核运输因子2在糖尿病大鼠视网膜的时空表达及其意义

目的:探讨糖尿病大鼠视网膜中核运输因子2(NTF2)的时空表达变化及意义。方法:伊凡思蓝(EB)灌注铺片观察糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管分布和形态。逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测与糖尿病大鼠不同时点鼠龄匹配的对照组(N2w,N1m,N3m,N6m)和糖尿病成模后2周、1月、3月、6月(D2w,D1m,D3m,D6m)大鼠视网膜中NTF2、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)mRNA的表达。免疫组化法检测NTF2蛋白在视网膜中的表达和分布位置。结果:正常组大鼠可见在低背景荧光下视网膜血管对EB有很好的屏障作用,成模1月后糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管仅见背景荧光增强,成模3月后血管出现异常节段性扩张,局部血管周围EB渗漏。与糖尿病大鼠年龄匹配的正常大鼠视网膜NTF2和VEGF并未随时间延长而变化,mRNA表达稳定。糖尿病成模2周后开始,NTF2mRNA有轻度增高,并随病程的延长保持较高水平,病程达6个月时,NTF2表达开始回落,与正常大鼠基本一致。NTF2蛋白在正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠视网膜中免疫组化均可以检出,主要分布在视网膜内层,以节细胞层、内核层为主。结论:NTF2mRNA水平在糖尿病大鼠视网膜中升高,主要分布在视网膜内层。NTF2很可能在糖尿病视网膜病变中起着一定的调控作用,其作用途径及机制可能与VEGF的作用通路有一定的联系。     

血管内皮生长因子及其受体在糖尿病小鼠视网膜的表达

目的：观察血管内皮生长因子（Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor,VEGF)及其受体flk-1在糖尿病视网膜细胞的表达,以期阐明VEGF与糖尿病性盲的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学这及发病组视网膜VEGF和flk-1阳性细胞,并计算单位面积视网膜中神经节细胞VEGF阳性率和flk-1阳性细胞数,结果：发病组视网膜神经节细胞VEGF阳性率和flk-1阳性神经节细胞数从3月龄时开始增多（P＜0．05）,并随着病程延长有上升趋势,VEGF在6月龄后增多更显著,flk-1在8月龄后增加也更为明显。结论：VEGF和flk-1在糖尿病视网膜神经节细胞表达量增加,VEGF通过与flk-1相互作用,不仅使血管内皮细胞增殖,导致视网膜新生网管形成,而且还可能通过改变神经节细胞及Muller细胞膜上的受体数量而对神经节细胞功能活动产生影响。     

糖尿病小鼠视网膜碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的表达及细胞损害的电镜观察

目的：为临床研究提供形态学资料。方法：用免疫组化方法，观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)在糖尿病小鼠视网膜的分布及表达密度；用透射电镜观察不同病程视网膜细胞的损害情况。结果：糖尿病及正常小鼠视网膜各层细胞均表达bFGF，反应强度和密度不同。发病组自6月龄起，居于大血管周围的阳性节细胞密度增加；不同病程bFGF的表达有不同程度的增加。随糖尿病病程延长，细胞超微结构受到不同程度的损害。结论：糖尿病时增多的bFGF直接或间接作用于血管内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞，刺激二者增殖，促进微血管病变的发生；另一方面，减弱视细胞与双极细胞间的信息传递，对糖尿病性盲的发生起重要作用。同时，各种细胞的超微结构及相应的功能也受到不同程度的损害。     

糖尿病视网膜病变早期血管内皮生长因子作用机制的研究

目的:通过链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ)糖尿病大鼠视网膜的石蜡切片及血管铺片,研究糖尿病大鼠视网膜病变时血管内皮生长因子(vascularendothelialgrowthfactor,VEGF)作用的分子病理机制。方法:建立糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为正常对照组(C),糖尿病1月组(M₁)、3月组(M₃)、5月组(M₅)。分别在视网膜石蜡切片及血管铺片上行VEGF原位杂交和免疫组化。结果:①石蜡切片:原位杂交仅M₅表达为67%;免疫组化M₃表达为34%,M₅表达为89%。②视网膜血管铺片:原位杂交仅M₅表达为34%;免疫组化仅M₅表达为56%。结论:①除内皮细胞外,周细胞及Müller细胞也可产生VEGF;②糖尿病视网膜病变早期VEGF可能是来源于旁分泌途径。     

