛手术

目的:探讨腹腔镜下全直肠系膜加经内外括约肌间切除术治疗超低位直肠癌的可行性及优势。方法:回顾分析2004年11月至2005年11月7例腹腔镜下全直肠系膜加经内外括约肌间切除治疗超低位直肠癌的临床资料。结果:本组7例术中出血量30~80m l,手术时间3.5~5h,无术中死亡病例,术后持续胃肠减压24h,术后24~48h开始饮食,术后3d拔除尿管下床活动,术后1~2d开始排便。术后住院7~10d。随访3~6个月,无局部复发。结论:腹腔镜下按全直肠系膜切除术(TME)要求游离直肠至盆底耻骨直肠肌水平,经肛门于齿状线水平切断直肠,再经肛门手工行结肠-肛管吻合的方法治疗超低位直肠癌,能够保证完整切除直肠系膜,术中减少出血,住院天数缩短,在降低手术难度、提高保肛率等方面有其优势。患者对本术式的耐受性较好。     

全直肠系膜切除联合双吻合器在低位直肠癌手术中的应用

目的 探讨全直肠系膜切除(TME)联合双吻合器(DST)在低位直肠癌手术中的应用效果.方法 回顾性分析2004年至2006年15例直肠癌应用全直肠系膜切除联合双吻合器行低位直肠前切除的临床资料及经验.结果 本组无死亡病例.无排尿及性功能障碍.吻合口狭窄2例,经扩肛后治愈.结论 全直肠系膜切除联合双吻合器的应用可保持盆腔脏器功能,是治疗低位直肠癌的有效方法.     

腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除保肛治疗低位直肠癌

目的：探索腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除（TME）低位、超低位前切除治疗低位直肠癌的可行性。方法：按TME原则、用双钉合技术（DST）,在腹腔镜下对62例低位直肠癌患者实施TME、DST低位、超低位结肠-肛肠吻合术。结果：手术时间11-210min,平均125min;术中出血5-80ml,平均20ml;术后1-2d恢复胃肠功能并下床活动,住院时间5-14d,平均8d。1例患者因凝血障碍中转开腹,其他61例患者手术顺利。术后疼痛剂应用28例,除1例吻合口漏、1例尿潴留外,其余患者未见术中及术后并发症。结论：腹腔镜TME、低位、超低位吻合术治疗低位直肠癌,创伤小、保肛率高、术后疼痛轻、恢复快,是极具应用前景的微创新技术。     

腹腔镜与开腹低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的探讨腹腔镜下低位直肠癌全直肠系膜切除术(total mesorectal excision,TME)的可行性。方法 2005年1月～2008年1月将71例Duke’s A、B期的低位直肠癌,按照序贯原则设计,采用信封抽签法随机分为2组,分别施行腹腔镜和开腹TME,比较2组患者围手术期及术后随访情况。结果腹腔镜组手术时间(116.9±20.7)min显著短于开腹组(133.6±20.0)min(t=-3.456,P=0.000),术中出血量(84.4±27.6)ml显著少于开腹组(145.7±34.0)ml(t=-8.349,P=0.000),术后肠功能恢复时间(2.6±1.0)d显著短于开腹手术组(4.0±1.0)d(t=-5.898,P=0.000),淋巴结清扫数目2组间无显著性差异[(12.2±3.0)枚vs.(12.3±2.6)枚(t=-0.127,P=0.899)]。腹腔镜手术组保肛率明显高于开腹手术组[83.3%(30/36)vs.60.0%(21/35),χ2=4.775,P=0.029]。71例随访24～60个月,中位随访40个月,2组局部复发各1例,远处转移各2例,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.000,P=1.000;χ2=0.000,P=1.000)。结论 腹腔镜下低位直肠癌TME治疗低位直肠癌是安全可行的。     

Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer with Mesorectal Excision: Institutional Review

This study aims to compare the operative results and oncological outcomes of patients with total mesorectal excision (TME) for mid and distal cancer and partial mesorectal excision (PME) for proximal cancer. Anterior resection has become the preferred treatment option for rectal cancer. TME with sharp dissection has been shown to be associated with a low local recurrence rate. Controversies still exist as to the need for TME in more proximal tumor. Resection of primary rectal and rectosigmoid cancer was performed in 298 patients from January 2003 to November 2010. These 298 patients (163 men and 135 women; median age, 67 years) underwent anterior resection. The curative resection was performed in 269 patients (90.3 %). TME was performed in 202 patients (67.8 %). Significantly longer median operating time, more blood loss, and a longer hospital stay were found in patients with TME. The overall operative mortality and morbidity rates were 1.8 % and 32.6 %, respectively, and there were no significant differences between those of TME and PME. Anastomotic leak occurred in 8.1 % and 1.3 % of patients with TME and PME, respectively (P < 0.001). Independent factors for a higher anastomotic leakage rate were TME, the malegender, the absence of stoma, and increased blood loss. The advanced stage of the disease and the performance of coloanal anastomosis were independent factors for increased local recurrence. By performing TME in patients with mid and distal rectal cancer, the local control and survival of these patients are similar to those of patients with proximal cancers where adequate clearance can be achieved by PME.     

