成人重复肾输尿管畸形的诊断与鉴别

目的探讨成人重复肾输尿管畸形鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析18例重复肾输尿管畸形患者的临床资料。其中,B超检查18例,排泄性尿路造影（IVU）15例,CT扫描9例,磁共振尿路成像（MRU）9例,16例行手术治疗。结果18例患者通过B超、IVU、CT、MRU及手术探查确诊重复肾输尿管畸形。结论B超简单、无创,确诊率较高,可作为首选检查方法;MRU简便、无创,可获得尿路全貌资料,对尿路积水、梗阻定位准确率达100％。重复肾输尿管畸形需与肾囊肿等疾病鉴别。     

输尿管损伤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨输尿管损伤原因及其防治方法。方法对近10a 22例输尿管损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果1例为外伤所致，21例为医源性损伤。14例行输尿管膀胱再植术，4例行输尿管端端吻合术，1例行膀胱壁瓣输尿管吻合术，3例行双J管保守治疗。所有病例均获得治愈。结论B超静脉尿路造影（IVU）和逆行输尿管造影多能确诊。修复手术的时机应根据患者的具体情况选择早期手术或延期手术。     

输尿管息肉15例诊治体会

目的：提高对输尿管息肉的诊断与治疗水平。方法：对15例输尿管息肉的临床资料进行回顾性分析。术前行肾、输尿管及膀胱(KUB)平片、静脉及逆行尿路造影、输尿管镜检查、B超和尿脱落细胞学检查。15例中，3例行输尿管切开、息肉切除术，6例行息肉段输尿管切除、输尿管端端吻合术，2例行息肉切除、肾盂成形术，2例行下段输尿管切除、输尿管膀胱再植术，2例行输尿管镜下息肉切除术。结果：术后随访9个月至8年3个月，症状均消失，肾积水明显减轻8例，消失7例，未见息肉复发及恶变。结论：放射学检查是诊断输尿管息肉的主要方法。确诊依赖于输尿管镜检查及活检。在治疗上应根据息肉大小、数量、部位及肾脏受累程度选择不同的术式。     

腔静脉后输尿管5例临床诊断体会

腔静脉后输尿管是腔静脉发育异常引起的一种先天性畸形 ,本院自 1 993年以来收治 5例 ,现就其诊断与治疗探讨如下。1　临床资料本组 5例下腔静脉后输尿管 ,男 4例 ,女 1例 ,年龄 2 5～ 60岁。临床表现为右侧腰部胀痛伴血尿 2例 ,无症状体检时发现右肾积水 1例。 5例均常规行B超及静脉尿路造影 (RVU)检查 ,3例行逆行尿路造影 ,2例行MRU(磁共振尿路造影 ) ,经上述检查均能作明确诊断。Ⅰ型 (低襻型 )4例 ,Ⅱ型 (高襻型 ) 1例。 4例均作输尿管切断作端 端吻合术 ,并置入内支架双“J”管 ,4周后拔除。 6个月后复查作B超及IVU检查提示肾积水…     

先天性血管压迫致输尿管梗阻的诊断治疗与微创手术

目的探讨先天性血管压迫致输尿管梗阻的诊断与治疗方法,总结后腹腔镜下肾下极异位血管切除、输尿管离断吻合术和肾盂整形术的疗效。方法术前采用B超、静脉尿路造影(IVU)、逆行尿路造影和磁共振水成像(MRU)诊断先天性血管压迫致输尿管和肾积水患者28例,21例采取开放手术,7例采取后腹腔镜下微创手术,术中切断腔静脉后输尿管、切除异位血管和切除受压部分输尿管后做输尿管端端吻合或肾盂整形术。结果手术证实下腔静脉压迫致输尿管梗阻13例,异位血管压迫14例,左髂总动脉压迫1例。术后3～6个月随访,肾脏、输尿管积水减轻;术后1～10.5年(平均3.6年)随访,20例肾、输尿管积水消失,6例明显减轻,肾盂分离小于20mm,1例肾盂分离仍有30～35mm,但无腰区胀痛症状,1例肾积水虽减少,但出现肾脏萎缩,肾功能不良。7例后腹腔镜下手术:1例因损伤腔静脉而中转开放,余6例顺利完成手术,手术时间40～240min,平均90min。结论先天性血管压迫是输尿管和肾积水的原因之一;B超、IVU和MRU结合MRA、腔静脉造影和彩色多普勒超声(彩超)对先天性血管压迫致输尿管梗阻的诊断有较大价值;手术仍是治疗先天性血管压迫致输尿管梗阻的首选方法。后腹腔镜下手术创伤小、进食早、住院短、恢复快,手术时间不长于开放手术,值得临床推广应用。     

