全肺切除术及支气管成形肺叶切除术在非小细胞肺癌治疗中的研究(附64例报告)

背景与目的全肺切除术是最早用于治疗肺癌的肺切除术,但自问世以来一直存在争议。本文旨在分析手术治疗的804例肺癌中的64例全肺切除术(pneumonectomy,P)或支气管成形肺叶切除术(bronchoplasty lobectomy,BPL)病例资料,以探讨其在肺癌治疗中的地位。方法全组手术治疗肺癌共804例,重点分析其中64例P/BPL的临床特点,尤其对生存率进行分析。结果 64例肺癌中肿瘤侵犯肺动脉干(cT4)行全肺切除术25例(右侧6例,左侧19例);因主支气管受累且距隆突<2 cm(cT3)行左全肺切除术4例,右肺上叶支气管成形肺叶切除术19例,左肺上叶及下叶袖状切除术各1例;因主支气管受累但距隆突(?)2 cm(cT1/cT2)而行主支气管成形术13例;右全肺切除并半隆突成形1例(cT4)。64例P/BPL,的患者1年、3年及5年生存率分别为93.6%、69.0%及45.1%,489例同期标准肺叶切除术生存率则分别为92.5%、77.3%及56.9%,两组5年生存率差异无统计学意义(P=0.226)。结论标准肺叶切除术仍是非小细胞肺癌的主要术式,而P/BPL对部分高选择患者在全身治疗的支持下仍是可选术式。     

余肺切除治疗肺癌临床分析

目的 探讨余肺切除治疗肺癌的手术适应症、手术技巧及预后。方法 32例肺癌行余肺切除，采用Kaplan-Meier法计算5年生存率，与同期165例标准全肺切除肺癌5年生存率比较（χ^2检验）。结果 全组无手术死亡病例，7例（21．9％）术后出现并发症，5年生存率为21．9％，与同期标准全肺切除肺癌25．7％的5年生存率比较无显著性差异（P＞0．05）。结论 余肺切除治疗肺癌的适应症包括复发性肺癌、二次原发肺癌及良性病变肺切除后原发肺癌。尽管余肺切除手术操作复杂，但其5年生存率可达到标准全肺切除的水平。     

Completion pneumonectomy for lung metastases

OBJECTIVE: Completion pneumonectomy (CP) for malignant disease is generally accepted but controversial for lung metastases. The data available show a high perioperative morbidity and mortality with a poor long-term prognosis. We analysed the postoperative outcome and long-term results of our patients undergoing CP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 1986 and May 2003, nine patients underwent completion pneumonectomy for lung metastases. This represents 10% (9/86) of all CPs performed and 1.7% (9/525) of all pneumonectomies. RESULTS: One to three metastasectomies in the form of wedge resection (16), segment resection (5) and lobectomies (3) were performed prior to CP. The mean time interval between the operation of the primary tumour and the first metastasectomy was 38 months, the first and second metastasectomy 12 months, the second and third metastasectomy 14 months, and the third metastasectomy and CP 25 months. Six patients had an extended completion pneumonectomy. Operative morbidity and mortality was 0%. One patient is still alive and recurrence-free 9 months after CP. Two patients have recurrent pulmonary contralateral metastases under chemotherapy and six patients died of metastatic disease. Actual survival is 33%, recurrence-free survival (RFS) is 11%. The 3-year survival is 34%. CONCLUSION: Since there was no morbidity and mortality in our series, CP for lung metastases seems to be justified but the long-term survival is limited by the occurrence of contralateral or extrapulmonary metastatic disease. Multiple resections of metastases have a positive influence on survival, but the last step of resection in the form of CP does not seem to improve long-term survival.     