Short-Term Outcomes After Robotic-Assisted Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer

Background Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer remains a difficult procedure with high conversion rates. We have sought to improve on some of the pitfalls of laparoscopy by using the DaVinci robotic system. Here we report our two-year experience with robotic-assisted laparoscopic surgery for primary rectal cancer. Methods A prospectively maintained database of all rectal cancer cases starting in November 2004 was created. A series of 39 consecutive unselected patients with primary rectal cancer was analyzed. Clinical and pathologic outcomes were reviewed retrospectively. Results 22 patients had low anterior, 11 intersphincteric and six abdominoperineal resections. Postoperative mortality and morbidity were % and 12.8%, respectively. The median operative time was 285 minutes (range 180–540 mins). The conversion rate was 2.6%. A total mesorectal excision with negative circumferential and distal margins was accomplished in all patients, and a median of 13 (range 7–28) lymph nodes was removed. The anastomotic leak rate was 12.1%. The median hospital stay was 4 days. There have been no local recurrences at a median follow-up of 13 months. Conclusions Robotic-assisted surgery for rectal cancer can be carried out safely and according to oncological principles. This approach shows promising short-term outcomes and may facilitate the adoption of minimally invasive rectal surgery.     

Prognostic Significance of Circumferential Resection Margin Following Total Mesorectal Excision and Adjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Patients with Rectal Cancer

Background This study was designed to evaluate the prognostic value of circumferential resection margin (CRM) in rectal cancer patients who underwent curative resection with adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Methods We studied 504 patients who underwent total mesorectal excision with adjuvant CRT for rectal cancer between 1997 and 2001. The patients were divided into two groups: a negative CRM group (CRM > 1 mm) and a positive CRM group (CRM ≤ 1 mm). The survival rates, local recurrence rates, and systemic recurrence rates were compared between groups. Results The negative CRM group had 460 patients and the positive CRM group had 44 patients. The 5-year local and systemic recurrence rates were 11.3 and 25.3%, respectively, in the negative CRM group and 35.2 and 60.8% in the positive CRM group, respectively. The cancer-specific 5-year survival rates for the two groups were 72.5 and 26.9% (P < .001), respectively. CRM was found to be an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analyses which were adjusted for known outcome predictors (P < .001). Conclusion Oncological outcome for patients in the positive CRM group is less favorable than for those in the negative CRM group. Adjuvant CRT is not a definite treatment modality that can be used to compensate for a positive CRM following TME and adjuvant CRT in patients with TNM stage II or III rectal cancer.     

Transanal Inside-Out Rectal Resection for Ultra-Low Rectal Cancer

ABSTRACT

Two major issues encountered in the surgical resection of low rectal cancers (tumor located <6 cm from anal verge) are tumor-free surgical resection margin and adequate fields of colo-anal pull-through anastomosis. The clinical consequences of ensuring gross tumor-free surgical resection margin by transanal inside-out rectal resection technique were assessed for ultra-low rectal cancer patients. From February 2009 to September 2011, ultra-low anterior resection with a new method of eversion of the rectum through the anal canal after resecting the distal rectum and colo-anal anastomosis extracorporally performed in 30 patients (age range, 41–80 years) was reviewed. All patients received preoperative neoadjuvant concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) before the surgical resection. The median operating time was 265 min (range, 220–400 min), and the median intraoperative blood loss was 325 ml (range, 80–855 ml). No in-hospital mortality was noted among these patients. R0 resection (tumor-free margin range, 0.9–2.5 cm) was confirmed in all patients by pathologic reports, except one patient with 0.5 cm tumor-free margin. The new surgical technique of transanal inside-out rectal resection and colo-anal pull-through anastomosis for selected patients with ultra-low rectal cancers seems to be a safe and alternative procedure.     

低位前切除并直肠全系膜切除术吻合口瘘的危险因素研究

目的 探讨低位前切除(LAR)并直肠全系膜切除(TME)术治疗中低位直肠癌发生吻合口瘘的危险因素。方法1992年9月-2000年12月,156例直肠癌病人行低位前切除(LAR)并直肠全系膜切除(TME)术,肿瘤距肛缘3～12cm。临床资料实施前瞻性方法研究,分析吻合口瘘的影响因素。结果 吻合口距肛缘平均3.6 cm(1～5 cm)。吻合口瘘率10.3％。女性(p=0.01)、近段肠造口(p=0.01)与吻合口瘘率显著低有关。而未行近段肠造口在男性病人与显著增加的吻合口瘘有关,女性则否。结论 低位前切除并直肠全系膜切除术治疗中低位直肠癌,为预防低位吻合口瘘在男性病人应常规行近段肠造口,而女性造口多不需要,只有在吻合技术不理想时可选择造口术。     

