GnRH激动剂主动免疫对GnRHR在腺垂体与子宫表达及分布的作用研究

目的探讨GnRH激动剂主动免疫对绵羊腺垂体与子宫GnRHR表达及分布的影响,为深入研究GnRH-A调节生殖功能的机理及合理应用提供依据。方法 28只5～6月龄健康母绵羊(Ovis aries)随机分为4组(n=7),实验Ⅰ组(EG-Ⅰ)、实验Ⅱ组(EG-Ⅱ)和实验Ⅲ组(EG-Ⅲ)于0 d和14 d分别皮下注射阿拉瑞林抗原200μg、300μg和400μg(0 d和14 d各1次);对照组(CG)皮下注射2.0 ml药物的溶媒(0 d和14 d各1次)。各组于70 d无菌切取腺垂体和子宫。提取腺垂体总RNA,实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)检测GnRHR mRNA表达的变化,Western blotting分析子宫GnRHR蛋白表达,免疫组织化学SP法染色检测GnRHR表达的变化。结果 EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ腺垂体GnRHR mRNA表达量均低于对照组,以EG-Ⅲ最小(P<0.01)。与CG相比,EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ子宫GnRHR蛋白表达水平分别减少3.46%、4.90%和24.78%(P<0.05)。子宫组织中有GnRHR分布主要见于子宫内膜细胞和子宫腺上皮细胞的胞质和胞核,EG-Ⅲ灰度值显著低于CG(P<0.05)。结论 GnRH激动剂主动免疫可以剂量依赖性地抑制垂体GnRHR mRNA和子宫组织中GnRHR蛋白的表达。GnRHR主要分布在子宫内膜上皮细胞和腺上皮细胞的胞核和胞质,GnRHR激动剂免疫对子宫中GnRHR的分布具有抑制作用。     

GnRH激动剂主动免疫母羊对生殖激素分泌的作用

目的:探讨GnRH激动剂(GnRHa)主动免疫对绵羊生殖激素合成与分泌的作用,并深入研究GnRH-A免疫调节动物生殖功能的机理。方法:42只5～6月龄母绵羊(Ovis aries)随机分为6组(n=7),EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ分别于0和14天皮下注射阿拉瑞林抗原200、300和400μg;EG-Ⅳ和EG-Ⅴ分别皮下注射阿拉瑞林抗原200、300、0、7、14和21天各一次,共4次;对照组在0和14天皮下注射抗原溶媒(除不用阿拉瑞林外,其余成分和制备方法与阿拉瑞林抗原相同)2.0 ml。无菌采集不同时段的血液,分离血清。以ELISA测定血清GnRH抗体浓度,用激素检测试剂盒(ELISA)分别测定血清GnRH、FSH、LH和E2浓度。结果:①阿拉瑞林首次免疫7天后,各实验组的抗体浓度逐渐升高,EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ分别在28、28和35天达到峰值(P<0.05),EG-IV和EG-V则在在45天达到峰值(P<0.01),至60天时仍明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。14～60天间EG-IV和EG-V抗体浓度均高于EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ(P<0.05)。②EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ的GnRH在21和28天抵谷值(P<0.05),EG-Ⅲ、EG-Ⅳ和EG-Ⅴ则在45天抵谷值(P<0.01),且以EG-Ⅴ为最低。谷值之后逐渐上升趋势,70天时达到免疫注射前水平。③实验组血清FSH浓度始终高于对照组(P<0.05)。EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ于28、28和35天达到峰值(P<0.05),而EG-IV和EG-V在60天达到高峰值(P<0.01)。④实验组绵羊血清LH呈下降趋势,EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ分别在21、21和28天达到谷值(P<0.01),EG-Ⅳ和EG-Ⅴ在35天达到谷值(P<0.01)。35天时EG-Ⅳ和EG-Ⅴ低于EG-Ⅰ、EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ。⑤各组的血清E2含量无显著差异。结论:GnRH激动剂(阿拉瑞林)抗原主动免疫可促进GnRH抗体的生成,抑制母羊GnRH和LH的合成与分泌,增强FSH的合成与分泌,且随着注射剂量和注射次数的增加,这种作用更加明显,而对血清E2无明显影响。     