同期放化疗后全肺切除治疗Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌临床报遁

目的：探讨同期放化疗后行全肺切除的Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床效果.方法：回顾性分析1998年5月至2008年6月我院同期放化疗后行全肺切除的37例Ⅲ期非小细胞肺癌患者的临床资料.37例患者在术前接受了同期放化疗后再行全肺切除术,其中17例行右全肺切除（包括2例肺上沟瘤）.所有患者术前均接受同期放化疗,放疗平均总剂量60.1 Gy.结果：所有患者均接受了全肺切除以达到根治切除（R0）的目的,16例（43.2%）患者达到了病理完全缓解.无手术死亡,术后平均住院天数9.1天.术后90天死亡率为2.7%（n=1）.术后共有13例（35.1%）患者出现多处转移.包括脑转移7例,骨转移5例,肝转移2例,肾上腺转移2例,肺转移2例,颈部淋巴结转移1例和小肠转移1例.5年生存率为32%.结论：同期放化疗后行全肺切除术在临床上值得进一步研究.     

Video-assisted thoracoscopic pneumonectomy: a minimally invasive approach for a rare inidication

Minimally invasive video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is considered as an alternative to thoracotomy for early stage lung cancer. Since 2009, we use a VATS approach for all early stage lung tumors as well as benign indications for lung lobectomy. As experience with the technique is growing, indications are expanded. Here, we report our first minimally invasive pneumonectomies of two patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Case 1: A 60-year-old man was diagnosed with a centrally located tumor of the right lung invading all three lobes without any obvious lymph node metastasis in the preoperative work-up. The patient was scheduled for a right-sided VATS pneumonectomy. Case 2: A 62-year-old woman was diagnosed with a centrally located tumor of the left lung with an ipsilateral positron emission tomography (PET) positive lymph node (aortopulmonary window). After neoadjuvant treatment, the patient was scheduled for a left-sided pneumonectomy. Written informed consent was given in both cases. The procedures were completed using three incisions. A complete mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed. The postoperative courses were uneventful. VATS pneumonectomy is feasible in highly selected cases. It offers all advantages known from minimally invasive lung lobectomy with less pain and faster rehabilitation, which might facilitate the delivery of adjuvant treatment.     

肺切除并扩大性左心房部分切除治疗局部晚期肺癌疗效分析

目的探讨扩大性外科手术治疗左心房和心包内肺静脉受侵犯的局部晚期肺癌的效果。方法1998年6月至2004年11月对7例局部晚期肺癌患者施行肺切除合并左心房部分切除术,左上肺叶切除3例,同时行肺动脉和支气管袖状成形术2例,左全肺切除1例,右全肺切除2例,右中、下肺叶切除1例,全组均在非体外循环下行部分左心房切除术。结果本组无手术死亡,随访中,2例分别于术后38,26个月死亡,其余5例健在。中位生存期18.4个月。结论非体外循环下扩大性肺切除合并左心房部分切除治疗左心房及心包内肺静脉受侵犯的局部晚期肺癌,提高了患者的生活质量,延长了生存期。     

A new technique of closing bronchial stump in extended or combined pneumonectomy

Extended or combined pneumonectomies were performed in 56 cases of advanced complicated non-small cell lung cancer. Bronchial stump was closed by a modification of Overholt's technique using a vascularised tissue flap. Postoperative complication rate was 66%, mortality--23% and bronchial fistula--1.8% (1 case). Our modification of Overholt's technique using a well vascularised flap from the pericardium, muscle or omentum effectively prevented bronchial fistula in cases of multiple risk and is indicated in all cases of surgery for advanced lung cancer.     

