High extracellular potassium ion concentration attenuates the blockade action of ketanserin on Kv1.3 channels expressed in xenopus oocytes

Background Ketanserin （KT）, a selective serotonin （5-HT） 2-receptor antagonist, reduces peripheral blood pressure by blocking the activation of peripheral 5-HT receptors. In this study electrophysiological method was used to investigate the effect of KT and potassium ion on Kv1.3 potassium channels and explore the role of blocker KT in the alteration of channel kinetics contributing to the potassium ion imbalances. Methods Kv1.3 channels were expressed in xenopus oocytes, and currents were measured using the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique. Results KCI made a left shift of activation and an inactivation curve of Kv1.3 current and accelerated the activation and inactivation time constant. High extracellular [K^＋] attenuated the blockade effect of KT on Kv1.3 channels. In the presence of KT and KCI the activation and inactivation time constants were not influenced significantly no matter what was administered first. KT did not significantly inhibit Kv1.3 current induced by tetraethylammonium （TEA）. Conclusions KT is a weak blocker of Kv1.3 channels at different concentrations of extracellular potassium and binds to the intracellular side of the channel pore. The inhibitor KT of ion channels is not fully effective in clinical use because of high [K^＋]. and other electrolyte disorders.     

Voltage-gated potassium channel Kvl.3 in rabbit ciliary epithelium regulates the membrane potential via coupling intracellular calcium

Background The cell layer of the ciliary epithelium is responsible for aqueous humor secretion and maintenance.Ion channels play an important role in these processes.The main aim of this study was to determine whether the well-characterized members of the Kvl family (Kv1.3) contribute to the Kv currents in ciliary epithelium.Methods New Zealand White rabbits were maintained in a 12 hours light/dark cycle.Ciliary epithelium samples were isolated from the rabbits.We used Western blotting and immunocytochemistry to identify the expression and location of a voltage-gated potassium channel Kvl.3 in ciliary body epithelium.Membrane potential change after adding of Kv1.3 inhibitor margatoxin (MgTX) was observed with a fluorescence method.Results Western blotting and immunocytochemical studies showed that the Kv1.3 protein expressed in pigment ciliary epithelium and nonpigment ciliary epithelium,however it seemed to express more in the apical membrane of the nonpigmented epithelial cells.One nmol/L margatoxin,a specific inhibitor of Kv1.3 channels caused depolarization of the cultured nonpigmented epithelium (NPE) membrane potential.The cytosotic calcium increased after NPE cell depolarization,this increase of cytosolic calcium was partially blocked by 12.5 μmol/L dantrolene and 10 μmol/L nifedipine.These observations suggest that Kv1.3 channels modulate ciliary epithelium potential and effect calcium dependent mechanisms.Conclusion Kv1.3 channels contribute to K+ efflux at the membrane of rabbit ciliary epithelium.     

Voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.3 in rabbit ciliary epithelium regulates the membrane potential via coupling intracellular calcium

Background The cell layer of the ciliary epithelium is responsible for aqueous humor secretion and maintenance. Ion channels play an important role in these processes. The main aim of this study was to determine whether the well-characterized members of the Kvl family （Kv1.3） contribute to the Kv currents in ciliary epithelium. Methods New Zealand White rabbits were maintained in a 12 hours light/dark cycle. Ciliary epithelium samples were isolated from the rabbits. We used Western blotting and immunocytochemistry to identify the expression and location of a voltage-gated potassium channel Kvl.3 in ciliary body epithelium. Membrane potential change after adding of Kvl.3 inhibitor margatoxin （MgTX） was observed with a fluorescence method. Results Western blotting and immunocytochemical studies showed that the Kv1.3 protein expressed in pigment ciliary epithelium and nonpigment ciliary epithelium, however it seemed to express more in the apical membrane of the nonpigmented epithelial cells. One nmol/L margatoxin, a specific inhibitor of Kv1.3 channels caused depolarization of the cultured nonpigmented epithelium （NPE） membrane potential. The cytosolic calcium increased after NPE cell depolarization, this increase of cytosolic calcium was partially blocked by 12.5 μmol/L dantrolene and 10 μmol/L nifedipine. These observations suggest that Kv1.3 channels modulate ciliary epithelium potential and effect calcium dependent mechanisms. Conclusion Kv1.3 channels contribute to K＋ efflux at the membrane of rabbit ciliary epithelium.     

