骨组织工程的种子细胞--骨髓基质细胞的研究进展

骨髓基质细胞作为骨组织工程的种子细胞具有广阔前景.许多实验证实骨髓基质细胞具有间充质干细胞特性,表现为较强的增殖能力和向多种间充质细胞分化的潜能.目前已建立了体外培养骨髓基质干细胞的方法,而且正在摸索进一步纯化的方法和诱导分化的条件.已有利用其成骨特性体内移植实验,表明在适当的条件下,接种在组织工程材料上的骨髓基质细胞可以形成新骨.     

地黄多糖诱导骨髓间充质干细胞为神经样细胞后的突触功能

目的:探讨地黄多糖诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)分化为神经元样细胞后是否具有神经突触功能.方法:贴壁筛选法分离纯化BMSCs,地黄多糖进行诱导,激光共聚焦显微镜检测细胞在高钾刺激下细胞膜电位的变化,细胞内钙流变化及细胞突触循环功能.结果:地黄多糖诱导24 h,连续培养7d后,光学显微镜下显示诱导后的细胞伸出突起交互成复杂网状;免疫荧光细胞化学显示诱导后的细胞神经元巢蛋白阳性表达率为97.9％±1.3％,神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性率95.4％±1.9％,突触小泡蛋白阳性率为94.2％±2.2％;激光共聚焦显微镜显示诱导后细胞在高钾刺激下细胞膜电位迅速升高,细胞内钙离子流增加,细胞突触发生了胞吞胞吐现象.结论:地黄多糖可以诱导BMSCs分化为神经样细胞,此细胞具有神经细胞的神经生理功能.     

施万细胞诱导共培养骨髓基质细胞向多巴胺能神经元分化

观察施万细胞(SCs)对骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)的诱导分化作用。分离和体外培养SD大鼠SCs和BMSCs,分为SCs+BMSCs共培养(实验组)和BMSCs单独培养(对照组)。用流式细胞仪(FCM),S100、Brdu/nestin、Brdu/TH免疫荧光法分别鉴定BMSCs、SCs和BMSCs的分化情况。第2代SCs呈S100阳性,第3代BMSCs呈CD29和CD90阳性,CD45阴性。二者共培养3d后,可见Brdu/nestin免疫荧光双标细胞,阳性率达28.3±1.3%,与对照组比较,P<0.05。7d后,Brdu/nestin双标细胞减少,出现Brdu/TH免疫荧光双标细胞,阳性率为19.2±1.6%,与对照组比较,P<0.05。而对照组始终只见Brdu单标细胞。上述结果表明SCs可诱导共培养的BMSCs分化为DA能神经元。     

损伤脊髓组织液对大鼠骨髓基质细胞向神经细胞诱导分化的研究

目要：探讨成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞在损伤脊髓组织液中向神经细胞分化的可能性，为神经再生及脊髓损伤的治疗提供一种新方法。方法：从大鼠骨髓中分离培养骨髓基质细胞并传至第5代，将正常、伤后1d，伤后1周及伤后3周脊髓提取液加入细胞培养基中，观察细胞形态的变化，并采用免疫组织化学法检测诱导后的细胞表达NSE特异性标志物。结果：加入脊髓提取液诱导后24h，部分细胞的形态已发生改变，48h后大部分细胞不仅在形态上表现为神经元样特征，而目NSE等特异性抗体呈阳性表达。结论：损伤脊髓组织液能将骨髓基质细胞诱导成神经元样细胞。     

Recellularized nerve allografts with differentiated mesenchymal stem cells promote peripheral nerve regeneration

Chemical-extracted acellular nerve allografting, containing the natural nerve structure and elementary nerve extracellular matrix (ECM), has been used for peripheral nerve-defect treatment experimentally and clinically. However, functional outcome with acellular nerve allografting decreases with increased size of gap in nerve defects. Cell-based therapy is a good strategy for repairing long nerve defects. Bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) can be induced to differentiate into cells with Schwann cell-like properties (BMSC-SCs or ADSC-SCs), which have myelin-forming ability in vitro and secrete trophic nerve growth factors. Here, we aimed to determine whether BMSC-SCs or ADSC-SCs are a promising cell type for enriching acellular grafts in nerve repair. We evaluated axonal regeneration distance by immunofluorescence staining after 2-week implantation. We used functional and histomorphometric analysis to evaluate 3-month regeneration of the novel cell-supplemented tissue-engineered nerve graft used to bridge a 15-mm-long sciatic nerve gap in rats. Introducing BMSC-SCs or ADSC-SCs to the acellular nerve graft promoted sciatic nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Nerve regeneration with BMSC-SCs or ADSC-SCs was comparable to that with autografting and Schwann cells alone and better than that with acellular nerve allografting alone. Differentiated bone-marrow-or adipose-derived MSCs may be a promising cell source for tissue-engineered nerve grafts and promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury.     

