黑龙江省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出分析

目的:测算黑龙江省农村家庭受灾难性卫生支出的影响,以了解贫困地区卫生服务利用的公平性,找出其政策支持的突破点。方法:采用2008年黑龙江省第四次卫生服务调查数据,利用灾难性卫生支出测算方法,测算全部家庭总体和按家庭收入5分组人群的家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率、平均差距和相对差距。结果:灾难性卫生支出发生率以最贫困组为最高、其次为次贫困组和中等收入组,相对差距以次富裕组为最高。结论:黑龙江省农村地区卫生服务利用公平性存在问题,解决的关键在于减少灾难性卫生支出对贫困人群的影响。     

湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出及其影响因素

目的了解湖北省农村地区家庭灾难性卫生支出状况及其相关影响因素,为政策制定提供依据。方法利用世界卫生组织推荐的算法计算灾难性卫生支出,运用卡方检验分析不同特征家庭灾难性卫生支出情况,采用二元logistic回归分析灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为9.71%,多因素分析显示家里有慢性病人(OR=2.06,95%CI:1.35~3.15)、经济状况较差(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.15~1.66)是灾难性卫生支出的危险因素。发生灾难性卫生支出的家庭因病致贫率较高(28.80%),但接受医疗卫生救助的比例较低(8.21%)。结论湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,政府应加强慢性病预防与控制、提高收入公平性、加强灾难性卫生支出家庭的医疗卫生救助。     

吸烟对我国家庭灾难性卫生支出影响研究：以山东省为例

目的：探究烟草使用对我国灾难性卫生支出的影响,为我国政府对烟草控制进行投资及制定有效的控烟政策提供依据。方法：基于2018年山东省国家第六次卫生服务调查数据,测算不同家庭类型在不同阈值下灾难性卫生支出的发生率、平均差距及相对差距,进一步剖析我国吸烟家庭烟草相关疾病分布状况。结果：2018年,山东省现吸烟家庭灾难性卫生支出的总体发生率为13.56%,平均差距、相对差距分别为4.61%、34.02%;家庭经济收入水平越低,灾难性卫生支出总体发生率就越高;农村现吸烟家庭的总体灾难性卫生支出发生率、平均差距、相对差距均高于城市家庭;发生灾难性卫生支出的现吸烟家庭患病以慢性病为主。结论：吸烟家庭灾难性卫生支出发生风险显著高于不吸烟家庭,尤其是农村家庭和低收入家庭。建议采取多样化的宣传手段强化控烟健康教育,重点加强农村地区烟草使用危害的宣传和进一步提高烟草税以削弱低收入群体的吸烟动机。     

新农合农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的影响研究——以湖北省孝昌县为例

目的:研究湖北省孝昌县农村居民灾难性卫生支出的发生情况及其影响因素。方法:采用多阶段分层随机抽样,抽取湖北省孝昌县3镇9村,共约1 168户家庭、4 468人,比较分析新农合补偿前后灾难性卫生支出的发生情况及其影响因素。结果:新农合补偿后,样本地区的灾难性卫生支出发生率、平均差距和相对差距均有所下降;灾难性卫生支出的影响因素有:家庭收入水平、家庭中有工作的成员的数量、家庭成员住院次数、家庭是否有慢性病患者。结论:孝昌县农村地区家庭随着收入水平的增加其灾难性卫生支出的发生率和严重程度均降低,减少该县农村地区灾难性卫生支出应该健全完善新农合对于慢性病门诊费用的补偿机制、降低低收入人群的医疗费用自付比例。     

农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素研究——基于2018年CHARLS数据

灾难性卫生支出是衡量健康公平性的重要指标.本文基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS),采用Logit、Tobit模型分别对农村贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率、发生强度进行分析.研究结果表明:我国农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为28.20％,平均强度为0.076,因病致贫率为32.40％.家庭规模较小...     

