综合干预联合网络咨询对社区精神分裂症患者预后影响的1年随访

目的:探讨社区精神分裂症患者综合干预中联用网络咨询1年的效果。方法:对门诊精神分裂症患者106例进行可变剂量抗精神病药治疗12个月,分为实地随访干预结合网络咨询(试验组)25例和实地随访干预(对照组)81例。入组时以阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、社会功能量表较基线的差值作为主要疗效指标;以网络咨询相关问题调查网络咨询的可接受性。结果:PANSS量表分随治疗下降,1个月后评分下降(P0.01),保持降低趋势至12个月,治疗前组间差异无统计学意义。试验组社会功能损害渐改善(P0.05),对照组改善不明显,12个月组间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。进行网络咨询相关问题调查表调查,试验组(72.0%)用网络解决医学问题者明显多于对照组(40.0%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=6.89,P0.01)。多数患者(70.0%)看好网络咨询前景等,但超过60.0%认为收费对其有影响,建议的网络咨询价格明显低于面对面咨询(P0.001)。结论:社区精神分裂症综合干预中联用网络咨询有利于减轻症状和改善社会功能,网络咨询有利于方便服务,患者愿接受网络咨询。     

Contraception for women with epilepsy

Antiepileptic drugs that induce hepatic enzyme activity may alter the metabolism of most hormonal methods of contraception, and this affects the contraceptive regime. This effect should be considered in the choice of both the treatment of the epilepsy and the choice of contraceptive method. This review considers these interactions and offers advice about their management.     

儿童抑郁症的抗抑郁剂治疗(英文)

The Forum about treating depressed children presented inthepreviousissue of thejournal [1,2] highlighted several important issues about this controversial topic. Depression in children is a devastating disorder that effects psychosocial development and has long-term negative outcomes for both the patients and their families.     

Pharmacotherapy for patients with fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia is a common and disabling syndrome. Despite research detailing the efficacy of a variety of medicinal treatments, most notably, tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors, and alpha(2)delta ligands, there is still widespread, routine use of agents that are mostly ineffective in treating the central nature of fibromyalgic pain. This article discusses pharmacotherapeutic options for fibromyalgia, including those with high-level evidence for efficacy, moderate-level evidence, and little or no evidence for efficacy. The importance of an integrated treatment approach that includes pharmacotherapy and at least one, but preferably more, of the most effective nonmedicinal treatment options available (e.g., education, aerobic exercise, and cognitive-behavioral therapy) is also discussed.     

The Demand for Hospital Services for Patients with Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: To describe the patterns of inpatient and outpatient hospital care for patients with epilepsy in our health district.
Methods: Routine hospital data for the health district of South Glamorgan (population 408,000) underwent record linkage to identify those records relating to the same patients and to flag those records for patients with epilepsy. This data was analyzed to determine inpatient and outpatient activity by specialty and compared with the nonepileptic population.
Results: We identified 2,267 patients representing a prevalence of 0.56%. The average age was 46 years in both male and female patients. This group, which constituted 1.5% of the hospital population, was responsible for 2.8% of all admissions but, because of increased length of stay, utilized 7.3% of all bed days. The total cost of care for this group lies between these two extreme values and is dependent on case seventy. The patterns of associated diagnoses differed considerably in three arbitrary age groups (0–18, 19–55, >55 years).
Conclusions: This study quantifies for the first time the level of demand that this subpopulation places on the service as a whole, and begins to illustrate that there may be evidence for cost containment by, for example, a reduction in multiple admissions. The demand for inpatient services is greater than we would have predicted.     

Guidelines for Evaluating Intervention Programs for Children with Autism

It is now well recognized that early diagnosis and intervention improves the prognosis for children with autism. It is crucial that professionals be aware and sensitive to the needs of autistic persons and their families. We must never lose sight of the long-term goal of treatment and must not become so infatuated with any one treatment that we fail to provide the education parents need. It is incumbent upon us, as professionals, to educate parents and help them evaluate the myriad of information with which they are bombarded. In this article a framework for thinking about autism and principles of evaluation are reviewed. Components of appropriate early intervention programs are then described and guidelines for evaluating alternative treatments are provided.     

Training for Staff Caring for People with Learning Disability

This paper considers the training of staff who care for people with learning disability in the community. Details are given of findings from a survey of staff in community units in the West Midlands which suggest that although most staff receive some training, this is largely a mixture of short in-service courses and there is a lack of consistency across the various agencies. Despite the considerable changes taking place within services for people with learning disability, which require new knowledge and skills, we are still far removed from having an explicit, relevant and agreed strategy for training ‘front-line carers’. Present approaches are reviewed and recommendations made for future development.     