下腔静脉后输尿管的临床诊治

目的：提高下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治效果。方法：联合应用静脉尿路造影(IVU) 逆行性尿路造影(RU)，Presman法、CT、磁振尿路造影(MRU)明确诊断。采用输尿管离断，切除或旷置病变段输尿管，于下腔静脉前外侧行输尿管对端吻合术，恢复输尿管正常解剖通道。结果：11例患者术前均明确诊断，手术矫正复位顺利。术后3--12个月复查症状消失，肾及输尿管上段积水扩张有不同程度减轻，输尿管通畅，无吻合口狭窄。结论：下腔静脉后输尿管的诊断需联合应用各种影像学检查。输尿管离断复位吻合术是治疗该病的主要术式。     

下腔静脉后输尿管手术治疗(附20例报告)

目的：总结下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治经验。方法：回顾分析20例下腔静脉后输尿管的诊治病例，主要症状有腰部不适、肾绞痛、血尿等。诊断主要依靠IVU和逆行输尿管肾盂造影，影像学表现主要为右侧肾积水，上端输尿管扩张、走向异常。18例行输尿管端端吻合术，1例行输尿管肾盂吻合术，1例行肾切除术。结果：19例整形术1年后复查IVU提示患侧肾积水缓解，肾功能恢复，吻合口通畅，临床症状消失。以后每年复查1次B超，最长10年。未见肾积水加重，肾结石，血尿等。结论：IVU和逆行输尿管肾盂造影可明确下腔静脉后输尿管的诊断，手术治疗有助于肾功能的恢复。     

输尿管子宫内膜异位症的诊治特点

目的探讨输尿管子宫内膜异位症的临床诊治特点.方法 输尿管子宫内膜异位症4例,平均年龄42.25(34~49)岁,体检发现左肾积水2例,左腰部不适1例,肉眼血尿1例,均有痛经病史,其中有剖宫产病史3例.泌尿系超声发现4例均有不同程度的患侧上尿路扩张,肾积水22~54 mm,患侧肾肾小球滤过率(GFR)均提示不同程度的肾功能受损.CT/MRI均提示输尿管肿物:3例位于左侧输尿管下段,其中1例考虑左输尿管下段癌,2例考虑为输尿管子宫内膜异位症;另1例位于右侧输尿管腹腔段,肿物性质待定.结果 4例均行手术治疗,术后病理诊断均证实为输尿管子宫内膜异位症,异位病灶3例位于左输尿管下段,1例位于右侧输尿管腹腔段.术后随访6个月至10年,均未见复发.结论 输尿管子宫内膜异位症多引起隐匿性尿路梗阻,确诊依赖于影像学及病理检查,需注意排除输尿管下段梗阻的病变.治疗的主要原则是解除梗阻、消除症状、保护肾功能,术后注意密切随访.     

多层螺旋CT尿路造影对输尿管梗阻性疾病的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT尿路成像（MSCTU）对输尿管梗阻性疾病的诊断价值。方法：回顾分析47例输尿管梗阻性疾病患者的MSCTU检查结果,并与B超、静脉肾盂造影（IVU）、逆行尿路造影（RGP）及手术病理结果进行对照。47例中,输尿管结石24例,肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄4例,膀胱癌累及输尿管开口4例,输尿管肿瘤4例,输尿管炎性狭窄3例,腹腔内病变累及输尿管3例,重复肾盂输尿管畸形2例,肾输尿管结核2例,前列腺癌1例。结果：MSCTU对于输尿管梗阻的诊断准确率达到100.0%,B超的诊断准确率为78.7%,IVU诊断准确率为75%,RGP诊断准确率为66.7%。MSCTU诊断准确率明显高于其他诊断方法。结论：MSCTU可以多角度三维重建尿路,对输尿管梗阻性疾病的诊治提供重要帮助。     

输尿管子宫内膜异位症1例并文献复习

目的:提高对输尿管子宫内膜异位症(ureteral endometriosis)的认识。方法:分析1例输尿管子宫内膜异位症,并结合文献复习讨论。结果:本案例中患者以"腰酸背痛2月余"入院,全身麻醉下行输尿管活检术及输尿管镜检查术,术中见输尿管内息肉样生长新生物,参考临床病史诊断为输尿管子宫内膜异位症,行输尿管部分切除术及输尿管吻合术。结论:输尿管子宫内膜异位症虽不常见,且临床表现缺乏特异性,诊断明确时常常已经造成肾功能损害,所以应提高对输尿管内膜异位症的认识,对于有不明原因痛经、血尿、腰腹部坠胀或有子宫内膜异位症病史的患者,应结合影像学检查考虑输尿管内膜异位症,确诊后予以积极的手术和药物治疗,长期预后良好。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.