Factors Influencing Pathologic Results after Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer: Analysis of Consecutive 100 Cases

Background The aim of this study was to analyze clinical and anatomical factors affecting the pathologic quality of the resected specimen after total mesorectal excision (TME) for rectal cancer. Methods A total of 100 patients who underwent TME for mid or low rectal cancer were evaluated prospectively. MRI pelvimetry data (transverse diameter, obstetric conjugate, interspinous distance, sacrum length, and sacrum depth) were analyzed as anatomically affecting factors to postoperative specimen quality. Sex, body mass index (BMI), type of surgery, tumor size, and tumor distance from the anal verge were analyzed as clinically affecting factors. The gross judgment of resected specimen, circumferential resection margin and the number of harvested lymph nodes were used to access postoperative specimen quality. Results The univariate and multivariate analysis showed that narrow obstetric conjugate and shorter interspinous distance were related to the inadequate quality of the mesorectum in the specimen (P = 0.022, P = 0.030). Interspinous distance was a predicting factor of a positive circumferential resection margin (P = 0.007). There were no clinical factors affecting the inadequate quality of the mesorectum or positive circumferential resection margin. Moreover, there were no clinico-anatomical factors affecting the number of harvested lymph nodes after TME. Conclusion Narrow obstetric conjugate and shorter interspinous distance were factors leading to poor postoperative specimen quality. Rectal cancer patients with narrow obstetric conjugate or shorter interspinous distance should be considered as high-risk patients with regard to specimen quality, which is in turn related to oncological outcome.     

腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌根治术对局部与全身免疫反应影响的对比研究

目的比较腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌手术对机体局部和全身炎症免疫反应的影响。方法 2005年4月～2006年2月40例直肠癌分为开腹组20例和腹腔镜组20例,术前第1天、术后第1天和第3天分别采集外周静脉血,测定C反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞(WBC)、白介素6(IL-6)、CD4、CD8、自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)和淋巴细胞,术后第1天和第3天腹腔引流液送检测定WBC、IL-6。结果腹腔镜与开腹直肠癌根治术对WBC、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8、NK细胞和淋巴细胞的影响差异无显著性意义(P0.05)。开腹组术后第1、3天血CRP分别为(109.9±36.2)、(80.9±26.3)mg/L,显著高于腹腔镜组(83.9±37.7)mg/L(t=2.226,P=0.032),(58.6±30.4)mg/L(t=2.485,P=0.017)。开腹组术后第1、3天血IL-6分别为(92.6±21.0)、(71.6±18.4)pg/ml,显著高于腹腔镜组(73.7±20.9)pg/ml(t=2.853,P=0.007),(57.3±19.3)pg/ml(t=2.398,P=0.021)。2组术后第1、3天腹腔引流液WBC差异无显著性意义(P0.05),腹腔引流液IL-6开腹组术后第1天(164.8±54.0)pg/ml和术后第3天(121.6±45.9)pg/ml明显高于腹腔镜组术后第1天(128.3±55.4)pg/ml(t=-2.112,P=0.041)和术后第3天(90.7±48.2)pg/ml(t=-2.076,P=0.044)。腹腔镜组术中出血量(142.7±104.8)ml比开腹组(246.0±146.4)ml明显减少(t=-2.565,P=0.014),肠道功能恢复时间(51.0±19.1)h与开腹组相比明显缩短(81.1±21.6)h(t=-4.669,P=0.000),术后住院时间(10.7±2.8)d与开腹组(13.7±5.3)d相比差异有显著性(t=-2.238,P=0.031)。2组手术时间、肿瘤下切缘距离、肿瘤直径、清除淋巴结数和并发症比较无显著性意义(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜直肠癌根治术与开腹手术相比对机体炎症免疫反应的影响小,是一种安全、创伤小、恢复快的手术方式。     

经肛门切除内括约肌治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛手术47例临床经验

目的报告在直肠癌全系膜切除术（totalmesorectal excision TME）基础上采用内括约肌切除（intersphincter resection ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的手术经验和初步结果。方法患者选自2000年3月至2008年12月的超低位直肠肿瘤患者47例。,男29例,女18例,年龄34～75岁。手术方式：腹部手术施行TME,会阴部手术施行ISR。术后随访,了解患者术后肛门功能、有无肿瘤的局部复发和转移。结果本组患者均施行该手术,手术无死亡。术后随访3个月-8年,平均3年10个月,46例手术后获得较好的肛门功能,Kirwan分级1～4级。2例手术后直肠癌局部复发,其中1例死亡。2例手术后肛门狭窄,再次手术扩肛。结论内括约肌切除（ISR）治疗超低位直肠癌的保肛手术,是一种安全可行的手术方式,可以达到在根治性的前提下保留肛门的目的。