三种基本医疗保障制度改善灾难性卫生支出效果实证研究

目的:比较3种基本医疗保障制度改善灾难性卫生支出效果。方法:采用入户询问对样本人群进行调查,比较不同界定标准下3种医疗保障制度补偿前后灾难性卫生支出发生率和支出差距,采用集中指数比较不同经济水平家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率和支出差距的分布情况。结果:3种基本医疗保障制度均一定程度降低了家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率和支出差距,但不同制度间差异较大,公平性有待改善。结论:继续大力完善基本医疗保障制度,提高不同保障制度特别是新农合的公平性,多种方法提高家庭经济收入。     

安徽省农村居民灾难性卫生支出状况分析

目的：研究安徽省农村居民家庭灾难性卫生支出概况。方法：分析2009年安徽省样本地区新农合补偿前后居民家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率、灾难性卫生支出差距以及灾难性卫生支出集中指数的变化情况。结果：新农合补偿以后,样本地区灾难性卫生支出发生率、平均差距和相对差距均有所下降,而且灾难性卫生支出差距集中指数进一步向0靠近,提示平均差距在补偿后则进一步趋向平衡。结论：安徽省农村家庭现金卫生支出负担相对较重;灾难性卫生支出有从贫困家庭扩大到相对富裕家庭的趋势;新农合补偿降低了灾难性卫生支出的发生,但从整体上看作用有限。     

滕州市农村居民灾难性卫生支出影响因素研究

目的:研究滕州市农村居民灾难性卫生支出的密度和强度,分析灾难性卫生支出重要影响因素。方法:多阶段整群抽样调查181户家庭,二分类Logistic回归模型用来分析家庭灾难性卫生的影响因素。结果:在卫生支出占家庭支付能力40%时,滕州市农村家庭灾难性卫生发生率26.51%,家庭年纯收入、家庭内是否有慢性病患者、家庭是否负债是不同标准灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结论:贫困人群灾难性卫生支出率发生较高,需要进一步完善新农合医疗保障制度和加大中央财政转移支付力度,减少农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生。     

城乡居民医保整合对农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的影响研究

目的：评估城乡居民医保整合对改善农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的作用,有针对性的提出城乡居民医保整合的优化策略。方法：基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2010-2018年5期追踪数据,采用双重差分倾向得分匹配模型检验城乡居民医保整合对农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的影响。结果：城乡居民医保整合显著降低了农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生率,健康水平、人力资本支出、家庭资产积累是重要的作用渠道。结论：建议持续推进城乡居民医保整合、因地制宜制定医保统筹政策、将灾难性卫生支出纳入农村居民返贫致贫监测预警指标体系。     

卫生筹资公平性及其影响因素分析：以陕西省B市为例

目的:评价B市卫生筹资总体公平性程度,比较不同筹资方式的公平性,探寻影响家庭发生灾难性支出的主要因素.方法:卫生筹资公平性指数法、卫生筹资累进性分析方法、家庭灾难性卫生支出及Logistic回归分析.结果:(1)B市中低收入家庭组的总体公平性程度较差. (2)税收、社会保险、现金支付方式3种卫生筹资方式都表现出累进性. (3)家庭老龄人口数、家庭收入、家庭支出以及现金卫生支出是影响家庭灾难性支出发生与否的主要因素.结论:(1)扩大社会医疗保险覆盖面、为灾难性支出家庭设立专项医疗救助基金. (2)加强政府在卫生筹资中的主导作用,拓宽卫生筹资渠道.     

灾难性卫生支出分析方法研究

“灾难性卫生支出分析方法”是《卫生领域公平性系列研究方法》的组成部分。该研究在借鉴国际研究成果的基础上，结合我国实际情况对其分析方法进行探索性研究，旨在从卫生筹资公平性角度，详细阐述灾难性卫生支出的基本概念和分析方法。     

Payments for health care and its effect on catastrophe and impoverishment: Experience from the transition to Universal Coverage in Thailand

Equitable health financing was embodied in the reform strategies of Thailand's health care system when the country moved towards implementing the Universal Coverage (UC) policy in 2001. This study aimed to measure the pattern of household out-of-pocket payments for health care and to examine the financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to such payments during the transitional period (pre- and post-Universal Coverage policy implementation) in Thailand. This study used the nationally representative Socioeconomic Surveys in 2000 (pre-UC), 2002, and 2004 (post-UC), which contained data from 24747, 34758 and 34843 individual households, respectively. The proportion of out-of-pocket payments for health care as a share of household living standards among Thai households shows a decreasing pattern during the observed period. Moreover, the incidence and intensity of catastrophic payments for health care decline from the pre-UC to post-UC period. The distribution of incidence and the intensity of catastrophic payments for health care across quintiles also indicate that the lower quintile group (1st and 2nd quintiles) incurs lower catastrophic health care payments compared to the higher quintile group. The UC policy is also effective in preventing impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care since both the poverty headcount and poverty gap decline from the pre-UC to post-UC period.This study provides important evidence that the UC policy implementation is a valuable social protection and safety net strategy that contributes to the prevention of financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care. In conclusion, the UC policy in Thailand achieves one of the goals of improving the health system through equitable health care financing by reducing financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care.     