Kv1.1及Kv1.3通道亚型对小鼠肠系膜微细动脉的调节作用

目的 研究Kv1.1及Kv1.3通道亚型对小鼠肠系膜微细血管的调节作用.方法 以健康6～8周C57BL/6雄性小鼠肠系膜微细动脉作为研究对象,应用丹麦DMT520A离体微血管张力测定系统记录血管张力变化.应用广谱电压依赖性钾通道(Kv)阻断剂4-AP,Kv1.3通道选择性阻断剂PAP-1,Kv1.1通道选择性阻断剂TEA分别作用于静息状态,KCl及NE预收缩动脉,记录血管张力变化情况.应用Kv通道阻断剂4-AP,Kv1.3通道选择性阻断剂PAP-1作用于血管,观察Kv及Kv1.3通道在0 mmol/L Ca2+及2 mmol/L Ca2+ K-H液中对NE收缩曲线的作用.结果 Kv通道阻断剂4-AP可引起静息状态的血管收缩,并进一步收缩KCl预收缩的血管,但浓度依赖性舒张NE预收缩的动脉,并且与对照组相比,4-AP能明显抑制NE在0 mmol/L Ca2+液中所致的血管收缩[(3.45-±0.24)mN vs(0.11±0.02) mN,P＜0.01].Kv1.3通道选择性阻断剂PAP-1未能收缩静息状态的血管,但可使KCl预收缩的血管发生轻微舒张反应,却明显舒张NE预收缩的动脉,而且PAP-1既可抑制NE在0 mmol/L Ca2+ K-H液中所致的血管收缩[对照组vs PAP-1组:(4.28 ±0.53)mN vs(2.75 ±0.49)mN,P＜0.05],又可抑制在2 mmol/L Ca2+液中的收缩张力[对照组vsPAP-1组:(7.08 ±0.58)mN vs(5.90 ±0.80)mN,P＜0.05].Kv1.1通道选择性阻断剂TEA可引起静息状态的血管收缩,但在0 mmol/L Ca2+液中该作用消失,同时对KCl或NE预收缩的动脉均无明显作用.结论 Kv通道可调节小鼠肠系膜动脉的舒缩反应.其中Kv1.1通道主要发挥血管收缩调节作用,可能与促进血管平滑肌细胞外钙内流有关,而Kv1.3通道主要发挥血管舒张调节作用,可能同时抑制平滑肌细胞内钙释放和细胞外钙内流.     

Kvl.3通道在哮喘患者外周血T淋巴细胞中的表达及对Th2细胞因子的影响研究

【】目的：检测Kv1.3钾通道在哮喘患者外周血T淋巴细胞中的表达水平,研究Kv1.3钾通道阻滞剂对哮喘患者外周血T淋巴细胞增殖及产生Th2细胞因子的影响,从而探讨Kv1.3钾通道阻滞剂应用于治疗哮喘患者慢性气道炎症的可能。方法：分离哮喘患者及健康对照者的外周血T淋巴细胞,检测T细胞中Kv1.3钾通道的mRNA及蛋白水平,并检测Kv1.3钾通道抑制剂ShK对T细胞增殖及产生Th2细胞因子的作用。结果：哮喘患者外周血T淋巴细胞的Kv1.3水平较健康对照者明显增高,Kv1.3钾通道抑制剂ShK能明显抑制T淋巴细胞的增殖及产生Th2细胞因子的能力。结论：Kv1.3可能是哮喘患者T细胞参与气道炎症的形成及发展的重要蛋白。选择性阻断Kv1.3钾通道可能成为哮喘未来治疗的方向之一。     

人外周血淋巴细胞膜电压依赖性钾通道特性分析及试分型

目的 :研究人淋巴细胞膜电压依赖性钾〔K(v)〕通道的特性 ,为某些疾病状态下该通道特性变化提供对照。并试观察该通道是否存在不同亚型。方法 :膜片钳全细胞电流记录方法。结果 :在记录到的 39个细胞中 ,K(v)通道的激活电压为 - (40 .3± 2 .5) m V,在重复去极化状态下通道无失活 ,复极过程中通道的关闭时间为 (116 .3± 8.2 ) ms,且通道电流可被 10 mmol/ L的四乙基铵 (TEA)所阻断。结论 :人外周淋巴细胞膜可能仅具有一种〔K(v)〕通道 ,其特性与鼠 n型〔K(v)〕通道基本一致。     

