32例老年胆囊穿孔的临床分析

对３２例老年胆囊穿孔患者进行了回顾性分析，结果表明：１．老年患者临床表现典型，伴发病较多；２．穿孔发生率和误诊率高，３；有腹膜刺激征者，及时作诊断性腹穿，有胆汁性腹水者系诊断本病的重要依据；４．Ｂ超对胆囊穿孔者有较高的检出率，有重要诊断价值；３．早期，合理的手术是治疗成败的关键。     

实时超声造影在胆囊穿孔诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨实时超声造影在胆囊穿孔诊断中的应用价值。方法37例接受胆囊切除手术的患者行常规超声和实时超声造影检查。结果常规造声诊断胆囊穿孔23例,共穿孔24个;超声造影诊断胆囊穿孔28例,共穿孔32个;经手术病理诊断胆囊穿孔29例,共穿孔36个。以手术结果为金标准,常规超声诊断胆囊穿孔的敏感性为71．4％,特异性为66．7％,准确性为70．2％。超声造影诊断胆囊穿孔的敏感性为77．8％,特异性为100％、准确性为96．6％;对胆囊穿孔部位的敏感性为100％,诊断率为94．1％。超声造影的特异性、准确性高于常规超声（P〈0．01）。结论胆囊穿孔实时超声造影表现具有特征性,且对胆囊穿孑L部位诊断准确性很高,可作为诊断胆囊穿孔的重要检测手段。     

诊断性腹腔镜在老年急腹症患者中的应用

目的：探讨诊断性腹腔镜检查在老年急腹症中的应用。方法：对1997年2月．2005年1月47例老年急腹症腹腔镜检查进行回厮陛分析。结果：47例腹腔镜检查者44例明确诊断（44／47，93．6％），2例因病人不能耐受手术而失败转内科治疗而治愈，1例术中因急性心肌梗死意外死亡；镜下完成手术40例（40／44，90．9％）；中转开腹4例（4／44，9．1％）；腹腔镜探查时间10—15min；腹腔镜治疗时间45～155min，平均102min；术后住院5-10d．平均8．3d。结论：应用诊断性腹腔镜诊断及治疗老年急腹症患者是一种安全有效的方法。     

超声诊断急性非结石性胆囊炎胆囊穿孔

急性非结石性胆囊炎（acute acalculous cholecystitis，AAC）系无结石存在的胆囊急性感染，其典型特点为右上腹部压痛或包块、发热、白细胞增多及胆囊弥漫性炎症及坏死，但多数表现不典型，常延误诊断及治疗，老年急性非结石性胆囊炎病情重．发展快．易并发胆囊穿孔，病死率高。早期迅速明确诊断是治疗成功的关键。     

急性化脓性输卵管炎误诊为急性阑尾炎9例分析

急性化脓性输卵管炎并腹膜炎的临床表现与急性阑尾炎穿孔所致的腹膜炎有时很难鉴别，术前诊断有一定的难度，手术探查后才能诊断。我院1997～2007年共手术治疗女性化脓性输卵管炎9例，其中未婚6例，术前均误诊为穿孔性阑尾炎。现分析报告如下。1临床资料1．1一般资料本组9例女性化脓性输卵管炎患者中，年龄最大42岁，最小17岁，平均年龄23．6岁。已婚3例（33．3％），未婚6例（66．7％），全部病例均有不洁性生活史。发病至入院时间最长48h，最短10h，平均26h。有转移性右下腹疼者2例（22．2％）。伴恶心呕吐者5例（55．6％）。     

经尿道前列腺电汽化术中并发症及防治(附1360例报告)

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电汽化术（TVP）术中并发症及防治对策。方法对1360例前列腺增生症患者行经尿道前列腺电汽化术。结果术中并发症包括：出血，其中需要输血者51例（占3．75％）；尿道外口损伤16例（占1．18％）；膀胱穿孔3例（占0．22％）；膀胱颈部分离15例（占1．1％）；前列腺包膜穿孔46例（占3．38％）；TURS12例（占0．88％），其中8例合并前列腺包膜穿孔；寒战44例（占3．24％）；冲洗液外渗21例（占1．54％）。结论TVP术中仍有一些并发症发生，但严格止血、正确操作、及早预防、操作视野清晰等可减少术中并发症的发生。     