Payments for health care and its effect on catastrophe and impoverishment: experience from the transition to Universal Coverage in Thailand

Equitable health financing was embodied in the reform strategies of Thailand's health care system when the country moved towards implementing the Universal Coverage (UC) policy in 2001. This study aimed to measure the pattern of household out-of-pocket payments for health care and to examine the financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to such payments during the transitional period (pre- and post-Universal Coverage policy implementation) in Thailand. This study used the nationally representative Socioeconomic Surveys in 2000 (pre-UC), 2002, and 2004 (post-UC), which contained data from 24747, 34758 and 34843 individual households, respectively. The proportion of out-of-pocket payments for health care as a share of household living standards among Thai households shows a decreasing pattern during the observed period. Moreover, the incidence and intensity of catastrophic payments for health care decline from the pre-UC to post-UC period. The distribution of incidence and the intensity of catastrophic payments for health care across quintiles also indicate that the lower quintile group (1st and 2nd quintiles) incurs lower catastrophic health care payments compared to the higher quintile group. The UC policy is also effective in preventing impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care since both the poverty headcount and poverty gap decline from the pre-UC to post-UC period. This study provides important evidence that the UC policy implementation is a valuable social protection and safety net strategy that contributes to the prevention of financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care. In conclusion, the UC policy in Thailand achieves one of the goals of improving the health system through equitable health care financing by reducing financial catastrophe and impoverishment due to out-of-pocket payments for health care.     

Combined social and private health insurance versus catastrophic out of pocket payments for private hospital care in Greece

The high level of out of pocket (OOP) payments constitutes a major concern for Greece and several other European and OECD countries as a result of the significant down turning of their public health finances due to the 2008 financial crisis. The basic objective of this study is to provide empirical evidence on the effect of combining social health insurance (SHI) and private health insurance (PHI) on OOP payments. Further, this study examines the catastrophic impact of OOP payments on insured’s welfare using the incidence and intensity methodological approach of measuring catastrophic health care expenditures. Conducting a cross-sectional survey in Greece in 2013, we find that the combination of SHI–PHI has a strong negative influence on insured OOP payments for inpatient health care in private hospitals. Furthermore, our results indicate that SHI coverage is not sufficient by itself to manage with this issue. Moreover, we find that poor people present a greater tendency to incur catastrophic OOP expenditures for hospital health care in private providers. Drawing evidence from Greece, a country with huge fiscal problems that has suffered the consequences of the economic crisis more than any other, could be a starting point for policymakers to consider the perspective of SHI–PHI co-operation against OOP payments more seriously.     

某市新型农村合作医疗卫生服务利用公平性分析

目的探讨新型农村合作医疗的卫生筹资公平性及其影响因素,为相关部门完善新农合制度提供科学依据。方法采用WHO在（（2000年世界卫生报告》中所介绍的卫生筹资贡献率（HFC）、卫生筹资公平性指数（FFC）、灾难性卫生支出（CEH）来评价。结果HFC为17．3％,FFC为0．30;安宁市农民家庭新农合筹资公平性低于国内平均水平;影响家庭灾难性卫生支出的因素主要是家庭年收入。结论新型农村合作医疗制度应适当向低收入人群倾斜,以提高其筹资公平性。     

