Electrolytes and fluid management in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

The kidney is a complex and vital organ, regulating the electrolyte and fluid status of the human body. As hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are forms of renal replacement therapy and not an actual kidney, they do not possess the same physiologic regulation of both fluid and electrolytes. Precise regulation of fluid and electrolytes in the HD and PD population remains a constant challenge. In this review, fluid status of both HD and PD will be examined, as well as sodium, potassium, phosphorous, and calcium. Each electrolyte will be analyzed by its physiological significance, the complications that arise when a proper balance cannot be maintained, and methods to correct these imbalances. An overview of the fluid compartments and volume of distribution within the body will be discussed. Ultrafiltration, a modality used in both forms of renal replacement therapy, will be defined, along with its impact on fluid status. Fluid assessment will be addressed, along with proper maintenance of fluid homeostasis. By having an understanding of the pathophysiology behind the fluid and electrolyte abnormalities that occur in end-stage renal disease, one can direct proper management with medications, diet, and alterations in dialysis to provide patients with the most optimal form of renal replacement therapy available.     

Epidemiology of end stage renal disease in Poland

Development of end stage renal disease for many years was in Poland "signum maliominis" for patients with this syndrome. Situation dramatically changed as a consequence of dramatic development of renal replacement therapy. This progress was observed not only in basic forms of dialysis therapy (hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) but also renal transplantation. Increased availability of renal replacement therapy influenced both on the increment total number of treated patients (by 250% during period 1991-2001) and an qualification criteria. These changes caused substantial increase of patients with diabetic and hypertensive nephropathy. Such phenomenon is observed in whole the world and one can conclude that situation in this matter is normalizing in Poland. Similar situation is observed taking into account age of treated patients together with described above changes in primary diseases leading to end stage renal disease will cause more and more significant problem for health care system in Poland and many other countries.     

Implications of colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in renal dialysis patients. Learning to live with it?

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) commonly colonize, but less frequently infect, debilitated patients, such as those on chronic renal dialysis. The emergence of VRE amongst our cohort of renal replacement therapy patients posed considerable challenges in our attempts to prevent spread. Although 60 of 451 (13%) patients became colonized, only two patients required systemic antibiotics for confirmed or suspected invasive infection. Mortality and inpatient stay was greater in VRE-positive compared with VRE-negative patients (50% versus 10%) and patients who were screened on three or more occasions were likely to remain positive (e.g. 56% of patients screened on six occasions were positive). The application of recommended guidelines for the control of VRE, however, severely disrupted our renal dialysis programme and therefore had to be abandoned. As patients on renal dialysis are more likely to acquire VRE, remain colonized, require antibiotics and require regular inpatient or outpatient care more frequently than other patients, control measures should be adapted to minimize spread but not disrupt important and essential medical services.     

血液透析设备故障案例分析

血液透析(HD)是急慢性肾功能衰竭患者肾脏替代治疗方式之一,通过HD的治疗可以延长患者的生命,而血液透析机和水处理机是HD治疗过程中最为重要的设备,当设备出现故障时,快速分析和解决故障是HD患者顺利完成治疗的重要保障。     

Induced demand in kidney replacement therapy

There are three notable aspects of the current kidney replacement therapy program. First, the number of patients on home dialysis has dropped substantially over the last decades. Second, the rate of transplantation has stabilized in recent years. Third, there is variation in referral rate for transplantation among hospitals. These trends are the result of overutilization of in-center dialysis and that demand for kidney replacement therapy is moderated by suppliers.Current healthcare policy leads to overutilization of in-center dialysis and underutilization of home dialysis and transplantation. This overutilization is the result of supplier-induced demand and leads to suboptimal care for patients and excessive healthcare expenditures. The main drivers of this overutilization are the overcapacity of in-center dialysis beds and the high financial disincentives on empty dialysis beds. Policymakers should address this by reducing dialysis capacity and increasing the capacity of transplantation facilities.This is the first attempt to address the overutilization and the nonalignment of supply and demand by looking at the capacity of in-center dialysis and the financial disincentives for physicians on empty in-center dialysis beds. In our analysis, we conclude that limiting the capacity of in-center dialysis beds is the most effective strategy to better align supply and demand, which will result in better patient outcomes and lower societal costs.     