灯盏花素对人视网膜色素上皮细胞和糖尿病大鼠视网膜VEGF表达的影响

目的:观察灯盏花素对高糖环境下人视网膜色素上皮细胞株ARPE-19中VEGF、VEGFR2和pERK蛋白的表达及对2型糖尿病大鼠视网膜VEGF表达的影响。方法:培养ARPE-19细胞,分为对照组、灯盏花素组、高糖组和高糖+灯盏花素组,ELISA检测VEGF的分泌水平,Western blot检测细胞VEGF、VEGFR2和p-ERK的蛋白水平;取正常大鼠,随机分为正常对照组、灯盏花素组、糖尿病模型组和糖尿病灯盏花素治疗组,16周后取各组大鼠眼球,观察大鼠视网膜的病理变化并评分,免疫组化观察VEGF的表达情况。结果:(1)细胞实验结果显示,灯盏花素组VEGF、VEGFR2和p-ERK的蛋白水平与正常对照组比较均减低(P0.05);高糖组细胞上述蛋白水平与正常对照组比较均增加(P0.05);高糖+灯盏花素组上述蛋白水平与高糖组比较表达均减少(P0.05);(2)大鼠视网膜病理学评分显示糖尿病组与正常对照组、糖尿病灯盏花素治疗组相比差异显著,灯盏花素组与正常对照组相比差异无统计学意义。糖尿病大鼠与正常对照组、灯盏花素组相比,视网膜VEGF的表达增加;糖尿病灯盏花素治疗组中VEGF的表达较糖尿病组有所降低(P0.05)。结论:灯盏花素可以降低ARPE-19细胞VEGF、VEGFR2和p-ERK的蛋白表达水平,抑制糖尿病大鼠视网膜VEGF的表达,提示灯盏花素可能通过降低糖尿病大鼠视网膜细胞和组织中VEGF的表达,缓解其糖尿病视网膜病变进程。     

内痔粘膜及血管上皮细胞VEGF/FGF2的表达与内痔分期的相关性分析

目的 通过观察人体内痔不同分期粘膜及血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF2）的表达,探讨内痔的发生及发展机制。 方法 收集南方医院肛肠科门诊手术切除的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期内痔标本134例（Ⅰ期42例,Ⅱ期45例,Ⅲ期47例）,内痔周围正常肠壁组织40例作为对照,采用HE染色观察组织的病理学变化,采用免疫组织化学方法检测血管内皮细胞VEGF及FGF2的表达。 结果 正常组及Ⅰ期内痔黏膜层被覆上皮完整,未见扩张血管;Ⅱ期内痔黏膜层被覆上皮破坏,黏膜肌层破坏,黏膜层内见新生血管;Ⅲ期内痔黏膜层被覆上皮破坏,见血管管壁增厚迂曲,管腔扩张;与正常粘膜成纤维细胞相比VEGF在粘膜层成纤维细胞表达水平明显升高,并随分期增高而增高（F=883.961,P<0.01）,FGF2也存在相同表达（F=656.013,P<0.01）;与正常组相比VEGF在血管内皮细胞表达水平明显升高,并随分期增高而增高（F=776.561,P<0.01）,FGF2在血管内皮细胞的表达水平存在相同趋势（F=1066.458,P＜0.01）。 结论 VEGF及FGF2在内痔的形成过程中具有促进血管内皮细胞和粘膜下成纤维细胞增生的作用,同时可作为内痔发生发展的分子标志物。     

内痔粘膜及血管上皮细胞VEGF/FGF2的表达与内痔分期的相关性分析

目的 通过观察人体内痔不同分期粘膜及血管内皮细胞生长因子（VEGF）及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子（FGF2）的表达，探讨内痔的发生及发展机制。 方法 收集南方医院肛肠科门诊手术切除的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期内痔标本134例（Ⅰ期42例，Ⅱ期45例，Ⅲ期47例），内痔周围正常肠壁组织40例作为对照，采用HE染色观察组织的病理学变化，采用免疫组织化学方法检测血管内皮细胞VEGF及FGF2的表达。 结果 正常组及Ⅰ期内痔黏膜层被覆上皮完整，未见扩张血管；Ⅱ期内痔黏膜层被覆上皮破坏，黏膜肌层破坏，黏膜层内见新生血管；Ⅲ期内痔黏膜层被覆上皮破坏，见血管管壁增厚迂曲，管腔扩张；与正常粘膜成纤维细胞相比VEGF在粘膜层成纤维细胞表达水平明显升高，并随分期增高而增高（F=883.961，P<0.01），FGF2也存在相同表达（F=656.013，P<0.01）；与正常组相比VEGF在血管内皮细胞表达水平明显升高，并随分期增高而增高（F=776.561，P<0.01），FGF2在血管内皮细胞的表达水平存在相同趋势（F=1066.458，P＜0.01）。 结论 VEGF及FGF2在内痔的形成过程中具有促进血管内皮细胞和粘膜下成纤维细胞增生的作用，同时可作为内痔发生发展的分子标志物。     

