Crush syndrome due to limb compression

Four patients with the crush syndrome due to prolonged limb compression were treated at Cook County Hospital, Chicago. Limb injury was caused when the obtunded patient fell asleep lying on the involved extremity. Prolonged limb compression may cause an acute compartment syndrome with ischemic muscle injury. Continued muscle ischemia may lead to myonecrosis resulting in shock or renal failure. A history of prolonged limb compression with a swollen limb should suggest the diagnosis of crush syndrome. Prompt therapy, including rapid correction of volume and metabolic derangements, extensive open fasciotomy, and dialysis for severe acute renal failure should provide good functional results in the majority of patients.     

Crush syndrome complicating pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) use

We present a case of severe compartment syndrome complicated by rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure (crush syndrome) following the use of a pneumatic antishock garment (PASG) with survival of the patient. Review of the literature reveals one other similar case but without survival. The aetiology of the complication is discussed and recommendations for the safe use of the PASG are made.     

Treatment of Crush Syndrome Patients Following the Great Hanshin Earthquake

Five of 8 patients with rhabdomyolysis treated at our hospital following the Great Hanshin Earthquake were diagnosed with crush syndrome. One patient with crush syndrome and 3 patients with rhabdomyolysis and no renal dysfunction recovered with conservative therapy, while 1 crush syndrome patient recovered with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Of the 3 patients who died, 2 had undergone continuous arterio-venous hemofiltration (CAVH). We examined the laboratory data to identify any factors that may be prognostic for crush syndrome. The serum amylase levels were significantly higher and the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) tended to be higher from the patients who died. Examination of the serum amylase, AST and LDH levels may be useful for assessing the prognosis in patients with crush syndrome.     

Influenza A induced rhabdomyolysis resulting in extensive compartment syndrome

This is a case of influenza A induced rhabdomyolysis resulting in extensive compartment syndrome and acute renal failure in a 10-year-old child. The patient required fasciotomies in all four extremities. Even after fasciotomies were performed, the muscle tissue continued to swell, suggesting a primary myositis. This case emphasizes the importance of considering the diagnosis of compartment syndrome in patients with influenza infection and severe myalgia.     

ACUTE COMPARTMENT SYNDROME DUE TO CLOSED MUSCLE RUPTURE

Acute compartment syndrome has multiple causes: fractures, crush injury, vascular trauma and burns. Exertional compartment syndrome may be acute (progressive) or chronic (usually reversible). The acute form usually occurs after intensive exercise. Closed muscle rupture is an uncommon cause with few reports. We report two cases, in the peroneal compartment of the leg and the flexor compartment of the forearm, to show that a high index of suspicion, allowing prompt diagnosis and fasciotomy, will enable a full recovery without complications.     

Rhabdomyolysis associated with respiratory infection in chronic psychiatric patients during neuroleptic treatment

Rhabdomyolysis is a disorder characterized by skeletal muscle injury and fatal complications at times. The causes of rhabdomyolysis are usually traumatic and non-traumatic, such as neuroleptic malignant syndrome and rhabdomyolysis associated to septicemia. The cases of 2 schizophrenic patients with rhabdomyolisis during pneumonia infection and neuroleptic therapy are reported. At admission, both patients had important respiratory distress and hyperthermia; the clinical conditions required endotracheal intubation. Blood and urine cultures were always negative, while the bronchial sputum culture was positive. The diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis was confirmed by myoglobinemia dosage and ortholuidine test. Pneumonia infection was treated with antibiotic specific therapy whereas renal failure was treated with adequate hydratation and strained diuresis. The absence of muscle rigidity, the improvement of X-r images and the reduction of corporeal temperature, during antibiotic treatment, excluded neuroleptic malignant syndrome. The impro-vement allowed extubation and discharge of the patients from intensive care unit. In both cases neuroleptic malignant syndrome was excluded, therefore rhabdomyolysis was the consequence of pneumonia infection or of a combination of factors capable to cause an important damage of skeletal muscles.     

Rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in intensive care unit

Rhabdomyolysis is common clinical and laboratory syndrome resulting from skeletal muscle injury and acute renal failure is the most important complication. Acute renal failure is common in critically ill medical patients. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of rhabdomyolysis induced acute renal failure in these patients and to established the prognosis of critically ill patients with acute renal failure and rhabdomyolysis. In the study were included 1557 patients treated in our medical intensive care unit. Seventy-three patients had criteria for acute renal failure. Twelve of them (16.4%) had rhabdomyolysis, eight were women and four were men (average age was 71 years). Sixty-one patients (83.6%) had acute renal failure without rhabdomyolysis, 33 were women and 28 were men (average age was 69 years). We found no difference in age and sex between patients with acute renal failure with or without rhabdomyolysis. Ten patients (83.3%) with rhabdomyolysis and 39 patients (63.9%) without rhabdomyolysis had multiorgan failure syndrome. In patients with rhabdomyolysis, the number of failing organs were statistically significantly higher (p < 0.027). Nine patients (75%) with rhabdomyolysis and 27 patients (44.3%) without rhabdomyolysis died. Mortality was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) in patients with rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure was frequently observed in patients treated in our medical intensive care unit. Multiorgan failure syndrome was common in these patients and mortality was higher compared to patients without rhabdomyolysis.     

Acute compartment syndrome of the upper arm: a report of 2 cases

Compartment syndromes of the upper arm are rare clinical entities but can be a serious problem, especially in unconscious patients or those presenting with altered mental status. A high index of suspicion is needed to make an accurate diagnosis. Measuring compartment pressures is helpful, but the role of pressure measurement in the diagnosis and treatment may be secondary to the clinical examination. In patients presenting without histories of trauma, who have sustained long periods of immobilization, a suspicion of a crush syndrome should also be included during the workup of a compartment syndrome. Fasciotomy and débridement of necrotic and nonviable tissue are the treatments of choice for a patient with a compartment syndrome, but initiating medical management and providing medical stability for systemic complications resulting from a crush syndrome may be necessary prior to surgical intervention to prevent organ failure and death. Overall, prognosis is improved by early diagnosis and treatment.     

Spontaneous bilateral compartment syndrome of the legs: A case report and review of the literature

INTRODUCTIONBilateral acute compartment syndrome of the legs is a rare presentation requiring emergent surgical intervention.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe report the case of 41-year-old woman who presented with acute bilateral compartment syndrome of the legs, complicated by rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure.DISCUSSIONThere are very few previously reported cases of bilateral compartment syndrome of the legs. In the present case, despite any clear causative factor, we suggest that the aetiology is related to inadvertent posture during sleep.CONCLUSIONThe diagnosis of acute bilateral compartment syndrome of the legs requires a high index of suspicion, particularly in the absence of obvious aetiology. A successful outcome can be achieved with early diagnosis, prompt surgical intervention and a multidisciplinary approach.     

Kompartmentsyndrom nach Rhabdomyolyse im Rahmen einer psychogenen Polydipsie

Psychogenic polydipsia leading to severe hyponatremia is well documented in the literature. This electrolyte disorder can result in encephalopathy, cerebral edema and epileptic seizures. Another rare effect is rhabdomyolysis with all its well known complications (e.g. renal failure, hyperkalemia and cardiac arrhythmia) and even resulting in compartment syndrome due to severe muscle edema.We present the case of a patient with severe hyponatremia caused by psychogenic polydipsia leading to rhabdomyolysis and compartment syndrome.     