Palliative dialysis in end-stage renal disease

Dialysis patients are often denied hospice benefits unless they forego dialysis treatments. However, many of those patients might benefit from as-needed dialysis treatments to palliate symptoms of uremia, fluid overload, etc. The current Medicare payment system precludes this "palliative dialysis" except in those few cases where the terminal diagnosis is unrelated to renal failure. As approximately three quarters of all US patients on dialysis have Medicare as their primary insurance, a of review of Medicare policy is suggested, with a goal of creating a new "palliative dialysis" category that would allow patients to receive treatments on a less regular schedule without affecting the quality statistics of the dialysis center.( 1 ).     

How can we achieve global equity in provision of renal replacement therapy?

There is a significant emerging burden of chronic and end-stage kidney disease in low- and middle-income countries, driven by population ageing and the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes. Sufferers of end-stage kidney disease require ongoing dialysis or kidney transplantation to survive; however, in many low- and middle-income countries, treatment options are strictly limited or unaffordable. Low numbers of maintenance dialysis patients and transplant recipients reflect profound economic and service provision challenges for health-care systems in low- and middle-income countries in sustaining renal replacement therapy programmes. Underdeveloped organ donor and transplant programmes, health system and financing issues, ethical regulation of transplantation and the cost of pharmaceuticals commonly pose additional barriers to the delivery of efficient and cost-effective renal replacement therapy. Development of locally appropriate transplant programmes, effective use of nongovernmental sources of funding, service planning and cost containment, use of generic drugs and local manufacture of dialysis consumables have the potential to make life-saving renal replacement therapy available to many more in need. Select low- and middle-income countries demonstrate more equitable provision of renal replacement therapy is possible outside high-income countries. For other low- and middle-income countries, education, the development of good public policy and a supportive international environment are critical. Prevention of end-stage kidney disease, ideally as part of an integrated approach to chronic vascular diseases, must also be a key objective.     

腹膜透析置管手术方式改进后对患者早期预后效果分析

目的探讨腹膜透析置管方法改进后对长期肾脏替代治疗患者早期预后的影响。方法将我科2009年4-12月腹膜透析置管方法改进后的手术患者44例作为观察组,另选择1992年1月-1994年3月腹膜透析置管手术患者131例作为对照组,术后观察腹透置管成功后一月内并发症情况。结果观察组与对照组相比,观察组术后早期并发症的发生率明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论腹膜透析置管方法改进后可改善长期肾脏替代治疗患者早期预后。     

The role of peritoneal dialysis in renal replacement therapy: an update on medical aspects

In this brief review, we discuss various medical factors that are of importance for the role of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in renal replacement therapy (RRT), whereas the complex role of non medical factors will only be mentioned briefly. The aim of any RRT, including hemodialysis, PD and renal transplantation, is to normalize the volume and composition of the body fluids, to remove uremic toxins, and to improve clinical outcome. In the following, we will focus on adequacy, preservation of residual renal function, fluid balance, infections, nutrition, cardiovascular disease and systemic inflammation in PD as these factors are strong predictors of clinical outcome in end stage renal disease patients.     

Langzeitüberleben bei chronischer Niereninsuffizienz

Patients with end-stage renal disease require renal replacement therapy with either dialysis or kidney transplantation. Survival and quality of life (QoL) after transplantation are superior to chronic dialysis. Early living donor kidney transplantation is best for patient and graft survival. Preemptive living-related kidney transplantation therefore is the best medical treatment option for these patients. Patients with end-stage renal disease suffer from multiple physical and psychological complaints. The prevalence of depressive disorders is 20-25% in this population. Studies on QoL in children after kidney transplantation show a reduced physical QoL, but an overall good psychological QoL. Alarming results of numerous studies are the high non-adherence rates in adolescents. Especially exercise interventions during dialysis and after kidney transplantation show promising results. Whether QoL of patients will improve with new approaches to immunosuppressive therapy remains to be evaluated in future studies.     

Pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis in a girl with anorexia nervosa

OBJECTIVE: Silent pericardial effusion is frequently observed in patients with anorexia nervosa. The nature of the pericardial fluid could never be established, as pericardiocentesis was ethically unfeasible. METHOD: We describe the case of a girl with anorexia nervosa in whom an initial, clinically irrelevant pericardial effusion increased rapidly, making pericardiocentesis necessary to prevent cardiac tamponade. RESULTS: It was thus possible to exclude the inflammatory or infectious nature of the pericardial fluid, although the pathogenesis of this cardiac alteration remains obscure. CONCLUSION: Echocardiographic examination appears to be strongly advisable in patients with anorexia nervosa.     