大脑半球切开术治疗儿童顽固性癫痫

目的探讨大脑半球切开手术治疗儿童顽固性癫痫的临床效果。方法回顾性分析7例大脑半球性病变致癫痫的患儿的临床资料。患儿综合评估后行大脑半球切开术,手术经外侧裂环岛沟入路,癫痫控制效果以Engel标准评判,疗效以最后1次随访时间为准。结果 7例患儿经6个月~2.5年的随访,癫痫控制均为EngelⅠ级,均无明显并发症;术后对侧肢体感觉、运动功能无减退,认知及生活能力较术前有不同程度的改善。结论大脑半球切开术治疗儿童半球性病变致癫痫的疗效确切,安全、有效。     

Methodology for tDCS integration with fMRI

Understanding and reducing variability of response to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) requires measuring what factors predetermine sensitivity to tDCS and tracking individual response to tDCS. Human trials, animal models, and computational models suggest structural traits and functional states of neural systems are the major sources of this variance. There are 118 published tDCS studies (up to October 1, 2018) that used fMRI as a proxy measure of neural activation to answer mechanistic, predictive, and localization questions about how brain activity is modulated by tDCS. FMRI can potentially contribute as: a measure of cognitive state‐level variance in baseline brain activation before tDCS; inform the design of stimulation montages that aim to target functional networks during specific tasks; and act as an outcome measure of functional response to tDCS. In this systematic review, we explore methodological parameter space of tDCS integration with fMRI spanning: (a) fMRI timing relative to tDCS (pre, post, concurrent); (b) study design (parallel, crossover); (c) control condition (sham, active control); (d) number of tDCS sessions; (e) number of follow up scans; (f) stimulation dose and combination with task; (g) functional imaging sequence (BOLD, ASL, resting); and (h) additional behavioral (cognitive, clinical) or quantitative (neurophysiological, biomarker) measurements. Existing tDCS‐fMRI literature shows little replication across these permutations; few studies used comparable study designs. Here, we use a representative sample study with both task and resting state fMRI before and after tDCS in a crossover design to discuss methodological confounds. We further outline how computational models of current flow should be combined with imaging data to understand sources of variability. Through the representative sample study, we demonstrate how modeling and imaging methodology can be integrated for individualized analysis. Finally, we discuss the importance of conducting tDCS‐fMRI with stimulation equipment certified as safe to use inside the MR scanner, and of correcting for image artifacts caused by tDCS. tDCS‐fMRI can address important questions on the functional mechanisms of tDCS action (e.g., target engagement) and has the potential to support enhancement of behavioral interventions, provided studies are designed rationally.     

脑磁图与神经导航结合在癫痫外科的应用

目的探讨脑磁图定位和神经导航方法二者结合在癫痫外科的应用价值。方法选择12例顽固性癫痫手术,术前脑磁图确定皮质癫痫灶及中央后回感觉皮质范围,然后与神经外科导航系统结合应用于手术当中。结果脑磁图癫痫灶定位与术中皮质脑电图定位符合率100％。按Engel分级作为癫痫疗效标准,术后癫痫发作完全停止9例(1级),发作减少90％以上2例(2或3级),发作减少不到90％1例(4级)。无一例出现手术后神经功能障碍。结论脑磁图是无创确定癫痫灶和功能区皮质空间位置关系的重要工具,脑磁图定位结合神经导航方法的应用可使癫痫外科手术更精确,侵袭更小。     

Neurorehabilitation with FORAMENRehab for attention impairment in children with epilepsy

Epilepsy is a frequent neurological disorder in children and often accompanied with attention impairment. Still, few systematically controlled rehabilitation techniques for children exist. The aim of this study was to design and measure the impact of the FORAMENRehab computer-based intervention method for attention impairment rehabilitation in children with epilepsy. We chose the FORAMENRehab program because it allows separate training for different attention components based on individual needs.Forty-eight children participated in the study. At baseline, all patients underwent neuropsychological examination of attention with the NEPSY test battery. The study group consisted of 17 8- to 12-year-old children with partial epilepsy and attention impairment who received neurorehabilitation over 5 weeks (10 sessions) with FORAMENRehab Attention module accompanied by a therapist. Two control groups were included: the first control group of 12 children with partial epilepsy and attention impairment (waiting-list) participated in assessments with baseline tasks before and after the five-week period and received no active training. Additionally, all patients participated in the follow-up assessment 1.31 years later. The second control group consisted of 19 typically developing children who only participated in the first assessment.After the intervention, study group patients showed significant improvement in complex attention and tracking (P < 0.025). To achieve the effect of intervention in children with partial epilepsy, 10 sessions tailored to individual levels of ability were the minimum. Three attention components – sustained, complex, and tracking – need selective and longer training for more effective remediation. Follow-up assessment revealed a long-term positive effect of intervention. After 1.31 years, the study group had significantly improved in three out of the four attention components (P < 0.025), whereas the waiting-list group showed improvement in only two aspects of one complex attention component. In conclusion, attention impairment rehabilitation with FORAMENRehab is effective for children with epilepsy. Rehabilitation should focus on training specific components of attention and follow an individual-based rehabilitation process.     

Experience with post-secondary education for individuals with severe mental illness

There is a need for increased understanding and support of students with severe and persistent psychiatric disabilities in post-secondary education. Advancements in the pharmacological treatment of psychiatric disabilities are permitting a broader range of mental health consumers to reach a level of recovery allowing these consumers to begin or restart college careers (Eudaly, 2002). A post-secondary education is now considered a mandatory investment in the future ("Higher Education," 2003). There are a growing number of people pursuing higher education including those with serious mental illness. I am working on a Master's degree in a Rehabilitation Counselor Education program and face many obstacles due to my psychiatric disability, Bipolar Disorder.