超声诊断胆囊穿孔的应用价值

目的探讨超声检查对胆囊穿孔的诊断价值。方法对32例临床疑诊胆囊疾病并发穿孔的患者术前行超声检查,检查结果与手术结果进行对照分析。结果超声探查胆囊穿孔,其诊断准确率达81．3％,敏感性为92.9％;频率在一定范围内增高（5-7．5MHz）,声像图更能清楚的显示穿孔部位。结论超声检查特别是高频超声诊断胆囊穿孔准确性较高,可作为诊断胆囊穿孔的重要检测手段。     

老年急性坏疽性胆囊炎临床特点与诊治分析

目的探讨老年急性坏疽性胆囊炎的早期诊断及手术方式，减少胆囊穿孔及医源性胆道损伤的发生。方法回顾性分析本院收治的31例患者临床资料，并结合文献加以总结。结果术前B超确诊30例，达96．8％，胆囊切除26例，胆囊大部切除4例，胆囊造瘘1例，无医源性胆管损伤发生。死亡1例，死因为心肺功能衰竭。结论本病临床隐蔽性强，进展快，早期诊断困难，B超有助于早期诊断，体温及血常规白细胞计数是预测本病的敏感参数，对于行胆囊切除困难的急性坏疽性胆囊炎老年患者，胆囊大部切除术是一种较理想术式。     

帕罗西汀治疗胆囊切除术后慢性疼痛的临床研究

目的观察帕罗西汀对胆囊切除术后慢性疼痛的疗效。方法53例胆囊切除术后慢性疼痛患者随机分为两组：治疗组27例，口服帕罗西汀每次20mg，每天1次，共服8周；对照组26例，口服安慰剂每次1片，每天1次，共服8周。应用慢性疼痛评定标准及汉密尔顿抑郁量表于治疗前及治疗第4、8周末进行疗效评定。结果帕罗西汀治疗胆囊切除术后慢性疼痛和抑郁症状的有效率均随时间延长而增加，第4、8周末治疗组有效者分别为21例（77，8％）和22例（81，5％）；而对照组分别为7例（26．9％）和9例（34．6％），两组比较差异均有显著性（均为P〈0．01）。结论帕罗西汀是治疗胆囊切除术后慢性疼痛的有效药物之一。     

宫颈电环切除术治疗宫颈上皮内瘤变93例

目的：探讨宫颈电环切除术（LEEP）对宫颈上皮内瘤变（CIN）的手术方法、手术并发症、手术前后病理诊断的相符性、治疗效果及人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）检测在CIN的诊断及疗效评价中的价值。方法：2001年1月至2006年4月，采用LEEP对93例CIN患者进行治疗，对其疗效采取前瞻性分析及随访。结果：术后7—21d出血多于经量1倍以上、需回院止血治疗者占5、4％（5／93）。术前术后病理诊断不一致者占37．6％（35／93）；其中病理诊断级别下降者占20.4％（19／93）；诊断级别上升者占14．0％（13／93）；病理诊断浸润癌者占3．2％（3／93），作宫颈癌根治术；术后切缘阳性（即切缘仍见CIN病灶）2例，占2．2％（2／93）。术后半年复查无CIN者占97．8％（88／90），术后半年内复发CINⅡ 1例。93例患者中术前作HPV-DNA检测者61例，其阳性率为73．8％（45／61）；对术前HPVDNA阳性者于术后6个月复查．89．5％T降至正常。结论：LEEP治疗宫颈CIN安全有效，HPV-DNA检测由于其敏感性及阴性预测值高．在CIN的诊断中起到不可忽略的作用，但其定量的多少与CIN级别的高低不成正比，可用于术后疗效判定及作为随访监测的手段。     

False-negative and False-positive Errors in Abdominal Pain Evaluation Failure to Diagnose Acute Appendicitis and Unnecessary Surgery