衰老模型骨髓基质细胞抑制造血细胞增殖分化

目的研究衰老骨髓基质细胞对骨髓造血细胞增殖分化能力的影响,为阐述机体造血微环境衰老对造血干/祖细胞增殖的影响提供实验依据。方法全骨髓贴壁法体外培养大鼠骨髓基质细胞,分为对照组和衰老组。衰老组:常规培养基内加入30 mg/m L D-半乳糖作用48 h。CCK-8法测定BMSCs增殖;流式细胞术分析细胞周期;β-半乳糖苷酶(SA-β-Gal)染色观察衰老BMSCs百分率;Western blot检测P16、P21和P53蛋白表达。骨髓造血细胞与BMSCs共培养,集落计数检测髓系多向性造血祖细胞(CFU-Mix)增殖分化。ELISA检测BMSCs培养上清液中IL-1β、GM-CSF和SCF含量;DCFH-DA流式荧光检测BMSC活性氧簇(ROS)水平;酶学法检测BMSCs内过氧化物丙二醛(MDA)含量和总超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果与对照组相比,D-半乳糖诱导BMSCs衰老,细胞阻滞于G0/G1期(P0.01),增殖能力显著下降,SA-β-Gal染色阳性率升高(P0.01);衰老相关蛋白P16、P21和P53表达明显上调(P0.01)。与衰老BMSCs共培养的骨髓造血细胞增殖分化能力减弱。衰老BMSCs内ROS、MDA氧化损伤指标上升,SOD抗氧化指标下降(P0.01);BMSCs培养上清液IL-1β、GM-CSF和SCF含量明显下降(P0.01)。结论衰老骨髓基质细胞抑制造血细胞增殖、分化能力,其机制可能与骨髓基质细胞氧化损伤,分泌活性因子改变有关。     

Central and peripheral nerve regeneration by transplantation of Schwann cells and transdifferentiated bone marrow stromal cells

In contrast to the peripheral nervous system (PNS), little structural and functional regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) occurs spontaneously following injury in adult mammals. The inability of the CNS to regenerate is mainly attributed to its own inhibitorial environment such as glial scar formation and the myelin sheath of oligodendrocytes. Therefore, one of the strategies to promote axonal regeneration of the CNS is to experimentally modify the environment to be similar to that of the PNS. Schwann cells are the myelinating glial cells in the PNS, and are known to play a key role in Wallerian degeneration and subsequent regeneration. Central nervous system regeneration can be elicited by Schwann cell transplantation, which provides a suitable environment for regeneration. The underlying cellular mechanism of regeneration is based upon the cooperative interactions between axons and Schwann cells involving the production of neurotrophic factors and other related molecules. Furthermore, tight and gap junctional contact between the axon and Schwann cell also mediates the molecular interaction and linking. In this review, the role of the Schwann cell during the regeneration of the sciatic (representing the PNS) and optic (representing the CNS) nerves is explained. In addition, the possibility of optic nerve reconstruction by an artificial graft of Schwann cells is also described. Finally, the application of cells not of neuronal lineage, such as bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs), in nerve regeneration is proposed. Marrow stromal cells are known as multipotential stem cells that, under specific conditions, differentiate into several kinds of cells. The strategy to transdifferentiate MSCs into the cells with a Schwann cell phenotype and the induction of sciatic and optic nerve regeneration are described.     