Quality of life of patients in renal replacement therapy in Brazil: comparison of treatment modalities

Purpose

This study aimed to analyze and compare the quality of life of renal replacement therapy patients undergoing hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and those with renal transplantation in Brazil. In addition, we aimed to verify factors associated with patients?? quality of life and the relationship between quality of life and treatment modality, socioeconomic and demographic conditions as well as aspects related to the disease and health services.

Methods

A representative sample of the dialysis units and transplant centers was obtained. Structured questionnaires were used to interview 3,036 patients in one of three treatment modalities: hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant. Information was collected about socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and quality of life measures.

Results

There were significant differences between renal transplants and both forms of dialysis for all dimensions of the SF-36. Hemodialysis patients showed better results in the dimensions of functional capacity, physical aspects and social aspects, compared to peritoneal dialysis patients. Renal transplant patients had the best mean score in the physical component of quality of life. There were no significant differences among treatment groups regarding the mental component of quality of life. The physical and mental components were associated with comorbidities and age; however, older patients had better mental quality of life but worse physical quality of life. Patients in a higher socioeconomic class and patients that were not hospitalized also reported better quality of life. Unmarried and male patients presented better physical quality of life. The dialysis units and transplant centers influenced the patients?? quality of life.

Conclusions

Renal transplant patients have the best quality of life of the three treatment modalities. It is necessary to increase access to renal transplants.     

应用Excel精确计算连续性肾脏替代治疗置换液电解质浓度

目的 设计一款简单而精确的连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）置换液电解质浓度的计算工具.方法 以南京军区总院置换液配方为基础,查列所需药物的分子式和分子量,利用Excel工作表制作一个带自动计算功能的表格,只需输入药物的剂量,即可得出置换液相关电解质的浓度.选取20例患者治疗时已配好的置换液送检,查钾、钠、氯、碳酸氢根、钙等离子和葡萄糖的浓度,分析其检验结果与计算结果.再选取一重度低钠血症患者和一代谢性碱中毒患者为实例,了解治疗结束时目标离子的变化情况.结果 20份标本的钾、钠、氯、碳酸氢根、钙等离子和葡萄糖浓度的检验结果与计算结果近似.重度低钠血症患者治疗结束时抽血查钠离子浓度接近计算结果,同样,代谢性碱中毒患者治疗结束时抽血查碳酸氢根浓度也接近计算结果.结论 利用笔者所在科室设计的EXCEL工作表可精确计算CRRT置换液的电解质浓度,只需调整药物的剂量,即可得出临床所需的置换液的相关电解质浓度.     

Weight restoration in a patient with anorexia nervosa on dialysis

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of weight restoration in a patient with anorexia nervosa, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring dialysis, and cardiac insufficiency. METHOD: The technical challenges and ethical issues involved in her clinical management are reviewed. Renal insufficiency is a common complication of more severe anorexia nervosa. RESULTS: Progression to renal failure, when it occurs, is most typically a terminal event. There are currently no published guidelines for monitoring the weight gain of patients undergoing dialysis. CONCLUSION: We present a case of a patient who progressed from renal insufficiency to renal failure while in treatment for anorexia nervosa, and who was ultimately successfully weight restored while on renal dialysis.     

蔗糖铁对中度贫血的透析患者的治疗作用

目的(1)了解口服铁剂时肾脏替代治疗患者贫血情况;(2)静脉蔗糖铁治疗对中度贫血患者的治疗效果及副作用观察。方法我院透析中心规律透析的尿毒症患者134例,血液透析患者104例,腹膜透析30例。患者均常规叶酸及正规促红细胞生成素使用,统计口服铁剂时患者贫血情况。将中度贫血的部分患者行蔗糖铁静脉注射治疗,观察治疗前后患者血清铁、铁蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、肝功能等指标并观察蔗糖铁的临床副作用。结果134例肾脏替代治疗患者中经口服铁剂HB达110g以上者占18%,轻度贫血占17%,中度贫血占44%。重度贫血占21%。中度贫血患者经静脉注射蔗糖铁治疗后血清铁、铁蛋白、血红蛋白(HB)、红细胞压积(HCT)较口服时均有明显升高。总有效率达88%。患者使用蔗糖铁过程中血压脉搏呼吸体温等生命体征无明显变化,肝功能无明显改变,无一例出现过敏反应等严重副作用。结论(1)肾脏替代治疗患者口服铁剂以中重度贫血为主,患者血红蛋白达标率低;(2)静脉用蔗糖铁治疗中度肾性贫血安全有效。     