OBJECTIVES: To test the hypothesis that physician errors (failure to diagnose appendicitis at initial evaluation) correlate with adverse outcome. The authors also postulated that physician errors would correlate with delays in surgery, delays in surgery would correlate with adverse outcomes, and physician errors would occur on patients with atypical presentations. METHODS: This was a retrospective two-arm observational cohort study at 12 acute care hospitals: 1) consecutive patients who had an appendectomy for appendicitis and 2) consecutive emergency department abdominal pain patients. Outcome measures were adverse events (perforation, abscess) and physician diagnostic performance (false-positive decisions, false-negative decisions). RESULTS: The appendectomy arm of the study included 1, 026 patients with 110 (10.5%) false-positive decisions (range by hospital 4.7% to 19.5%). Of the 916 patients with appendicitis, 170 (18.6%) false-negative decisions were made (range by hospital 10.6% to 27.8%). Patients who had false-negative decisions had increased risks of perforation (r = 0.59, p = 0.058) and of abscess formation (r = 0.81, p = 0.002). For admitted patients, when the inhospital delay before surgery was >20 hours, the risk of perforation was increased [2.9 odds ratio (OR) 95% CI = 1.8 to 4.8]. The amount of delay from initial physician evaluation until surgery varied with physician diagnostic performance: 7.0 hours (95% CI = 6.7 to 7.4) if the initial physician made the diagnosis, 72.4 hours (95% CI = 51.2 to 93.7) if the initial office physician missed the diagnosis, and 63.1 hours (95% CI = 47.9 to 78.4) if the initial emergency physician missed the diagnosis. Patients whose diagnosis was initially missed by the physician had fewer signs and symptoms of appendicitis than patients whose diagnosis was made initially [appendicitis score 2.0 (95% CI = 1.6 to 2.3) vs 6.5 (95% CI = 6.4 to 6.7)]. Older patients (>41 years old) had more false-negative decisions and a higher risk of perforation or abscess (3.5 OR 95% CI = 2.4 to 5.1). False-positive decisions were made for patients who had signs and symptoms similar to those of appendicitis patients [appendicitis score 5.7 (95% CI = 5.2 to 6.1) vs 6.5 (95% CI = 6.4 to 6.7)]. Female patients had an increased risk of false-positive surgery (2.3 OR 95% CI = 1.5 to 3.4). The abdominal pain arm of the study included 1,118 consecutive patients submitted by eight hospitals, with 44 patients having appendicitis. Hospitals with observation units compared with hospitals without observation units had a higher "rule out appendicitis" evaluation rate [33.7% (95% CI = 27 to 38) vs 24.7% (95% CI = 23 to 27)] and a similar hospital admission rate (27.6% vs 24.7%, p = NS). There was a lower miss-diagnosis rate (15.1% vs 19.4%, p = NS power 0.02), lower perforation rate (19.0% vs 20.6%, p = NS power 0.05), and lower abscess rate (5.6% vs 6.9%, p = NS power 0.06), but these did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Errors in physician diagnostic decisions correlated with patient clinical findings, i.e., the missed diagnoses were on appendicitis patients with few clinical findings and unnecessary surgeries were on non-appendicitis patients with clinical findings similar to those of patients with appendicitis. Adverse events (perforation, abscess formation) correlated with physician false-negative decisions.     

Impact of Helical Computed Tomography on the Outcomes of Emergency Department Patients with Suspected Appendicitis

OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of an emergency department (ED) guideline employing selective use of helical computed tomography (CT) on clinical outcomes of female patients with suspected appendicitis. METHODS: All patients presenting with suspected appendicitis were prospectively enrolled and managed in accordance with a guideline incorporating selective use of helical CT. Although not the objective of this investigation, male patients were included for purposes of comparison. Patients with clinically evident appendicitis were referred to the surgical service, and patients with equivocal presentations were studied with helical CT. Patients were followed to final surgical or clinical outcomes. Outcome measures included time from ED presentation to laparotomy and rate of appendiceal perforation. These measures were compared with those of a historical cohort of patients preceding the use of helical CT. RESULTS: A total of 310 consecutive patients with suspected appendicitis were enrolled; 92 had appendicitis. Sixty patients were referred to the surgical service without helical CT, and 41 had appendicitis (68%). Helical CT was performed on 250 patients; 51 had appendicitis (20%). For males, the mean interval from ED presentation to laparotomy was 559 minutes (95% CI = 444 to 674 minutes) during guideline use and 480 minutes (95% CI = 405 to 555 minutes) before. This interval for females was 433 minutes (95% CI = 326 to 540 minutes) during guideline use and 710 minutes (95% CI = 558 to 862 minutes) before. Appendiceal perforation rate for males was 0.25 (95% CI = 0.14 to 0.36) during guideline use and 0.38 (95% CI = 0.29 to 0.47) before; perforation rate for females was 0.06 (95% CI = -0.05 to 0.17) during guideline use and 0.23 (95% CI = 0.14 to 0.32) before. Helical CT had 92% sensitivity, 97% specificity, and 96% accuracy in diagnosing appendicitis. CONCLUSIONS: Helical CT is highly accurate in detecting appendicitis in patients with equivocal ED presentations. The use of a guideline employing selective helical CT was associated with a decline in the time from ED presentation to operative intervention in females.     

Role of sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder perforation

PURPOSE: Gallbladder perforation is a dreaded complication of acute cholecystitis that is associated with a high mortality rate. Early detection of gallbladder perforation reduces the associated mortality and morbidity rates. The purpose of this study was to highlight the role of sonography in the diagnosis of gallbladder perforation and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of sonography with that of CT. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated the sonographic and CT findings in surgically proven cases of gallbladder perforation. RESULTS: In 18 of 23 cases, both sonography and CT had been performed; in the other 5 cases, only sonography had been performed. Sonography helped to diagnose the defect in the gallbladder wall and gallbladder perforation in 16 (70%) of 23 patients. In the 18 cases in which both sonography and CT had been performed, sonography showed the wall defect in 11 cases (61%), whereas CT was diagnostic in 14 cases (78%). The difference between sonography and CT in the ability to visualize a defect in the gallbladder wall was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Sonography is useful for diagnosing gallbladder perforation and detecting the defect in the gallbladder wall. We believe that sonography should be the first-line imaging modality for evaluating the patients in these cases.     

原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤穿孔的临床预后分析

目的对原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤穿孔患者的临床及病理特征、诊治、预后进行探讨。方法回顾性分析1999年1月-2008年12月诊治的17例原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤穿孔患者的临床资料。结果 B细胞型9例,T细胞型8例。17例原发肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤穿孔患者的穿孔部位：大肠7例,小肠7例,回盲部3例。所有患者均行手术治疗。除2例穿孔前行化疗的患者以外,其余患者术前均未明确诊断。有14例获得随访结果,6例术后3个月内死亡,术后接受化疗者7例,1、2、3年生存率分别为41.2%、23.6%、11.7%,仅1例生存期超过5年。结论原发性肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤穿孔术前诊断困难,预后极差。     

耳内镜下应用生物蛋白海绵行鼓膜修补术的临床研究

目的探讨耳内镜下应用生物蛋白海绵在鼓膜穿孔愈合过程和机制。方法使用生物蛋白海绵作为鼓膜修补术的贴补材料。结果70例病人一次性贴补穿孔愈合65例，治愈率92．9％；二次性贴补穿孔愈合5例。结论生物蛋白海绵可促进鼓膜穿孔修复和愈合。     

淋病性腹膜炎临床诊断回顾(附30例报告)

作者对30例淋病性腹膜炎临床诊断进行回顾分析。13例因误诊而行探腹术，其中11例误诊为急性阑尾炎、阑尾穿孔（84．6％），1例误为胆囊炎、胆石症（7．7％），1例误为卵巢黄体破裂（7．7％）。大多数病例有不洁性生活史。通常有以下特点：（1）就诊较晚；（2）无典型脐周转移右下腹疼痛史；（3）强直体位不明显；（4）腹部肌卫较轻，（5）右下腹压痛点固定不明显。本组30例从腹腔渗液或从阴道粘液均查见淋病双球菌（PCR技术）。结论是：从本组诊断经过中认为淋病性腹膜炎最易误诊为急性阑尾炎、阑尾穿孔。应根据病史，症状和实验室检查加以鉴别以避免不必要的剖腹探查术。     