大鼠背根节神经元异位自发放电与钙依赖性钾通道的关系

探讨神经元异位自发电的产生机制。方法分离背根单纤维，引导来自损伤背根节神经元的异位自发放电，观察Ｃａ＾２＋和Ｋ＾＋离子浓度变化及有关通道阻断剂其的影响。     

良性家族性婴儿惊厥KCNQ2基因G271V突变体钾通道的功能研究

目的 观察良性家族性婴儿惊厥相关基因KCNQ2突变体G271V的钾通道的功能,进一步探讨KCNQ2基因G271V突变的致病机理。方法 将前期成功构建的突变体G271V或和Kv7.2及Kv7.3的真核表达载体转染进真核表达细胞（HEK293细胞）,利用全细胞膜片钳技术检测G271V突变体的钾通道功能。结果 转染HEK293细胞后,G271V突变体无电流产生,与野生型相比,激活电流明显下降,诱导电压门控去极化改变。G271V的最大激活电流密度为(2.47±0.41) pA/pF（n=12）,Kv7.2的最大激活电流密度为(20.53±2.51) pA/pF（n=10）,差异有统计学意义（Pn=15）,Kv7.2/G271V/Kv7.3的最大激活电流密度为(42.71±6.27) pA/pF（n=10）,而G271V/Kv7.3的最大激活电流密度为(3.74±0.76) pA/pF（n=10）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,突变体引起Kv7.2/G271V/Kv7.3异源通道电流减少约50%。结论 G271V突变体不能使钾通道开放去极化钾电流,突变体引起钾通道功能缺陷。     

老年SD大鼠前列腺上皮细胞膜钾离子通道变化及意义

目的探讨雄性SD大鼠前列腺上皮细胞膜钾离子通道电流的变化和对钾通道阻断剂的反应。方法分别取3个月龄成年和12个月龄的老年SD大鼠的背外侧叶前列腺组织,剪成1—2mm^3大小,经消化、培养、免疫组鉴别,将形态正常、贴壁良好的腺上皮细胞用全细胞膜片钳模式记录钾通道电流。结果成年和老年SD大鼠的前列腺上皮细胞膜＋80mV钾电流密度分别为（10．84±1．54）pA／pF vs（18．48±1．7）pA／pF（n=20,P〈0．01）;钙激活型钾通道抑制剂（KCa通道）四乙胺（TEA）对老年大鼠峰电流阻断从19．1±2．9到7．2±3．2,KCa电流被抑制约63％;成年大鼠为9．5±1．8到5．4±3．1,KCa通道电流被抑制约44％。电压依赖型钾通道抑制剂4-AP（四氨基吡啶）对大鼠前列腺上皮细胞膜钾电流有显著阻断效应。结论老年大鼠的前列腺上皮细胞膜钾通道电流比成年大鼠显著增强,同时老年大鼠KCa通道电流对TEA更敏感。由此结果可推论老年大鼠的前列腺上皮细胞分泌功能是降低的。     

实验性病毒性心肌炎小鼠心肌细胞钾通道mRNA的表达

探讨病毒感染对心肌细胞钾通道表达的影响。方法用原位杂交技术检测实验性病毒性心肌炎ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠左心室Ｋｖ１．２、Ｋｖ２．１、Ｋｖ４．２３种电压调控性钾通道ｍＲＮＡ的表达。结果正常小鼠心肌细胞均存在这３种钾通道ｍＲＮＡ的表达,ＣｏｘｓａｃｋｉｅｖｉｒｕｓＢ３（ＣＶＢ３）感染的小鼠心肌细胞３种钾通道ｍＲＮＡ的表达水平明显增强。结论ＣＶＢ３对钾通道的作用可能是在转录水平的调节。     

电压依赖性钾通道与Miconazole在低氧性肺血管收缩中的作用

目的观察大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PaSMCs)膜上电压依赖性钾通道(Kv)与细胞色素P450氧化酶抑制剂Miconazole在低氧性肺血管收缩中的作用。方法采用急性酶分离法分离出大鼠肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PaSMCs),利用全细胞膜片钳技术记录PaSMCs的Kv通道的电流特性;用低氧液体灌流PaSMCs造成急性低氧模型,记录低氧作用前后Kv通道的电流变化;用不同浓度的Miconazole作用于PaSMCs,记录加药前后的电流变化。结果低氧液体灌流以及不同浓度的Miconazole对Kv均有明显的抑制作用,且Miconazole的抑制作用具有一定的浓度依赖性,在加用Kv的特异性的阻断剂4氨基吡啶(4AP)后再加用该药不能进一步抑制Kv电流。结论低氧和Miconazole均作用于Kv通道的同一部位,支持PaSMCs膜上的Kv通道在低氧性肺血管收缩中起重要作用,而细胞色素P450氧化酶可调节细胞内的氧化还原状态,可能系一重要的氧感受器。     