Long-term outcome after pneumonectomy for nonsmall cell lung cancer

Long-term survivors (5 or more years) of pneumonectomy for nonsmall cell lung cancer are at risk for late death from cancer recurrence, second primary malignancies, and cardiopulmonary insufficiency related to the adverse physiological effects of pneumonectomy. A retrospective study of pneumonectomy patients was done to quantify the risks of late death from these causes. Of 246 patients treated for nonsmall cell lung cancer by pneumonectomy, medical records of 49 who survived 5 or more years were reviewed. Follow-up for the 49 long-term survivors ranged from 60 to 240 months, with a mean of 113 months. Twenty-five (51%) of the long-term survivors were alive at the time of the study. Twenty-four (49%) had died. Causes of death included late lung cancer recurrence (6 patients), second primary malignancies (7 patients), cardiopulmonary insufficiency (4 patients), and miscellaneous causes unrelated to cancer and its treatment (7 patients). Long-term survival after pneumonectomy for nonsmall cell lung cancer occurs in 20% of patients. Late lung cancer recurrence and second primary malignancies are important causes of death in these patients. Late cardiopulmonary insufficiency related to adverse physiological consequences of pneumonectomy is uncommon. Long-term follow-up is recommended after pneumonectomy for nonsmall cell lung cancer. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

全肺切除治疗中心型非小细胞肺癌

[目的]总结全肺切除治疗中央型非小细胞肺癌的临床结果。探讨心包内处理肺血管的技术要点。[方法]回顾性分析浙江省肿瘤医院：1993年～1998年间85例全肺切除治疗的中央型非小细胞肺癌。[结果]85例全肺切除病例，36例行心包内处理肺血管全肺切除。全组病例1、3、5年生存率分别为77．60％、36．47％、24．70％。其中姑息性全肺切除10例。无1例存活超过3年。[结论]在肺功能良好的情况下，全肺切除及心包内处理肺血管全肺切除是一种安全可靠的手术方式．可提高晚期肺癌患者手术切除率、延长术后生存期。     

气管隆凸、支气管、肺动脉成形术治疗肺癌

背景与目的　气管隆凸、支气管、肺动脉成形术在国内外应用广泛,这种手术扩大了肺癌手术适 应证,保留更多的健康肺组织,使一部分心肺功能差的中心型肺癌患者可获得比全肺切除术更好的治疗效果。 本研究旨在探讨中心型肺癌进行选择性扩大切除手术的可行性和手术适应证。方法　1979年11月至2003 年1月对50例中心型肺癌施行肺叶或全肺切除术,同时行气管隆凸、支气管或肺动脉成形手术。本组气管隆 凸、支气管成形术48例,肺动脉成形术2例。结果　本组发生手术并发症4例(8.0%),死亡2例(4.0%)。 本组病例均进行长期随访,术后1、3、5、10年生存率分别为89.4%(42/47)、57.1%(20/35)、42.1%(8/19)和 25.0%(2/8)。结论　部分中心型肺癌选择性进行肺叶或全肺切除的同时进行气管隆凸、支气管或肺血管成 形术是可行的,这种手术能最大限度地清除病灶和保留健肺,有利于延长生存期。     

Lobectomy with bronchoplastic procedures for lung cancer.

From April 1970 to October 1977, 19 patients with lung cancer of the upper lobar bronchus orifice underwent radical lobectomy with major bronchus resection. Sleeve lobectomy was accomplished in 11 cases and wedge lobectomy in the remaining 8. The length of the free bronchial margin in the surgical specimen was less than 1 cm in 3 cases, but limited pulmonary reserve did not allow pneumonectomy. Squamous carcinoma was diagnosed in 14 patients, adenocarcinoma in 2, oat-cell carcinoma in 2, and large cell carcinoma in one. Most cases (70%) were pathological stage I. There was one operative death due to anastomotic leakage (5%), and another patient required pneumonectomy completion. Of 13 patients with non oat-cell carcinoma and adequate bronchial resection, none had local recurrence: 3 patients developed distant metastases, and 10 are alive and disease-free after a follow-up period ranging from 16 to 104 months. The authors conclude that in selected lung cancer patients lobectomy with bronchoplastic procedures is superior to pneumonectomy for tissue sparing advantages.     

Gender differences in non-small cell lung cancer: a population-based study.