GnRH-A主动免疫公兔对垂体GnRHR、FSH-β和LH-β基因表达的影响

目的探讨GnRH-A激动剂(阿拉瑞林)主动免疫对公兔的去势效果和垂体GnRHR、FSH-β和LH-βmRNA表达的影响。方法 30只日本大耳白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)随机分为三组(n=10),在实验1组(EG-Ⅰ)和实验2组(EG-Ⅱ)颈部皮下注射1.0mL(100μg/mL)阿拉瑞林抗原乳剂EG-Ⅱ于20d以相同剂量重复注射1次,用荧光定量PCR分析垂体中GnRHR、FSH-β和LH-β mRNA的表达,并测定GnRHR的核苷酸序列。结果 EG-Ⅰ和EG-ⅡGnRH抗体水平高于对照组(P0.05),EG-Ⅱ在49d达到峰值,显著高于EG-Ⅰ(P0.05)和对照组(P0.01),而后开始逐渐下降。28d以后,EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅰ血清睾酮浓度低于对照组(P0.05),且EG-Ⅱ低于EG-Ⅰ(P0.01);公兔GnRHR的核苷酸为1179bp,同源性达96%。结论阿拉瑞林免疫可以明显提高血清GnRH抗体水平,降低垂体GnRHR、FSH-β和LH-β基因表达,减少睾酮的合成与分泌,从而导致性器官发育受阻,具有明显的作用,加强免疫效果更佳。     

GnRH及其受体在兔卵巢和子宫的分布

目的探讨GnRH与其受体(GnRHR)在卵巢和子宫组织中的分布,研究GnRH-A(激动剂Alarelin)主动免疫对GnRH和GnRHR分布的影响。方法 24只日本大耳白雌兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)随机分为4组(n=6),实验组和对照组。其中实验1组(EG-1)、实验2组(EG-2)和实验3组(EG-3)分别在兔颈背侧皮下注射1.0m(l100μg/ml、100μg/ml和50μg/ml)GnRH-A抗原,EG-2和EG-3于20d以原剂量加强注射1次,102d无菌采集垂体、卵巢和子宫。用SP法染色,图像分析技术进行定位与分析。结果卵巢和子宫均有GnRH和GnRHR阳性细胞分布,主要见于卵母细胞、卵泡细胞、子宫内膜上皮细胞和腺上皮细胞;GnRH-A的剂量不同,GnRH和GnRH阳性细胞的染色强度也不同,即GnRHR和GnRH的表达量不同。GnRH-A能增加GnRH和GnRH的分布与表达,EG-2的作用更为明显。结论卵巢和子宫中均有GnRH和GnRHR细胞分布,GnRH-A免疫能增强GnRH和GnRHR的表达。     

GnRHa主动免疫对幼鼠子宫发育的作用

目的探讨促性腺激素释放激素激动剂(GnRHa)主动免疫对幼鼠子宫发育的作用。方法 60只昆明雌鼠随机均分为四组,分别颈部皮下注射不同剂量阿拉瑞林抗原,各组均连续注射7 d。在0 d、7 d、14 d和21 d测定体重,于21 d处理小鼠,显微镜观察子宫的组织结构变化,并用Motic imagles软件测定分析图像数据。结果阿拉瑞林能明显抑制子宫的发育,且剂量越大作用越明显。EG-Ⅲ的UWT明显缩小(P<0.05);实验组EET均小于对照组(P<0.05)。EG-Ⅰ子宫腔轻度缩小;EG-Ⅱ子宫腔和腺体管腔缩小,子宫管壁明显变薄;内膜皱襞减少,上皮变薄;EG-Ⅲ子宫壁变薄,子宫腺减少,内膜细胞胞核变小,上皮变薄,胞质明显减少。结论阿拉瑞林主动免疫能显著抑制幼鼠的子宫发育,且连续重复免疫对小鼠具有毒性作用,剂量越大,作用越明显。     