Rat bone marrow stromal cells could be induced into Schwann cell precursor-like cells in vitro

Schwann cells (SC) which are myelin forming cells in peripheral nervous system can remyelinate demyelinated central nervous system (CNS) axons in vivo. However, potential drawbacks to the use of SC in the CNS are nevertheless apparent, and Schwann cell precursors (SCP) are favourable cells for myelin repair in the CNS. But for clinical use, it is difficult to obtain sufficient large number of SCP. In the present study, rat bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) were cultured, identified and then converted into neurospheres. Then neurospheres were identified and induced into SCP-like cells. SCP-like cells were flattened in shape, p75⁺GFAP⁻S-100⁻nestin⁻, and could differentiate into SC-like cells, similar to genuine SCP. Our data suggested that MSCs could be induced into SCP-like cells.     

Ghrelin抑制小鼠骨髓基质细胞成脂分化

目的观察胃促生长素ghrelin对原代培养小鼠骨髓基质细胞成脂分化的影响。方法体外培养小鼠骨髓基质细胞,MDI诱导剂诱导细胞成脂分化,显微镜观察细胞形态变化;油红O染色法检测细胞甘油三酯含量,化学比色法测定碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性;MTT法检测细胞克隆化扩增活动,RT-PCR检测过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ2(PPARγ2)和丝氨酸蛋白酶脂肪因子adipsinmRNA表达,Westernblot检测PPARγ2蛋白表达。结果Ghrelin能够剂量依赖性(10-9、10-8、10-7mol/L)地抑制骨髓基质细胞成脂分化,升高ALP活性(P<0·05或P<0·01)。Gh-relin能够降低PPARγ2和adipsinmRNA以及PPARγ2蛋白表达(P<0·05)。Ghrelin对细胞成脂分化早期的克隆化扩增没有显著影响。结论Ghrelin能够显著抑制体外培养小鼠骨髓基质细胞成脂分化,该作用可能与抑制PPARγ2表达有关。     

Expression of membrane-bound IL-15 by bone marrow fibroblast-like stromal cells in aplastic anemia

In order to explore the relationship between IL-15 and aplastic anemia (AA), bone marrow (BM) fibroblast-like stromal cells (BMFSCs) were obtained from BM samples of 23 AA patients by density centrifugation and primary culturing in vitro. Indirect immunofluorescence labeling as well as flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis were used to determine the expression of membrane-bound IL-15 (mIL-15) on the surface of BMFSCs derived from AA patients (AA-BMFSCs). The effects of IFN-gamma and cyclosporin A (CsA) on the expression of mIL-15 were also investigated. [(3)H]thymidine incorporation test as well as specific antibody inhibition and Transwell separation experiment was adopted to functionally evaluate the expression of mIL-15 on the surface of AA-BMFSCs. mIL-15 was found to be over-expressed on the surface of AA-BMFSCs. IFN-gamma further significantly up-regulated its expression, which, however, was inhibited by CsA. Interestingly, a tight correlation was found between the expression of mIL-15 and IL-15Ralpha on the surface of AA-BMFSCs. AA-BMFSCs had the capability to stimulate the proliferation of T lymphocytes, which was partly or completely inhibited by using neutralizing anti-IL-15Ralpha antibody, neutralizing anti-IL-15 antibody, blocking anti-IL-2/15Rgamma(c) mAb or Transwell chambers with a 0.3-mum pore size membrane to block the direct cell-to-cell contact between AA-BMFSCs and T cells. Apparently, BMFSCs as the most important component of BM hematopoietic microenvironment usually over-express mIL-15 in AA patients. Therefore, AA-BMFSCs may indirectly participate in the T cell-mediated destruction of hematopoietic progenitors in AA by recruiting T cells to BM and stimulating them in situ.     

骨髓基质细胞对中脑神经干细胞分化为神经元的诱导作用

目的:观察成年大鼠骨髓基质细胞诱导新生大鼠中脑神经干细胞分化为神经元的机制。方法:采用骨髓基质细胞和神经干细胞共培养方法,通过显微镜观察神经干细胞的分化状态;使用免疫组织化学技术,分析神经元在神经干细胞后代中所占的比例。结果:(1)骨髓基质细胞可诱导神经干细胞分化为高比例神经元;(2)骨髓基质细胞可促进神经元的存活。结论:骨髓基质细胞可提供神经干细胞分化为神经元和促进神经元存活的信号物质。     