BACKGROUND: A retrospective study including all patients with non-small cell lung cancer carcinoma in a population-based registry was performed to characterize gender differences in lung cancer and to analyze the factors influencing prognosis in women. METHODS: We retrieved through the Tuscan Cancer Registry (RTT) archive 2,523 lung tumor cases diagnosed during the period 1996-1998 in the provinces of Florence and Prato, central Italy. We compared the prognosis within 464 non-small lung cancer women and 1,798 men in a population-based case series. The influence of the following variables on postoperative survival were analyzed: age, cell type, pathologic T and N status, site of tumor and type of surgical resection. RESULTS: The age at diagnosis was similar in women and in men. Women were significantly more likely to have adenocarcinoma but less likely to have squamous cell carcinoma compared with men. Fewer pneumonectomies were performed in women than in men. Nevertheless, prognosis was similar in both sexes and type of surgical resection was significant prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: Lung cancer was more frequent in men than in women, but overall survival is similar. Differences in lung cancer histology and rate of pneumonectomies were found between men and women.     

心包内处理血管治疗中心型肺癌

目的:与心包外全肺切除疗效对比,探讨心包内处理血管治疗中心型肺癌的临床疗效及价值。方法:1997年3月至2004年3月,对76例中心型肺癌患者进行了全肺切除术,对其中34例无法在心包外行全肺切除的患者,行心包内处理肺、动静脉全肺切除术,占同期全肺切除的44.7%(34/76)。结果:经心包内处理血管的患者无手术死亡,无支气管胸膜瘘发生;切缘癌阳性2例(5.9%),术后出现心慌、气短症状及心律失常6例,发生率18%。术后1年生存率85%,3年生存率32%,5年生存率21%。同期经心包外行全肺切除者,发生支气管胸膜瘘1例,切缘癌阳性2例(4.8%),术后出现心慌、气短症状及心律失常8例,发生率19%。术后1年生存率87%,3年生存率29%,5年生存率20%。结论:与心包外全肺切除相比,心包内处理血管全肺切除术可提高肺癌的切除率,提高患者的生存质量,延长患者的生存时间,手术安全可靠,是外科治疗中心型肺癌的有效手段。     

局部晚期非小细胞肺癌全肺切除术后放疗的临床分析

目的：探讨非小细胞肺癌（NSCLC）全肺切除术后放疗的可行性及预后因素。方法：对67例局部中晚期非小细胞肺癌全肺切除术后残端阳性和/或淋巴结残留的患者行放疗和/或化疗,统计其生存率、副反应及死因。结果：全组中位生存时间11个月,1年生存率50.0%,3年生存率14.0%,5年生存率5.0%。Log-rank检验显示临床分期和放疗剂量显著影响长期生存率和中位无进展生存时间。Cox多因素回归分析显示分期、放疗剂量为独立预后因素。结论：对于NSCLC全肺切除术患者行术后放疗是可行的,但有必要作进一步的随机研究,选择更合适的模式以提高其长期生存率。     

心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术治疗中晚期肺癌

 目的 总结心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术治疗Ⅲ期肺癌的经验。方法 对35例Ⅲ期肺癌患者行心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术的临床资料进行回顾分析。结果 全组患者无手术死亡。术后主要并发症发生率为34.3 %，术后1，3，5年生存率分别为75.2 %，35.8 %，21.3 %。结论 心包内处理肺血管全肺切除术是一种安全可靠的手术方法，可明显提高Ⅲ期肺癌的手术切除率，并可延长患者生命，改善其生活质量。     

Prognostic factors in non-small cell lung cancer surgery.

AIMS: Complete surgical resection of primary tumours remains the treatment with the greatest likelihood for survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although TNM stage is the most important prognostic parameter in NSCLC, additional parameters are required to explain the large variability in postoperative outcome. The present review aims at providing an overview of the currently known prognostic markers for postoperative outcome. METHODS: We performed an electronic literature search on the MEDLINE database to identify relevant studies describing the risk factors in NSCLC surgery. The references reported in all the identified studies were used for completion of the literature search. RESULTS: Poor pulmonary function, cardiovascular disease, male gender, advanced age, TNM stage, non-squamous cell histology, pneumonectomy, low hospital volume and little experience of the surgeon were identified as risk factors for postoperative outcome. However, with the exception of TNM stage and extent of resection, the literature demonstrates conflicting results on the prognostic power of most factors. The role of molecular biological factors, neoadjuvant treatment and adjuvant treatment is not well investigated yet. CONCLUSIONS: The advantage of knowing about the existence of comorbidity and prognostic risk factors may provide the clinician with the ability to identify poor prognostic patients and establish the most appropriate treatment strategy. The assessment of prognostic factors remains an area of active investigation and a promising field of research in optimising therapy of NSCLC patients.     

