外伤后阴茎异常勃起介入治疗5例

目的探讨外伤后高流人性阴茎异常勃起的诊断与介入栓塞术治疗。方法对5例接受栓塞治疗的高流入性阴茎异常勃起患者进行回顾研究。结果4例患者经介入治疗后勃起完全消退，随访半年1例疲软度不如发病前且其阴茎勃起时不坚，性生活持续时间缩短，4例勃起程度和性生活持续时间与发病前相同。结论阴茎动脉血管造影检查在高流入性阴茎异常勃起的诊断有很高的价值；对其出血供血动脉进行超选择性栓塞是可靠的治疗方法。     

Insights of priapism mechanism and rationale treatment for recurrent priapism

Priapism is defined as abnormal prolonged penile erection occurring beyond or unrelated to sexual interest. The disorder is enigmatic yet devastating because of its elusive etiology, irreversible erectile tissue damage, and resultant erectile dysfunction （ED）. Current management strategies suffer from a poor understanding of the pathophysiology, especially at the molecular level. The traditional treatments are based more on empirical rather than evidence-based knowledge. The outcomes for restoration of normal erectile function are poor, especially for stuttering priapism. Therefore, it is critical to understand priapism from a molecular level, to formulate treatment strategies and to establish rational prevention strategies for high-risk populations, such as sickle cell disease （SCD） patients and cases of the stuttering variant. This review focuses on the recent advances at the molecular level in priapism and penile erection, and applies the recent knowledge to the treatment of stuttering priapism.     

Low-flow priapism: risk factors for erectile dysfunction

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate our policy of managing priapism for the success rate of the treatments, potency afterward, complications, and the risk factors responsible for erectile dysfunction in these patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 50 patients (mean age 37.1 years, range 22-66) with a diagnosis of priapism (1981-1999). Their records were reviewed; 35 patients were available for a long-term evaluation. Factors assessed were the duration of priapism, history of previous recurrent attacks, possible underlying causes (e.g. haematological disorders, medications or trauma), relation to sexual stimulation, pain, and any attempt at previous management. A complete blood screen and blood gases were assessed in corporal aspirates. Duplex ultrasonography was used in all impotent patients at their follow-up. Early and late complications were reviewed, and patients asked about their erectile function before priapism, and any recurrence. RESULTS: The median (range) duration of priapism was 48 (6-240) h; almost half the patients presented > 48 h after the onset of priapism. Sixteen patients (32%) reported a history of previous recurrent attacks, of whom seven had a history of previous treatments. The main cause of priapism was idiopathic or intracavernosal injection with papaverine. All patients were initially treated by corporal blood aspiration and injection with ephedrine; if this failed or if the priapism was prolonged (> 48 h) various shunts were used. The hospital stay was significantly shorter among patients with papaverine-induced or brief priapism. In the long-term follow-up of 35 patients (mean 66.4 months, range 3-220) only 15 (43%) reported preserved erectile function, and this was more likely in patients with brief priapism (< 48 h). Eight patients (23%) reported subsequent recurrent attacks of priapism; all were managed successfully as they presented shortly after their onset. Penile fibrosis was detected in 20 patients (57%), and was significantly more common in those with prolonged priapism (> 48 h) or from causes other than papaverine. The 20 impotent men evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography had severe echo-dense penile fibrosis and high end-diastolic velocities suggesting veno-occlusive incompetence in all except two. In five men with shunts cavernosography showed extensive venous leakage irrespective of site of the shunt. MRI in five patients with penile fibrosis showed heterogeneous areas of low signal intensity, corresponding with haemosiderin deposition and fibrosis. On univariate analysis the final result of management (complete detumescence or not), the duration of priapism and the presence of penile fibrosis significantly influenced erectile function. On multivariate logistic regression only the first remained significant. CONCLUSIONS: Low-flow priapism for > 48 h, failure to maintain complete detumescence after management, and marked penile fibrosis during the follow-up are the most significant risk factors responsible for erectile dysfunction, with failure to achieve complete detumescence the most detrimental.     