骨形态发生蛋白12诱导骨髓间充质干细胞构建组织工程肌腱

背景：以往肌腱损伤的修复方法有端端吻合、自体肌腱移植、同种异体肌腱或人工肌腱移植等,但均有其各自缺点。 目的：探讨以家兔骨髓间充质干细胞为种子细胞,骨形态发生蛋白12诱导,聚羟基乙酸复合材料作为支架材料,预构组织工程化肌腱重建家兔跟腱缺损的可能性。 方法：家兔抽取股骨近端骨髓,分离所得细胞传代至第2代,加入10 μg/L骨形态发生蛋白12诱导分化,并与Ⅰ型胶原溶液按一定比例移植于预张的聚羟基乙酸缝线上预制组织工程化肌腱备用。将家兔制备成跟腱缺损模型,分别采用不同方法修复跟腱缺损：组织工程化肌腱修复,Ⅰ型胶原-聚羟基乙酸缝线修复,丝线行端端修复。修复12周对各组肌腱行形态学、力学及组织病理学观察。 结果与结论：修复12周家兔肌腱组织病理切片：组织工程化肌腱组可见大量梭形纤维母细胞顺应力学方向排列均匀分布于胶原中,纤维细胞明显增多,胶原致密;Ⅰ型胶原-聚羟基乙酸缝线组可见部分纤维组织增生伴少许肉芽组织形成,胶原纤维呈松散网丝状,细胞排列紊乱分布不均;丝线组可见纤维组织旁见大量肉芽组织形成。修复12周家兔肌腱生物力学强度：骨形态发生蛋白12+聚羟基乙酸重建肌腱的力学强度明显优于Ⅰ型胶原-聚羟基乙酸组,与丝线缝合组差异无显著性意义;但骨形态发生蛋白12+聚羟基乙酸重建肌腱的力学强度低于正常肌腱。提示以自体骨髓间充质干细胞作为种子细胞,骨形态发生蛋白12诱导,以聚羟基乙酸为支架,可望构建组织工程化肌腱。构建的组织工程肌腱具有一定的生物力学特性,能用于修复跟腱缺损。     

bFGF对大鼠骨髓基质细胞的诱导分化作用

目的 观察bFGF对大鼠骨髓基质细胞的诱导分化作用。方法 从大鼠骨髓中分离培养基质细胞并传至第3代，用含10ng/ml碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)的诱导培养基诱导，然后观察细胞形态的变化，并采用免疫组织化学法检测诱导后24h、48h、72h、96h细胞神经丝蛋白(NF-200)和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)的表达。结果 诱导后24h的部分细胞不仅在形态上表现为神经元样，而且呈NF-200阳性表达，GFAP阴性。48h、72h、96h NF-200阳性细胞数与24h间无显著性差异(P＞0．05)。结论bFGF可以在体外诱导骨髓基质细胞向神经元样细胞分化。     

初级纤毛在白藜芦醇诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞分化为神经元样细胞中的作用

目的:研究初级纤毛在白藜芦醇诱导大鼠骨髓基质细胞(MSCs)分化为神经元样细胞中的作用.方法:全骨髓贴壁法分离、培养、纯化MSCs.含15 μmol/L白藜芦醇的无血清DMEM/F12诱导MSCs分化.倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态,免疫印迹检测神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、微管相关蛋白-2(MAP-2)的表达.免疫荧光法检测MSCs增殖情况.扫描电子显微镜检测MSCs表面初级纤毛,免疫荧光法检测初级纤毛蛋白(Ac-Tu)的表达.结果:白藜芦醇诱导后60％的细胞胞体收缩,立体感增强,类似神经元.免疫印迹显示MSCs及对照组细胞有NSE蛋白的轻度表达,诱导后NSE、MAP-2蛋白表达阳性,随着诱导时间延长,NSE、MAP-2的表达渐增强.经过24 h饥饿后,90％的MSCs处于生长静止状态.扫描电子显微镜及免疫荧光显示,处于生长静止期的MSCs具有初级纤毛,且白藜芦醇可诱导具有初级纤毛的MSCs分化为神经元样细胞.对照组则无明显变化.结论:白藜芦醇能诱导MSCs分化为神经元样细胞.在此过程中,初级纤毛可能发挥着重要作用.     

