接铅男工副性腺分泌功能研究

对154名男工所作的研究表明,接触组男工平均血铅和精铅浓度分别为2.09和2.20μmol/L,明显高于对照组(1.07和0.90μmol/L),有显著性差异(P<0.05)。接触组一次射精精液中果糖总量为36.60mmol,明显低于对照组(50.37mmol),有显著性差异(P<0.05)。而接触组精浆中镁的浓度明显低于对照组,分别为1.60和2.03mmol/L(P<0.05)。接触工人精浆中柠檬酸、果糖、锌的浓度分别为32.01mmol/L、14.27mmol/L和3.82mmol/L,对照组分别为30.22mmol/L,15.58mmol/L和3.72mmol/L,两组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,接触组一次射精精液中柠檬酸和锌总量略有下降,接触组分别为81.74mmol、9.93μmol,对照组为91.87mmol、11.29μmol,但差异无统计学显著性(P>0.05);以上结果提示:铅接触可影响前列腺、精囊等副性腺的正常分泌功能,是造成精液质量下降的可能原因之一。     

血清微量元素与婴幼儿佝偻病的关系探讨

目的 探讨血清微量元素与维生素D缺乏性佝偻病的相关性.方法 选择佝偻病婴幼儿117例(佝偻病组)和健康婴幼儿108例(健康组),采用原子吸收光谱仪测定血清钙、镁、锌、铁、铜水平,钨舟光谱仪测定血清铅水平.结果 佝偻病组血清钙、锌、铁水平[分别为(1.614±0.121)mmol/L、(55.632±11.858)μmol/L、(7.182±0.664) mmol/L]明显低于健康组[分别为(1.711±0.178)mmol/L、(65.770±13.123)μmol/L、(7.456±0.711) mmol/L],而血清铅水平明显高于健康组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);佝偻病组血清镁水平稍高于健康组,但两组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);两组血清铜水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 低钙、低锌、低铁和高铅可能参与了佝偻病的发病及骨骼改变,佝偻病婴幼儿应常规检测血清微量元素,在佝偻病治疗过程中除补充维生素D和钙剂外,还应注意锌、铁元素的补充,必要时排铅.     

铅作业工人机体中某些微量元素含量变化的分析

目的:探讨长期接触铅烟作业工人机体中某些微量元素含量的变化。方法:采用原子吸收分光光度计测定铅接触工人和对照工人血液中铅、锌、铜、铁含量和尿液中铅含量。结果:铅接触工人尿液中铅的含量与血铅呈显著性正相关(P<0.01)。当血铅平均值在2.1μmol/L以上时,血液中锌、铜、铁含量出现不同程度的降低。结论:长期接触铅烟的作业工人,血铅、尿铅呈明显的增高,且引发机体必需微量元素锌和铁含量发生变化。     

桑植地区儿童血液中锌、铁、铜、钙、镁含量分析

目的检测桑植地区儿童血液中锌、铁、铜、钙、镁5种微量元素的含量,研究本地区不同年龄、性别儿童中血液中5种微量元素含量的差异和相关性。为指导儿童合理补充营养及相关疾病的诊断和治疗提供依据。方法采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(FAAS)检测2003年1月-2006年12月间,来本院就诊的1750名儿童血液中锌、铁、铜、钙、镁5种微量元素的含量。结果儿童血液中锌、铁、铜、钙、镁5种微量元素的含量均值分别为(46.33±14.82)μmol/L、(8.26±1.61)mmol/L、(24.47±8.84)μmol/L、(1.42±0.12)mmol/L、(4.37±0.18)mmol/L。锌、钙含量低于正常对照值,且有显著性差异(P<0.05)。铜、铁、镁与正常对照无差异。不同性别儿童的6种微量元素水平均无显著性差异。结论本地区儿童血液中钙、锌元素普遍缺乏。     

佝偻病幼儿的血微量元素分析

为了明确婴幼儿佝偻病和血微量元素锌、铁、铜、钙、镁、铅水平的关系,以2003~2004年就诊的佝偻病婴幼儿120例为研究组,随机选择同一时期进行常规保健的健康婴幼儿100例为对照组,用等离子体原子发射光谱法对两组小儿进行了血锌、铁、铜、钙、镁、铅含量测定。结果表明,佝偻病组血锌(8.32±2.65)μmol/L,与对照组相比差异明显(P<0.05);血铁(9.60±2.45)μmol/L,血铅(0.42±0.14)μmol/L,与对照组相比差异明显(P<0.05)。可见佝偻病婴幼儿钙元素比较无明显差异且多伴有锌、铁缺乏和血铅偏高。     

矮身材儿童血清微量元素分析

目的 了解儿童血清铜、锌、钙、铗、铁对身高发育的影响.方法 测定符合矮身材诊断标准的儿童血清中铜、锌、钙、镬、铁的含量并与正常对照组比较分析.结果 矮身材组儿童血清铜、锌、钙、铗、铁分别为17.65±4.02μmol/L、70.62±18.82μmol/L、1.53±0.13mmol/L、1.37±0.08mmol/L、7.20±0.94mmol/L;除血清铜外,其余4种元素明显低于正常对照组,经比较有非常显著性差异(t值分别为6.317、9.254、14.036、9.035,均P<0.001).矮身材组儿童血清锌、铁、钙低于正常值下限的百分率分别为45.65%、30.43%、41.30%,明显高于正常对照组,经比较有显著性差异(X2分别为8.527、2.826、5.158,均P<0.05).不同性别矮身材儿童血清5元素低于正常值百分率经比较无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 血清锌、钙、镁、铁影响儿童的生长发育,对矮身材儿童应在明确病因的同时检测及补充缺乏的微量元素.     