Prostate cancer: epidemiology and risk factors

After years of rapid increase, the incidence of prostate cancer has begun to decline in certain areas in the USA. Although these temporal trends are consistent with the impact of screening, it still remains to be shown that early detection programmes and screening will result in a reduced mortality rate from this disease. A positive family history of prostate cancer has been established as an important risk factor, and recent research supports and points to the existence of a subgroup of prostate cancer families with a hereditary form of the disease. Diet is another well-known risk factor. Recently, it has become evident that nutritional factors might both prevent the progression of prostate cancer or induce it.     

Increased risk of acute myeloid leukaemia after treatment for breast cancer

This study evaluates the risk of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) in patients treated for breast cancer. We included all 6360 breast cancer patients that were recorded at the Geneva Cancer Registry between 1970 and 1999. Patients were followed for AML occurrence until December 2000. We calculated standardized incidence ratios of AML and identified factors modifying the risk of AML by multivariate Cox analysis. Twelve (0.2%) patients developed AML. In general, patients treated for breast cancer had a 3.5-fold (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.8-6.0) increased risk of developing AML compared with the general population. In particular, patients who were older than 70 years at breast cancer diagnosis and those treated with radiotherapy (with or without chemotherapy) had a significantly increased risk of developing AML. This population-based study confirms that radiotherapy increases the risk of AML. Due to the relatively low number of women treated with chemotherapy without radiotherapy and due to the infrequency of the disease, the question of whether chemotherapy alone increases this risk of AML cannot yet be answered.     

阴茎异常勃起的治疗

目的探讨阴茎异常勃起的治疗方法,降低勃起功能障碍（ED）的发生。方法回顾性分析28例阴茎异常勃起病历资料及随访记录。结果3例高流量型阴茎异常勃起经保守治疗后完全消退。19例病程≤48h低流量型阴茎异常勃起病人均经镇静冷敷及阴茎海绵体内注射阿拉明、冲洗并连续硬膜外微量注入麻醉药物治疗,14例症状消失,5例无效行分流术;随访出现勃起功能障碍者分别为1例、2例。6例病程〉48h者3例保守治疗3例手术治疗痊愈后随访出现勃起功能障碍者分别为2例、1例。结论高流量型阴茎异常勃起一般行保守治疗,低流量型阴茎异常勃起病程≤48h尽可能行充分的保守治疗,如无效或病程〉48h应尽可能考虑分流术。     

Evaluation of patients after treatment of arterial priapism with selective micro-embolization

OBJECTIVE: Arterial (high-flow) priapism is characterized by a prolonged non-painful erection without sexual arousal as a result of unregulated inflow of blood to the corpus cavernosum. Treatment is based on decreasing this elevated inflow, primarily by means of selective arteriography and embolization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the treatment of patients with arterial priapism. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the period between 1990 and 2004, 10 patients with arterial priapism were admitted to our department. The mean age when priapism developed was 32 years (range 11-62 years). Eight patients were treated with selective embolization, one was operated on and one refused treatment. Nine patients completed a standardized questionnaire which included the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). The mean follow-up time after treatment was 70 months. RESULTS: All patients treated with selective embolization achieved reduced tumescence. Six out of eight patients had an improved IIEF-5 score after treatment. In nine men, the etiology of the arterial priapism was perineal trauma. In one case, an anomaly with an accessory artery to the corpus cavernosum was diagnosed, which required surgery, and in one case recurrence of the priapism necessitated a second embolization. CONCLUSIONS: Selective embolization results in reduced tumescence and an improvement in erectile function in patients with arterial priapism. Trauma to the perineum was the main etiology in this study.     