GnRH-A促进雌兔FSH与LH分泌及卵巢发育的作用

目的探讨GnRH类似物(GnRH-A)对FSH与LH分泌及卵巢发育的影响,及GnRH-A调节生育的机制。方法 24只雌兔均分为实验Ⅰ组(EG-Ⅰ)、Ⅱ组(EG-Ⅱ)、Ⅲ组(EG-Ⅲ)和对照组(CG)(n=6),实验组分别于颈背侧皮下注射0.1、0.1和0.05 g/L GnRH-A抗原1.0 mL,EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ组于20 d加强注射1次。ELISA法测定血清FSH和LH含量。于70 d无菌切取卵巢,光镜和电镜观察。结果 40 d时EG-Ⅱ和EG-Ⅲ组血清FSH和LH浓度均达到峰值,明显高于EG-Ⅰ和CG组的FSH和LH(P<0.01),且EG-Ⅱ组高于EG-Ⅲ组(P<0.05)。EG-Ⅱ组和EG-Ⅲ组卵巢皮质变厚,卵泡纵径和横径均增大,且与剂量相关。实验组卵巢卵泡数增加,生长加快。细胞核、线粒体和线粒体嵴变大,细胞质中的皮质颗粒和分泌物增多,透明带和微绒毛变大。结论 GnRH-A能促进FSH和LH的合成及卵巢与卵泡的发育,加强注射效果更明显。     

GnRH-A免疫对GnRHR、FSH-β和LH-β表达及生物信息学特性的影响

目的:探讨GnRH-A主动免疫对垂体GnRHR、FSHβ-和LHβ-基因表达和生物信息学特性的影响,进而研究GnRH-A的作用机理。方法:30只日本大耳白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)随机均分为三组,在EG-Ⅰ和EG-Ⅱ皮下注射1.0 ml(100μg/ml)GnRH-A抗原,EG-Ⅱ于20天以相同剂量加强免疫一次,对照组不做任何处理。70天颈动脉放血致死实验兔,无菌采集垂体。从兔垂体中提取总RNA,GnRHR,FSHβ-和LHβ-mRNA基因扩增、克隆和测序,实时荧光定量PCR分析mRNA基因的表达。用DNAMAN、Tmpred、SignalP、TargetP、Expasy等生物信息学分析软件和在线工具,对GnRHR序列和蛋白的理化特性、跨膜结构、信号肽及二级结构等进行分析和预测。结果:EG-Ⅰ和EG-Ⅱ的GnRHR mRNA低于对照组(P<0.01),EG-Ⅱ又低于EG-Ⅰ(P<0.05);EG-Ⅰ和EG-ⅡFSHβ-mRNA和LHβ-mRNA极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),EG-Ⅰ与EG-Ⅱ间也具有显著差异(P<0.05)。GnRHR核苷酸为1 179 bp,与NM-001082738的同源性达96%,核苷酸中含A 28.7%,C 24.9%,G 19.0%,T 27.5%。Gn-RHR的线粒体转运肽、信号肽及转运肽长度发生了明显改变。与NM-001082738的比较显示,GnRHR mRNA的核苷酸、氨基酸、分子量、脂肪指数和平均疏水性均变小,而不稳定指数、α螺旋和β折叠数均增加。结论:GnRH-A免疫可明显降低雄兔垂体GnRHR、FSHβ-和LHβ-mRNA基因的表达,而且对GnRHR的生物信息学特性具有一定的影响,加强免疫作用更明显;GnRHR是一种含有信号肽的不稳定的疏水性跨膜蛋白。     