Atteinte rénale au cours du syndrome de Sjögren

Primary Sjögren syndrome is an autoimmune disorder characterized by lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the exocrine (salivary and lachrymal) glands resulting in sicca symptoms (dryness). Systemic complications can occur in primary Sjögren syndrome, but renal involvement is rare, affecting < 10% patients. The most frequent form of nephropathy in primary Sjögren syndrome is tubulointerstitial nephritis, where infiltration of the kidney by plasma cells is a key feature and shows similarity to the lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the salivary glands. Electrolyte disturbances may occur in primary Sjögren syndrome, such as renal distal tubular acidosis, diabetes insipidus, Gitelman syndrome, or Fanconi syndrome. Glomerular involvement is less frequently detected in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome, but can take the form of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to cryoglobulinaemia. The renal prognosis in patients with primary Sjögren syndrome and TIN or glomerular disease is usually good, but the risk of chronic kidney disease remains significant for some patients. Appropriate screening must be performed at least once a year in patients with systemic primary Sjögren syndrome in order to facilitate the early detection of renal complications. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment of renal disease in primary Sjögren syndrome.     

Double crush syndrome: Epidemiology,diagnosis, and treatment results

BackgroundDouble Crush Syndrome (DCS) is a clinical condition that involves multiple compression sites along a single peripheral nerve. The present study aims to describe the epidemiology of DCS and surgical results.MethodsA retrospective observational analytic study included patients with clinical diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy and carpal tunnel syndrome who underwent surgery between January 2009 and January 2019. General demographic characteristics were noted, and 3 groups were distinguished: spinal surgery, carpal tunnel release, and bimodal decompression (BD); statistical differences were analyzed between them.ResultsThe sample comprised 32 patients. DCS prevalence was 10.29%. Mean age at presentation was 59.25 ± 10.98 years. There was female predominance (75%). Paresthesia was the main symptom (65.6%). Post-surgical results of BD showed significant improvement in sensory nerve conduction velocity, motor nerve conduction velocity (both P = 0.008), and disability on Douleur Neuropathique 4 questions, Neck Disability Index, and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (P = 0.001, 0.004, 0.008, respectively).ConclusionsDiagnosis and management of DCS are a challenge. It is necessary to determine the site with maximal compression and risk of complications to decide on treatment. If first-line surgery is adequate, proximal and distal symptomatology can be improved. To maximize success, we recommend BD, according to the present results.     

Compartment syndrome,rhabdomyolysis and risk of acute renal failure as complications of the lithotomy position

Compartment syndrome, rhabdomyolysis and the risk of acute renal failure are potential complications of the lithotomy position. A six-year-old girl is described who developed a compartment syndrome with rhabdomyolysis after prolonged surgery in the lithotomy position. This complication occurred three times over ten years in our hospital. Rhabdomyolysis may induce acute renal failure. The pathogenesis of rhabdomyolysis--induced renal failure has not yet been elucidated. However, forced diuresis by intravenous administration of mannitol and furosemide can prevent acute renal failure.     

Acute morbidity and complications of thigh compartment syndrome: A report of 26 cases

Background  

To describe the patient population, etiology, and complications associated with thigh compartment syndrome (TCS). TCS is a rare condition, affecting less than 0.3% of trauma patients, caused by elevated pressure within a constrained fascial space which can result in tissue necrosis, fibrosis, and physical impairment in addition to other complications. Compartment releases performed after irreversible tissue ischemia has developed can lead to severe infection, amputation, and systemic complications including renal insufficiency and death.     

肾脏替代治疗对挤压综合征伤口的影响分析:汶川地震经验总结

[目的]分析肾脏替代治疗对挤压综合征患者伤口的影响,为今后治疗挤压综合征以及制定治疗策略提供更好的临床依据。[方法]收集汶川地震中本院收治的挤压综合征患者临床资料和相关治疗结果,将入选的患者分成肾脏替代治疗组和非肾脏替代治疗组,对比分析伤口感染率、伤口活动性动脉出血发生率、小腿减压切口渗液量的差异。[结果]肾脏替代治疗组和非肾脏替代治疗的伤口感染率差异有统计学意义(P=0.006)。肾脏替代治疗组培养出的致病菌前3位依次是不动杆菌属、铜绿假单胞菌和肠杆菌属,为多重耐药菌株。肾脏替代治疗组创面渗液量显著高于非肾脏替代治疗组(P=0.000)。[结论]肾脏替代治疗易导致挤压综合征患者开放创面渗液量增多、感染率高以及多重耐药菌株混合感染。     