气管隆凸切除与重建术在肺癌治疗中的应用

背景与目的 手术治疗侵犯隆凸的肺癌需要实施隆凸的切除与重建。本研究的目的是总结和探讨气管隆凸切除与重建手术治疗肺癌侵犯气管隆凸的方法和疗效。方法 回顾性分析73例实行气管隆凸切除与重建术的肺癌患者，其中右全肺切除及隆凸切除22例，右全肺切除气管支气管成形14例，右全肺袖式切除12例，右上叶切除气管支气管成形15例，左全肺袖式切除2例，左全肺切除气管支气管成形8例。结果 本组姑息性手术4例。手术近期死亡4例（5．48％）。手术后1年、3年和5年的生存率分别为75．3％、63．0％和23．3％。结论 严格掌握手术适应证、精心作术前准备、选择适当手术方式和积极的围手术期处理可以提高手术的效果。     

Outcomes after repeated resection for recurrent pulmonary metastases from colorectal cancer

BackgroundIt remains controversial whether metastasectomy is still feasible in patients with pulmonary recurrence from colorectal cancer, after initial metastasectomy. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of repeated metastasectomy in these patients.Materials and methodsFrom 1995 to 2007, 202 patients had received a pulmonary metastasectomy from colorectal cancer at our institution. Over a median follow-up of 28.9 months, 48 patients received second metastasectomy (29 wedge resections, 5 segmentectomies, 13 lobectomies, and 1 completion pneumonectomy). The median disease-free interval was 9.6 months. Among these 48 patients, 28 showed pulmonary recurrence again and of those, 10 patients received third metastasectomy (two wedge resections, two segmentectomies, four lobectomies, and two completion pneumonectomies).ResultsThere was no postoperative mortality. Of the 48 patients who underwent second metastasectomy, overall and disease-free 5-year survivals were 79% and 49%, respectively, after second operation. Of the 10 patients who received third metastasectomy, overall survival was 78% at 5 years after last operation.ConclusionsRepeated resection after initial metastasectomy can be carried out safely and provides long-term survival in patients with recurrent pulmonary metastasis from colorectal cancer. Our findings indicate that close follow-up for the early detection of recurrence and parenchyma-saving resection can improve the results after repeated resection.     

心包内全肺切除术治疗晚期中央型肺癌

13例晚期中央型肺癌施行心包内全肺切除术,病程分期为T_3N_1M_05例,T_3N_2M_07例,T_3N_2M_11例.无手术死亡,术后效果满意.重点讨论了心包内全肺切除术的病例选择及手术适应征,手术方法及术后并发症的防治.我们认为心包内全肺切除术能使部分晚期中央型肺癌患者得到手术治疗,提高患者生存期,并给进行综合治疗提供了基础条件.     

肺动脉成形重建术治疗非小细胞中心型肺癌49例

目的:为了提高非小细胞中心型肺癌的手术切除率,减少全肺切除率并获得与全肺切除相同的手术彻底性。方法:用肺动脉成形或同时行支气管成形术治疗Ⅲ期非小细胞中心型肺癌49例,其中鳞癌43例,腺癌6例。左上叶袖状切除21例,右上叶6例,右中上叶22例。结果:本组无手术死亡,术后1例发生支气管胸膜瘘,余48例无并发症,术后1年及3年生存率分别为89%和39%。结论:肺动脉成形重建术的应用最大限度地切除了肿瘤组织,并最大限度地保留了肺功能。