北京市海淀区10岁儿童全血5种元素水平分析

目的 了解北京市海淀区10岁儿童全血5种元素水平及缺乏情况,探讨该年龄儿童元素缺乏的综合防治措施.方法 2008年3-6月采用随机抽样的方法,选取北京市海淀区79所小学10岁儿童作为研究对象,其中男生3 654名,女生3 376名.取研究对象指血40μL,采用原子吸收光谱法测定其中的钙、镁、铜、锌、铁5种元素水平.结果 7 030名10岁儿童全血钙、镁、铜、锌、铁5种元素平均水平分别是(1.89±3.61)mmol/L,(1.62±3.64)mmol/L,(21.40±3.43)μmol/L,(88.78±22.46)/～mol/L,(8.48±12.33)mmol/L.儿童全血中镁和铜的性别差异有统计学意义,男生均高于女生;钙、锌、铁的性别差异无统计学意义.儿童血中锌和铁元素缺乏情况严重,缺乏率分别为19.76%和10.88%;钙、镁、铜3种元素缺乏率较低.结论 海淀区10岁儿童血中微量元素锌、铁缺乏较严重,应作为今后开展预防保健工作的重点.     

铅作业工人血液及精液中某些无机离子含量分析

检查了１名接铅工人和３５名非接铅工人的血液和精液。接铅组血铅（ＢＰｂ）、血镉（ＢＣｄ）、血钙（ＢＣａ）、血镁（ＢＭｇ、血铜（ＢＣｕ均明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）；接铅组精液铅（ＳＰｂ）明显高于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），而精镉（ＳＣｄ）、精镁（ＳＭｇ）均明显低于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）；两组工人的精铅（ＳＰｂ）、精钙（ＳＣａ）、精锌（ＳＺｎ）、精镁（ＳＭｇ）均明显高于血液中含量（Ｐ＜０．０１）；而精镉（ＳＣｄ）明显低于血幅（Ｐ＜０．０１）。     

男性不育患者血液和精液中微量元素含量分析及相关性研究

目的研究不育男性患者血液和精液中微量元素含量与男性不育的关系。方法将500例不育患者分成实验1、实验2、实验3共3个组别。采用西班牙SCA精子自动检测分析仪、原子吸收光谱仪、7170A全自动生化分析仪,对不育患者和103例正常生育男性的精液进行常规分析,并对其血液和精液中的微量元素进行检测。比较各组间血液和精液中微量元素的含量及各组间血液和精液中微量元素含量的相关性。结果①实验1组血液中镉、铜含量偏高,锌含量偏低,差异有统计学意义;实验2组血液中镉、铜含量偏高,差异有统计学意义;实验3组血液中铜含量偏高,差异有统计学意义。②实验1、2组精液中镉、铜含量偏高,锌含量偏低;实验3组精液中镉、铜含量偏高,差异有统计学意义。③血液和精液中微量元素的相关性:实验1组镉、锌、铜、铁含量呈显著正相关,钙、镁无相关性;实验2组镉、锌、铜含量显著相关,铁、钙、镁无相关性;实验3组镉含量显著相关,锌、铜、铁、钙、镁无相关性。结论血液和精液中微量元素含量过高或过低都会导致男性不育的发生。     

深圳市母乳中矿物质含量及重金属负荷水平研究

目的了解深圳市初产、顺产妇的乳汁中8种矿物质(钙、钾、钠、镁和微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜)含量和3种有毒元素(铅、砷、镉)负荷水平,以评估该地婴儿8种常量元素和微量元素的营养状况和3种有毒元素污染水平。方法于2007年7～10月采集在深圳生活5年以上20～35岁的初产妇产后3周～2月龄的母乳共60份,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法及电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定母乳中的常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁和微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜及有毒元素铅、砷、镉的含量。结果所测母乳的8种矿物质和重金属中,常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁的平均含量分别是280.22、498.61、188.65和28.31mg/L,微量元素锌、铁、硒、铜的平均含量分别是2.29mg/L、358.88μg/L、8.28μg/L和339.16μg/L,铅的平均含量是2.13μg/L。砷和镉的含量均小于0.005μg/L。结论与国际原子能机构的标准及国内的一些地区调查结果比较,深圳地区母乳中常量元素钙、钾、钠、镁和锌、铁、铜7种矿物质的平均含量基本合理,砷、镉的污染水平低,但是存在微量元素硒的缺乏和重金属铅的污染。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.