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a patient of eclampsia with ‘partial’ HELLP syndrome presenting with status-epilepticus

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a rare clinico-neuroradiologic condition, not commonly reported in the literature. PRES is an uncommon complication of severe preeclampsia/eclampsia. We report the management of a 21 y-female with peripartum eclampsia and ‘partial’ HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low-platelets) presenting with status-epilepticus. She had neurological, cardiovascular, hepatic, renal and hematological involvement along with electrolyte abnormalities. Early diagnosis along with timely supportive therapy resulted in the successful management of this challenging case. Recent understanding on the pathophysiology of this uncommon condition is discussed. We highlight the importance to obstetricians, intensive-care physicians and anesthesiologists of recognizing such cases.     

Acute tubular necrosis associated with Lowe's syndrome: possible role of rhabdomyolysis.

The oculo-cerebral-renal syndrome of Lowe is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, congenital cataracts, renal tubular dysfunction, growth retardation, hypotonia, glaucoma, and rickets. Recently, it has been found that serum concentrations of the muscle enzymes are elevated, providing evidence that there is primary muscle involvement in this disorder. The renal functional abnormalities that occur have also been further delineated. Renal tubular dysfunction presents within the first year of life, followed by a serum creatinine level that increases with age. Renal failure generally occurs in the fourth decade of life. We report two patients with Lowe's syndrome who presented with new onset of acute renal failure (ARF). Workup of their ARF established the diagnosis of acute tubular necrosis with evidence of rhabdomyolysis in one case. These patients were treated aggressively with dialysis and had subsequent recovery of renal function to their baseline state. We suggest that patients with Lowe's syndrome who present with an acute change in their renal function should be treated early with vigorous hydration therapy. If dialysis is indicated, it should be initiated. Furthermore, these patients should be promptly evaluated for evidence of rhabdomyolysis with alkalinization of the urine if possible.     

Three-limb compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis after robotic cystoprostatectomy

The case of a 53 year-old, ASA physical status III man who underwent laparoscopy-assisted cystoprostatectomy, then subsequently developed three-limb compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis, is presented. He recovered baseline renal function and the use of his limbs. Well-limb compartment syndrome (WLCS) has a multifactorial etiology and is prevented and managed by avoidance of known risks.     

Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolysis--clinical investigation on our 6 cases]

Six cases of acute renal failure (ARF) due to rhabdomyolysis were experienced between 1984 and 1989. Patients' ages ranged from 33 to 92 years old (average ages 61) and all were male. The causes of rhabdomyolysis were as follows: one crush syndrome, one acute arterial occlusion, one diabetic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma and three cases of malignant syndrome due to neuroleptica (mainly haloperidol). Underlying diseases included, one case of abdominal aneurysm, two cases of diabetes mellitus, two cases of schizophrenia and one case of reactive psychosis. Dehydration was considered as an important factor in the onset of rhabdomyolysis and ARF, because it was observed in 4 of the cases in this study. In all cases, the serum levels of potassium, phosphorus and uric acid as well as myoglobin and myogenic enzymes increased markedly. In patients with myoglobinuric ARF, severe metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia in the oliguric phase and hypercalcemia in the diuretic phase were prominent. Muscle biopsy showed myolytic degeneration in 2 of 4 cases. Five cases were treated with hemodialysis and one case was managed conservatively. All 6 cases had relatively good prognosis. However, 3 cases with malignant syndrome showed outcomes more severe than in the other 3 cases without such syndrome.     

Streptococcal toxic shocklike syndrome leading to bilateral lower extremity compartment syndrome and renal failure. Report of a case

Compartment syndrome is considered a true emergency in orthopedic practice. To reduce morbidity and mortality from this condition, prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment are absolutely essential. An unusual bilateral lower extremity compartment syndrome leading to renal failure and crush syndrome occurred in a 13-year-old girl with Streptococcal toxic shocklike syndrome. This situation seems not to have been previously reported. Early diagnosis and expeditious treatment produced minimal sequelae of the condition.