山东省卫生资源配置公平性及预测研究

目的 对山东省2016—2020年卫生资源配置公平性进行分析,比较其区域之间的差异,结合2021—2025年卫生资源发展趋势预测,为卫生资源合理配置提供参考。方法 以差别指数和集聚度分析山东省卫生资源配置的公平性,以灰色预测模型预测2021—2025年山东省卫生资源发展趋势。结果 差别指数下,山东省整体卫生资源配置公平性逐年趋优,各类卫生资源按人口分布的差别指数在0.03～0.09之间,按地理分布的差别指数在0.11～0.16之间,人口公平性优于地理公平性。集聚度下,存在东部区域各类卫生资源HRAD均小于1,按地理配置的公平性较差;西部区域各类卫生资源HRAD - PAD的差值小于0,按人口配置的公平性较差,不同区域之间卫生资源配置不合理。预测结果显示,2025年山东省每千人口医疗机构床位数为7.38张,低于7.5张的预期要求,注册护士数较医师数年增长缓慢。床位、注册护士数量仍有待优化。结论 为促进山东省卫生资源配置公平,要综合考量人口公平与地理公平,使卫生人力资源与卫生物力资源均衡发展,采取措施改善各区域间各类卫生资源配置的不合理。     

Catastrophic payments for health care in Asia

Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments are the principal means of financing health care throughout much of Asia. We estimate the magnitude and distribution of OOP payments for health care in fourteen countries and territories accounting for 81% of the Asian population. We focus on payments that are catastrophic, in the sense of severely disrupting household living standards, and approximate such payments by those absorbing a large fraction of household resources. Bangladesh, China, India, Nepal and Vietnam rely most heavily on OOP financing and have the highest incidence of catastrophic payments. Sri Lanka, Thailand and Malaysia stand out as low to middle income countries that have constrained both the OOP share of health financing and the catastrophic impact of direct payments. In most low/middle-income countries, the better-off are more likely to spend a large fraction of total household resources on health care. This may reflect the inability of the poorest of the poor to divert resources from other basic needs and possibly the protection of the poor from user charges offered in some countries. But in China, Kyrgyz and Vietnam, where there are no exemptions of the poor from charges, they are as, or even more, likely to incur catastrophic payments.     

广西卫生资源配置公平性分析

目的：对2005—2011年广西卫生资源配置状况及公平性进行分析。方法：采用描述性分析及基尼系数法分析广西不同时期卫生资源配置状况及公平性。结果：2005—2011年广西卫生资源数量呈总体上升的趋势;按人口及按地理面积配置的社区卫生服务中心和卫生事业费的基尼系数总体在0.4以上,其余基尼系数总体小于0.4。结论：当前广西卫生资源已有相当规模。社区卫生服务中心和卫生事业费的公平性较差,其余类别卫生资源公平性合理或较佳。     

Catastrophe and impoverishment in paying for health care: with applications to Vietnam 1993-1998

This paper presents and compares two threshold approaches to measuring the fairness of health care payments, one requiring that payments do not exceed a pre-specified proportion of pre-payment income, the other that they do not drive households into poverty. We develop indices for 'catastrophe' that capture the intensity of catastrophe as well as its incidence and also allow the analyst to capture the degree to which catastrophic payments occur disproportionately among poor households. Measures of poverty impact capturing both intensity and incidence are also developed. The arguments and methods are empirically illustrated with data on out-of-pocket payments from Vietnam in 1993 and 1998. This is not an uninteresting application given that 80% of health spending in that country was paid out-of-pocket in 1998. We find that the incidence and intensity of 'catastrophic' payments - both in terms of pre-payment income as well as ability to pay - were reduced between 1993 and 1998, and that both incidence and intensity of 'catastrophe' became less concentrated among the poor. We also find that the incidence and intensity of the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments diminished over the period in question. Finally, we find that the poverty impact of out-of-pocket payments is primarily due to poor people becoming even poorer rather than the non-poor being made poor, and that it was not expenses associated with inpatient care that increased poverty but rather non-hospital expenditures.     

大病医疗保障制度的国际经验及启示

为缓解重大疾病带来的沉重负担,国际上绝大多数发达国家都建立了不同模式的大病医疗保障制度,主要有商业医疗保险主导,国家医疗保险主导,社会医疗保险主导三种基本模式。考虑国际上典型国家的大病保障均以本国医疗保障制度为基础,本研究通过介绍三种模式下典型国家医疗保障体系的历史背景、制度框架等内容,分析其对重大疾病的保障模式与特点,总结各国在降低患者自付费用、控制医保付费水平、提高医疗服务质量和效率的相关经验,进而建议我国在制定大病保障政策时,注意采用综合控费措施,降低患者自付费用;转变医保支付方式,控制医保付费水平;加强运行监管,提高医疗质量和效率。