应用膜片钳制技术对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞高电导钾通道电生理特性的研究

为了研究耳蜗外毛细胞的基本电生理特性，应用细胞膜片钳制技术对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞底侧膜的高电导的钾通道进行了初步研究。结果显示，其高电导钾通道有以下典型特征：①具有明显的电压依赖性。在膜去极化时，通道被激活，其去极化程度越高，通道活动越强。在非对称性钾浓度梯度下，其反转电位为－３０ｍＶ，斜率电导约１３３±３ｐＳ（ｎ＝５）；②通道活动能被特异性阻断剂四乙胺（ＴＥＡ）在较高浓度下（＞１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）阻断，ＴＥＡ的阻断效应呈浓度依赖性；③胞浆内钙浓度的增高，能显著激活该通道，增加其开放概率和平均开放时间。上述结果表明：豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞存在着高电导的电压依赖的钙激活的钾通道。该研究为进一步开展通道活动的调控，以及药物等因素对通道活动影响的研究，提供了有价值的资料。     

西地那非抑制低氧对人肺动脉平滑肌细胞电压依赖性钾通道的下调作用

目的探讨西地那非对低氧下调人肺动脉平滑肌细胞(pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells,PASMCs)电压依赖性钾通道(voltage-dependent potassium channels,Kv)的干预作用。方法应用膜片钳技术记录PASMCs K+电流;观察低氧刺激前后钾离子(K+)电流的变化以及西地那非(sildenafil)的干预作用;通过特异性Kv1.5抗体透析,分析西地那非作用于人PASMCs Kv分子靶点即通道亚单位;运用Real-time PCR及Western blotting技术检测低氧刺激前后及西地那非对人PASMCs上的Kv1.5通道基因转录水平和蛋白表达水平的影响。结果低氧明显抑制了人PASMCs细胞膜上的全细胞K+电流;而西地那非则可以对抗低氧对全细胞K+电流的抑制作用;而且西地那非对低氧下人PASMCs Kv的调控作用靶点主要是Kv1.5;同时西地那非部分恢复了低氧抑制的细胞上的Kv1.5 mRNA和蛋白表达。结论西地那非能够抑制低氧对人肺动脉平滑肌细胞电压依赖性钾通道功能与表达的下调作用。     

阻断Kv1.3和Kir2.1抑制人巨噬细胞源性泡沫细胞分化

目的:研究泡沫细胞分化过程中离子通道Kv1.3和Kir2.1的表达及作用。方法:用30mg/L氧化型低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)孵育巨噬细胞60h建立泡沫细胞模型。采用免疫细胞化学、RT-PCR和Western印迹检测人单核细胞源性巨噬细胞和泡沫细胞上Kv1.3和Kir2.1的表达。观察Kv1.3和Kir2.1特异性阻断剂rMargatoxin和BaCl2对巨噬细胞胆固醇代谢的影响。结果:ox-LDL(30mg/L)孵育巨噬细胞60h后,细胞内总胆固醇(TC),游离胆固醇(FC)及胆固醇酯(CE)显著增加,CE/TC从(14.4±6.8)%提高到(57.9±3.5)%(P<0.05);但Kv1.3和Kir2.1的表达水平在巨噬细胞组和泡沫细胞组无明显区别(P>0.05)。Kv1.3和Kir2.1分别被rMargatoxin(0.1,10nmol/L)和BaCl2(75,125μmol/L)阻断后,细胞内TC和CE水平显著降低,CE/TC低于50%(P<0.05)。结论:Kv1.3和Kir2.1对泡沫细胞的分化均起关键作用,特异性阻断后能够抑制人单核细胞源性巨噬细胞向泡沫细胞分化。     

风湿性心脏瓣膜病患者钾离子通道特性变化的实验研究

目的:探讨风湿性心脏瓣膜病(简称风心病)患者心房组织细胞Kvl.5钾通道的变化。方法:将风心病患者分为窦性心律组(SR)、阵发性房颤组(PAF)和慢性房颤组(CAF)。应用全细胞膜片钳技术记录各组单个右心耳组织细胞超快速延迟整流钾电流(ultrarapid delayed rectifier current,IKur)的表达。结果:指令电压为+10~+50mV时,慢性房颤组(n=22)IKur密度较窦性心律组(n=25)明显降低。阵发性房颤组(n=23)IKur密度与窦性心律组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);其中,在+50mV时,电流由窦性心律组(8.98+1.69)PA/pF降为房颤组的(4.17+1.82)PA/pF(P<0.01),降低幅度为(53.6+1.4)%。阵发性房颤组(8.21+1.54)PA/pF与窦性心律组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与慢性房颤组差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:Ikur密度在发生慢性房颤的风心患者心房肌细胞中密度明显下降,提示Kv1.5钾通道的变化与风心病房颤的发生有关。     