蔗糖铁对中度贫血的透析患者的治疗作用

目的（1）了解口服铁剂时肾脏替代治疗患者贫血情况;（2）静脉蔗糖铁治疗对中度贫血患者的治疗效果及副作用观察。方法我院透析中心规律透析的尿毒症患者134例,血液透析患者104例,腹膜透析30例。患者均常规叶酸及正规促红细胞生成素使用．统计口服铁剂时患者贫血情况。将中度贫血的部分患者行蔗糖铁静脉注射治疗,观察治疗前后患者血清铁、铁蛋白、血红蛋白、红细胞压积、肝功能等指标并观察蔗糖铁的临床副作用。结果134例肾脏替代治疗患者中经口服铁剂HB达110g以上者占18％,轻度贫血占17％．中度贫血占44％。重度贫血占21％。中度贫血患者经静脉注射蔗糖铁治疗后血清铁、铁蛋白、血红蛋白（HB）、红细胞压积（HCT）较口服时均有明显升高。总有效率达88％。患者使用蔗糖铁过程中血压脉搏呼吸体温等生命体征无明显变化．肝功能无明显改变,无一例出现过敏反应等严重副作用。结论（1）肾脏替代治疗患者口服铁剂以中重度贫血为主．患者血红蛋白达标率低：（2）静脉用蔗糖铁治疗中度肾性贫血安全有效。     

Treating fluid noncompliance in the hemodialysis population using unit wide contests

Our dialysis unit observed fluid noncompliance over a wide variety of patients. The consequences of fluid abuse that can include systemic and cardiovascular overload are a frequent clinic complication of hemodialysis patients. In spite of all our attempts, our dialysis unit continued to have a substantial group of patients who could not adhere to their fluid restriction. Our dialysis unit needed a novel program to help motivate patients to comply with diet/medication fluid regimens. A method that seems to work well in our dialysis unit is playing unit-wide games. We developed “The Fluid Game,” an original patient education idea, for providing renal patients with a fun incentive to keep their interdialytic weight gains within acceptable limits.     

滤膜法与涂抹法检测血液透析相关用水微生物的效果

目的 探讨滤膜法和涂抹法检测血液透析相关用水微生物的效果,为选择合适的检测方法提供依据。方法 回顾性收集某三级甲等综合性医院2018年1-12月同时采用滤膜法和涂抹法检测血液透析相关用水微生物的结果,对比分析滤膜法和涂抹法检测细菌检出率、单位菌落数、超干预值检出率和微生物合格率。结果 共收集274份血液透析相关用水微生物检测结果,其中透析液131份,反渗水39份,B浓缩液（下简称B液）14份,置换液34份,其他透析用水56份。滤膜法细菌检出率均高于涂抹法,其中透析液、反渗水、置换液、其他透析用水标本使用两种方法的细菌检出率比较,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。透析液、B液、其他透析用水标本单位菌落数滤膜法数值上低于涂抹法,但仅其他透析用水标本使用两种方法检测结果单位菌落数差异有统计学意义（t=-3.011,P=0.004）。超干预值检出率其他透析用水滤膜法低于涂抹法,差异有统计学意义（χ²=6.596,P=0.010）。置换液、反渗水标本微生物合格率滤膜法数值上低于涂抹法,但仅置换液标本微生物合格率差异有统计学意义（χ²=18.987,P<0.001）。结论 滤膜法检出细菌的能力高于涂抹法,但其在血液透析相关用水微生物检测中存在一定局限性,除用于置换液比较适合外,应用在其余血液透析相关用水微生物的检测效果并不优于涂抹法。     

"Knowing one's self" anorexic: implications for therapeutic practice

OBJECTIVE: Recent postmodernist studies of anorexia nervosa (AN) challenge current clinical understandings and therapies by illuminating not what AN is but how what it is known to be by clinicians helps construct the disorder and therapy for it. This study points to the equal if not greater importance of how patients know AN. METHODS: Using a deconstructive approach, the discourses of a group of women diagnosed with severe AN were analyzed to reveal radically different versions of "knowing one's self" anorexic. RESULTS: These versions of "self" have strategically different implications for, and meanings of, any therapeutic endeavour. DISCUSSION: Postmodernist approaches point to the need for social reconstruction of lay and community understandings of AN. They also have implications at the level of individual therapy, and could be deployed with patients to establish individual but authentic bases for therapy.     

Transplantation. Kidneys

Nearly 2000 patients each year commence renal replacement therapy in the UK. Renal transplantation offers a return to a near-normal lifestyle and has considerable financial advantages over long-term dialysis. Recent developments have increased the success rate to nearly 90%, and there is a real need to improve the supply of cadaver kidneys available for transplantation.