重组GnRH主动免疫公猪的效果及对垂体GnRH受体、FSHβ和LHβ基因表达的影响

目的:探讨重组GnRH六聚体-麦芽糖结合蛋白(MBP-GnRH-6)主动免疫的去势效果和对垂体GnRH受体、FSHβ和LHβ mRNA的影响.方法:7头公猪在9周龄时用重组GnRH主动免疫,放免法测血清睾酮浓度,ELISA法测抗体效价,实时荧光定量PCR分析垂体中GnRH受体、FSHβ和LHβ mRNA的变化.结果:重组MBP-GnRH-6主动免疫公猪后,血清GnRH抗体效价显著上升,且降低了外周血清睾酮浓度(P＜0.05),睾丸重量也明显下降((P＜0.01),组织切片显示,曲细精管仅有少数退化的精原细胞.免疫组公猪垂体中FSHβ mRNA和LHβ mRNA显著下降(P＜0.05),GnRH受体mRNA与阉割公猪相比差异显著(P＜0.05),但是与未阉割公猪相比差异不显著(P＞0.05).结论:公猪接种重组MBP-GnRH-6能诱发免疫反应,中和内源GnRH的生物活性,降低了垂体GnRH受体、FSHβ和LHβ基因表达,且抑制睾酮的合成,从而导致性器官发育受阻.     

被动吸烟下调大鼠卵泡刺激素、黄体生成素、促性腺激素释放激素及其受体的表达

目的 研究被动吸烟对Wistar大鼠卵巢结构、激素受体及血清中激素的影响. 方法 Wistar大鼠32只,分为实验组和对照组(各16只).实验组大鼠吸烟3个月,对照组不予吸烟,3个月后处死大鼠.光镜及电镜下观察各组大鼠卵巢结构的改变,免疫组织化学染色检测激素受体的改变,酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清中激素的改变情况. 结果 实验组大鼠卵巢髓质血管收缩、减少,间质疏松.卵巢颗粒细胞内线粒体水样变、空泡样变,线粒体嵴断裂、模糊;粗面内质网脱颗粒样变.血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)、黄体生成素(LH)、促性腺激素释放激素(GnRH)水平比对照组显著降低,其浓度值比较差异有显著性(P＜0.01,P＜0.05,P＜0.05).实验组大鼠卵巢组织中卵泡刺激素受体(FSHR)、黄体生成素受体(LHR)的表达显著低于对照组(P＜0.01,P＜0.05). 结论 被动吸烟可使大鼠血清中FSH、LH及GnRH水平明显降低,大鼠卵巢中FSHR及LHR的表达减少,提示被动吸烟可破坏卵巢的结构及功能,引起生殖内分泌失调.     

光照应激对SD大鼠胃促性腺激素释放激素受体表达的影响

目的 观察光照应激状态下SD大鼠胃内促性腺激素释放激素受体（GnRHR）的表达变化。 方法 建立SD大鼠光照应激模型(共64只,实验组与对照组各32只),24h持续光照,分别取光照1d、2d、3d、4d、1周、2周、3周、4周和相应对照组大鼠的胃,采用免疫组织化学、Western blotting和实时PCR法检测GnRHR在各时间段大鼠胃黏膜中的定位及蛋白和mRNA的表达变化。 结果 GnRHR阳性细胞广泛分布于大鼠胃底腺壁细胞中,在对照组和实验组中的定位无差异。实验组大鼠的GnRHR蛋白表达水平高于其相应的对照组。持续光照1～4周后,实验组与其对照组相比差异显著（P<0.05）;当持续光照2周时,GnRHR的表达至最高水平,与其对照组相比,差异极显著（P<0.01）。实验组大鼠胃GnRHR mRNA表达水平高于对照组,持续光照3～4周后,实验组大鼠胃GnRHR mRNA表达水平显著增加（P<0.05）。 结论 光照应激可以影响消化道内GnRHR的表达,提示GnRH通过其受体介导,对消化功能具有潜在的生理调节功能。GnRH除参与消化道正常生理功能外,可能还是一种参与应激反应的激素。     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...