金属覆膜支架联合鼻胆管治疗内镜逆行胰胆管造影术Ⅲ型Stapfer穿孔的研究（附6例报告）

目的总结金属覆膜支架联合鼻胆管治疗内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)Ⅲ型Stapfer穿孔的疗效及安全性。方法对ERCPⅢ型Stapfer穿孔患者放置金属覆膜胆道支架,支架内再放置鼻胆引流管,术后2~4周行支架取出术。结果 6例患者均好转出院,无开腹手术患者,有效率100.00%,无支架相关并发症发生。1例住院期间出现腹腔感染症状,发生率为16.67%。结论金属覆膜支架联合鼻胆管治疗ERCPⅢ型Stapfer穿孔的方法是安全有效的,值得临床推广应用。     

超声检查在消化道穿孔诊断中的临床价值

目的 探讨超声检查在消化道穿孔中的诊断价值。方法 回顾分析经手术证实的64例消化道穿孔的超声表现,并与腹部X线检查结果与手术结果进行对比分析。结果 在64例消化道穿孔患者中,手术证实胃穿孔10例,十二指肠球部穿孔39例,阑尾穿孔14例,外伤致小肠破裂1例。术前超声提示消化道穿孔58例,病变的定性诊断符合率90.6％,其中发现腹腔游离气体41例,占64%;腹腔游离积液或局限性积液54例,占84%;局部网膜聚集23例,占35.9%,直接发现穿孔部位21例,占32.8%;腹部X线检查发现膈下游离气体44例,诊断符合率68.7%,与超声检查发现游离气体的符合率相差不大。结论 X线和超声检查均可发现腹腔内游离气体,但是超声还可以发现由消化道穿孔引起的腹腔积液、局部网膜聚集等征象,对腹腔脏器穿孔的检出率较高,具有很高的临床应用价值。     

Interventional ultrasound-guided procedures in pancreatic pseudocysts, abscesses and infected necroses - treatment algorithm in a large single-center study

Through a time period of 5 years, all consecutive patients were documented in this prospective single centre observational clinical study to investigate feasibility and outcome of ultrasound(US)- and EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic non-infected pancreatic pseudocysts and abscesses as well as the endoscopic debridement of infected necroses. RESULTS: From 03 / 23 / 2002 to 12 / 31 / 2008, 147 patients (females:males = 49:98 [1:2.0]) with pseudocysts (n = 32), abscesses (n = 81) and necroses (n = 34) were enrolled in the study. Technical success rate in US-guided external and in EUS-guided transmural drainage was 100 % and 97.0 %, respectively, whereas that of transpapillary (ERP-guided) drainage was 92.1 %. While the complication rate in external drainage was 3.7 %, this rate in transmural and transpapillary drainage was 9.6 % and 0, respectively. Late complications (> 24 h) were observed in 6.4 % of patients after transpapillary drainage (external drainage, 5.6 %; transmural drainage, 19.1 %). Complications in 5 cases (bleeding, n = 3; perforation, n = 1; dislocation of the prosthesis with perforation of the terminal ileum, n = 1) needed to be approached surgically. After a mean follow-up period of 20.7 months, 20.9 months, and 19.4 months, the definitive therapeutic success rate was 96.2 % in average for the three diagnoses such as pseudocyst (96.9 %), abscess (97.5 %), and necrosis (94.1 %), respectively (recurrency rate, 15.4 % in average; overall mortality, 0.7 % but no intervention-related death). CONCLUSION: US- and endoscopy-based management of pancreatic lesions as reported is suitable and favorable also in daily clinical routine since it is a safe and efficacious approach in experienced hands.     

胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔350例临床分析

目的：总结胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的诊治经验。方法：回顾性分析1998年1月至2002年12月我院收治的350例胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔的临床资料。结果：350例中，治愈341例，单纯穿修补术193例，胃大部切除术100例，穿孔修补加胃空肠吻合术2例，非手术治疗55例，全组死亡9例，死亡率为2．57％，非手术治疗死亡7例，死亡率12．7％，手术治疗死亡2例，死亡率为0．68％。结论：胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔应尽可能手术治疗。