Trophic activity derived from bone marrow mononuclear cells increases peripheral nerve regeneration by acting on both neuronal and glial cell populations

A rat model of complete sciatic nerve transection was used to evaluate the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) transplanted to the injury site immediately after lesion. Rats treated with BMMC had both sensory and motor axons reaching the distal stump earlier compared to untreated animals. In addition, BMMC transplantation reduced cell death in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) compared to control animals. Transplanted BMMC remained in the lesion site for several days but there is no evidence of BMMC differentiation into Schwann cells. However, an increase in the number of Schwann cells, satellite cells and astrocytes was observed in the treated group. Moreover, neutralizing antibodies for nerve growth factor (NGF) (but not for brain-derived neurotrophic factor and ciliary-derived neurotrophic factor) added to the BMMC-conditioned medium reduced neurite growth of sensory and sympathetic neurons in vitro, suggesting that BMMC release NGF, improve regeneration of the sciatic nerve in the adult rat and stimulate Schwann and satellite cell proliferation or a combination of both.     

组织工程化神经修复周围神经创伤的应用

背景：近年来,随着生物工程技术以及组织工程化神经的发展给周围神经缺损的治疗带来了新的希望,已逐渐成为研究的焦点。 目的：从种子细胞、生物材料以及构建周围神经组织技术3个方面综述组织工程方法修复周围神经损伤的新进展。 方法：由第一作者在2013年7月应用计算机检索PubMed 数据库及CNKI 数据库,英文关键词为“tissue engineering,peripheral nerves,nerve injuries,stem cells,schwann cells,scaffold,growth factor”,中文关键词为“组织工程,周围神经,神经损伤,干细胞,许旺细胞,支架,生长因子”。选择内容与神经组织工程、周围神经损伤修复相关的文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章,共纳入63篇文献。 结果与结论：现阶段组织工程方法修复周围神经损伤的研究虽已取得很大进展,但大多停留于实验探索阶段。将组织工程神经应用于临床尚存下列问题亟待解决：①种子细胞来源及伦理。②细胞扩增后移植的免疫排斥。③移植细胞稳定性问题及致瘤性。④神经支架材料的降解速度、最佳孔隙率、导管厚度、形状等。⑤体外神经构建后移植修复时机。⑥各种神经生物因子的局部释放与调控等等。随着科技的发展,期待上述问题的解决,从而使得众多临床神经损伤患者受益。     

丹参诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经样细胞分化

目的:探讨骨髓间充质干细胞(marrow stromal stem cells,MSCs)向神经细胞分化中神经蛋白分子及相关基因的表达情况。方法:分离提取大鼠的MSCs,体外培养扩增。用含丹参的无血清的L-DMEM培养基进行诱导,并以不含丹参的无血清L-DMEM培养基作为对照。提取两组的MSCs总RNA,RT-PCR检测ngn-1、mash-1的表达。结果:丹参诱导90 min后,细胞发生了明显的形态学变化,大多数细胞转变为类似双极或多极神经元样形态,伸出轴突或树突样突起。免疫细胞化学显示诱导后的MSCs表现为nestin、NSE、GFAP染色阳性,对照组为阴性。未经诱导的MSCs ngn-1,mash-1 mRNA为阴性,诱导后有表达。结论:丹参可诱导大鼠MSCs向神经前体细胞和神经细胞分化。MSCs向神经元样的分化可能与ngn-1,mash-1有关。     

诱导剂共培养：谁更适宜骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞的分化？

背景：目前骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化的方法较多,采用不同诱导方法对骨髓充质干细胞分化成神经细胞的比例是不同的。 目的：比较化学诱导法和共培养法诱导大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经细胞的差异。 方法：大鼠全骨髓血细胞分离纯化法培养骨髓间充质干细胞,分为化学诱导组和共培养组,分别采用加入化学诱导剂β-巯基乙醇和Transwell小室共培养方法诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化。 结果与结论：诱导培养1周后从化学诱导和共培养组的骨髓间充质干细胞出现突起,且呈辐射生长,2周后均可见神经元特异性烯醇化酶阳性细胞。共培养组中第四五天可见星级神经细胞状结构,并形成更多的突起,神经元特异性烯醇化酶染色阳性率为(70.82±2.46)%。而在第六七天化学诱导组中神经细胞形态样细胞形成,并有连接,神经元特异性烯醇化酶染色阳性率为(52.37±1.83)%。提示细胞微环境在骨髓间充质干细胞分化成神经细胞发挥主导作用,且化学诱导法诱导效率低于共培养法。