Effect of etomidate on voltage-dependent potassium currents in rat isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons

Background Previous studies demonstrated general anesthetics affect potassium ion channels, which may be one of the mechanisms of general anesthesia. Because the effect of etomidate on potassium channels in rat hippocampus which is involved in memory function has not been studied, we investigated the effects of etomidate on both delayed rectifier potassium current （IK（DR）） and transient outward potassium current （I_K（A）） in acutely dissociated rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons.Methods Single rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons from male Wistar rats of 7-10 days were acutely dissociated by enzymatic digestion and mechanical dispersion according to the methods of Kay and Wong with slight modification. Voltage-clamp recordings were performed in the whole-cell patch clamp configuration. Currents were recorded with a List EPC-10 amplifier and data were stored in a computer using Pulse 8.5. Student＇s paired two-tail t test was used for data analysis. Results At the concentration of 100 μmol/L, etomidate significantly inhibited IK（DR） by 49.2% at ＋40 mV when depolarized from -110 mV （P 〈0.01, n=8）, while did not affect IK（A） （/1=8, P 〉0.05）. The IC50value of etomidate for blocking IK（DR）was calculated as 5.4 μmol/L, with a Hill slope of 2.45. At the presence of 10 μmol/L etomidate, the V1/2 of activation curve was shifted from （17.3±1.5） mV to （10.7±9.9） mV （n=8, P 〈0.05）, the V1/2 of inactivation curve was shifted from （-18.3±2.2） mV to （-45.3±9.4） mV （n=8, P 〈0.05）. Etomidate 10 μmol/L shifted both the activation curve and inactivation curve of IK（DR））to negative potential, but mainly affected the inactivation kinetics.Conclusions Etomidate potently inhibited IK（DR） but not IK（A） in rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. IK（DR） was inhibited by etomidate in a concentration-dependent manner, while IK（A） remained unaffected.     

实验性高脂血症大鼠心肌瞬时外向钾通道Kv4.2、Kv4.3基因mRNA表达的研究

目的　研究大鼠实验性高脂血症模型中心肌细胞瞬时外向钾通道Kv4 .2、Kv4 .3基因mRNA的表达情况。方法　通过脂肪乳灌胃 4周 ,建立实验性高脂血症大鼠模型。采用Trizol一步法提取心室肌总RNA ,并用RT PCR(逆转录聚合酶链反应 )方法检测高脂组与正常组间Kv4 .2、Kv4 .3基因mRNA的表达差异。结果　高脂组Kv4 .2、Kv4 .3基因mRNA的表达高于正常组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　实验性高脂血症大鼠心肌细胞瞬时外向钾通道Kv4 .2、Kv4 .3基因mRNA的表达增强     

钾通道阻滞剂对多发性硬化患者CD4+T细胞CCR7及CD45RA表达的影响

目的 研究Kv1.3钾通道阻滞剂海葵毒素(SHK)阻滞多发性硬化(Ms)患者急性期髓鞘反应性CIM+T淋巴细胞上的Kv1.3钾通道后,细胞表型CCR7、CD45RA表达的变化与疾病的关系.方法 对15例急性期MS患者、15例INF-B-1b治疗缓解期MS患者和15名健康对照的不同状态下的CD4+T淋巴细胞进行CD3、CIM、CCR7、CD45RA的荧光抗体及同型对照标记,用四标流式细胞仪检测3组不同状态下细胞表型CCR7、CD45RA表达的变化.结果 MS急性期组CIM+T细胞以CCR7-CIM5RA-(TEM)表型为主,其变化与病情有明显相关性,髓鞘抗原刺激后此型所占比例明显增高(P＜0.05),初始细胞表型CCR7+CD45RA+减少(P＜0.05),钾通道阻滞剂SHK对Ms急件期患者髓鞘反应性CD4+TEM表型有明显抑制作用(P＜0.05).结论 检测CI4+TEM细胞表型可能对判断病情有一定临床意义,Kv1.3钾通道可能成为治疗MS的新靶点.