Sibutramine for the treatment of recurrent high-flow priapism

High-flow priapism most often occurs following perineal and penile trauma. We report the case of a 29-year-old man who presented with recurrent priapism and was initially treated with corporal aspiration and intracavernosal injections on multiple emergency department visits and then condition-controlled with sibutramine while on treatment for weight loss. His condition relapsed after the medication was withdrawn from the market, necessitating medical intervention.     

阴茎异常勃起的诊治

阴茎异常勃起属于泌尿外科急诊。近年来 ,随着应用阴茎海绵体内血管活性物质注射治疗勃起功能障碍(ED) ,其发病率已明显增多。了解阴茎异常勃起的分类是治疗的关键。阴茎异常勃起分为局部缺血性 (低流量 )和局部非缺血性 (高流量 )两种类型。低流量性是由于阴茎海绵体平滑肌的异常松弛 ,导致静脉阻塞 ,以致患者有明显的疼痛和海绵体僵硬 ;高流量性可能与不能控制的大量动脉血流进入海绵体 ,而产生阴茎持续勃起 ,仅部分海绵体僵硬 ,故患者无明显疼痛。临床上根据分类和勃起的持续时间而采取不同的治疗方法 ,以防止阴茎海绵体的进一步损伤。     

Prostate cancer risk prediction based on complete prostate cancer family history

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PC) relative risks (RRs) are typically estimated based on status of close relatives or presence of any affected relatives. This study provides RR estimates using extensive and specific PC family history.

METHODS

A retrospective population‐based study was undertaken to estimate RRs for PC based on complete family history of PC. A total of 635,443 males, all with ancestral genealogy data, were analyzed. RRs for PC were determined based upon PC rates estimated from males with no PC family history (without PC in first, second, or third degree relatives). RRs were determined for a variety of constellations, for example, number of first through third degree relatives; named (grandfather, father, uncle, cousins, brothers); maternal, paternal relationships, and age of onset.

RESULTS

In the 635,443 males analyzed, 18,105 had PC. First‐degree RRs ranged from 2.46 (=1 first‐degree relative affected, CI = 2.39–2.53) to 7.65 (=4 first‐degree relatives affected, CI = 6.28–9.23). Second‐degree RRs for probands with 0 affected first‐degree relatives ranged from 1.51 (≥1 second‐degree relative affected, CI = 1.47–1.56) to 3.09 (≥5 second‐degree relatives affected, CI = 2.32–4.03). Third‐degree RRs with 0 affected first‐ and 0 affected second‐degree relatives ranged from 1.15 (≥1 affected third‐degree relative, CI = 1.12–1.19) to 1.50 (≥5 affected third‐degree relatives, CI = 1.35–1.66). RRs based on age at diagnosis were higher for earlier age at diagnoses; for example, RR = 5.54 for ≥1 first‐degree relative diagnosed before age 50 years (CI = 1.12–1.19) and RR = 1.78 for > 1 second‐degree relative diagnosed before age 50 years, CI = 1.33, 2.33. RRs for equivalent maternal versus paternal family history were not significantly different.

CONCLUSIONS

A more complete PC family history using close and distant relatives and age at diagnosis results in a wider range of estimates of individual RR that are potentially more accurate than RRs estimated from summary family history. The presence of PC in second‐ and even third‐degree relatives contributes significantly to risk. Maternal family history is just as significant as paternal family history. PC RRs based on a proband's complete constellation of affected relatives will allow patients and care providers to make more informed screening, monitoring, and treatment decisions. Prostate 75:390–398, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Angiographic treatment of high-flow priapism

Priapism can be successfully treated by unilateral or bilateral percutaneous transcatheter occlusion of the internal pudendal arteries. Occlusion should be reversible in order to avoid impotence. Embolization with an autologous clot satisfies this requirement because of clot lysis and consequent vessel recanalization. This treatment is the most specific therapy in 'high-flow' priapism. The authors describe extensively 5 cases which demonstrate the feasibility of the method by which sexual potency is preserved.