细胞因子信号转导抑制因子SOCS-3在成年大鼠视网膜内的定位分布

目的 分析JAK-STAT信号转导途径抑制蛋白SOCS-3在大鼠视网膜内的基础表达和细胞内定位分布。方法 免疫细胞化学技术。结果 SOCS-3免疫阳性反应细胞广泛分布在视网膜节细胞层和内核层。在节细胞层，SOCS-3免疫阳性反应产物主要分布在节细胞核；在内核层，部分阳性细胞为MUller细胞。结论 SOCS-3在正常大鼠视网膜神经元及胶质细胞内有较为广泛的基础表达，并以核蛋白为其主要存在形式。     

MNU诱导的视网膜光感受器细胞损伤过程中视网膜VEGF表达的变化

目的： 探讨N-甲基-N-亚硝脲（MNU）诱导的大鼠视网膜光感受器细胞损伤过程中视网膜血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）的表达变化。方法: 50 d龄雌性SD大鼠55只,随机分5组,正常组和造模组（分4个组）,造模组40 mg/kg MNU单次腹腔注射,在注射后1 d、3 d、7 d和10 d取眼球立即分离视网膜以提取总RNA,通过RT-PCR检测VEGF mRNA的表达情况;摘取眼球进行冰冻切片,免疫荧光技术检测VEGF蛋白质在视网膜中的表达以及分布的变化。结果: RT-PCR检测结果表明,与正常对照组比较,MNU造模后1 d,VEGF mRNA的表达均较强,3 d VEGF表达最高,P＜0.01;7 d和10 d恢复正常,无明显差异,P＞0.05。免疫荧光检测结果显示,VEGF蛋白质表达与RT-PCR检测结果基本一致,VEGF蛋白质在视网膜各层均有表达,造模后1 d和3 d,外核层损伤较重,外核层VEGF的表达明显增强。结论: MNU诱导的视网膜光感受器细胞损伤可使VEGF的表达增强,提示VEGF可能参与MNU诱导的视网膜光感受器细胞的损伤修复。     

糖基化终末产物对培养的兔视网膜Müller细胞bFGF表达的影响

目的:观察在不同剂量糖基化终产物(AGEs)条件下,对体外培养的视网膜Müller细胞碱性成纤维生长因子(b FGF)表达的影响及其机制。方法:采用免疫细胞化学及透射电镜方法鉴定体外培养的兔视网膜Müller细胞;应用免疫细胞化学方法半定量观察640μl/2 000μl AGEs条件下视网膜Müller细胞b FGF表达的变化;利用RT-PCR技术观察AGEs、PKC抑制剂Calphostin C对视网膜Müller细胞b FGF mRNA表达的影响。结果:640μl/2 000μl AGEs可刺激视网膜Müller细胞表达b FGF,Calphostin C可明显抑制AGEs引起的b FGF mRNA表达的增加,在浓度为50 nmol/L时其抑制作用最强。结论:AGEs刺激Müller细胞b FGF的表达,发挥促血管生成的作用,b FGF mRNA的表达可能是通过激活PKC途径实现的。     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对谷氨酸毒性损伤豚鼠视网膜内生长抑素表达的影响

为了探讨过量谷氨酸毒性损伤豚鼠视网膜内生长抑素(SOM)的表达及碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)对其表达的影响,本实验将豚鼠随机分成三组。损伤组:腹膜腔内给予谷氨酸钠3g/kg,隔天给药,连续7d;对照组:采用相同方法注射等量生理盐水;治疗组(bFGF+谷氨酸钠):在注射谷氨酸钠之前1~2h,给予bFGF800U/kg,隔天给药,连续7d。各组动物分别在存活10d后取材。采用免疫组织化学和图像分析技术,对各组豚鼠视网膜内SOM样免疫反应产物的表达进行检测。结果显示:(1)正常豚鼠视网膜内可观察到许多SOM样免疫阳性神经元,这些神经元主要分布于视网膜节细胞层(GCL)和内核层(INL);(2)损伤组相应区域内可观察到SOM样阳性细胞数较对照组明显减少(P<0.05或P<0.01),其染色强度亦明显减弱;(3)治疗组经预先给予bFGF后,在GCL和INL内可检测到SOM样阳性细胞数较损伤组明显增加(P<0.05或P<0.01),其染色强度有所增强。以上结果提示:过量谷氨酸钠可导致视网膜内SOM的表达显著降低,而bFGF则可以上调由于过量谷氨酸毒性损伤所引起的SOM的表达。     

Characteristics of the cell proliferation in the developing human retina

The retinal primordia were studied in human embryos at developmental weeks 5-8 to examine the expression of proliferation-associated proteins (Ki67 and PCNA), the number of nucleoli in the nuclei of neuroepithelial cells (in respect to their distance to the apical surface) and the distribution of DNA-synthesizing cells after a short-term (20 min) incubation in vitro in serum-free medium containing BrdU. In 5-week embryos, retinal primordium contains the neuroepithelium with a typical structure. BrdU-positive nuclei and nuclei with small number of nucleoli were found in the basal portion of the ventricular zone. However, this organization was disturbed in the initial period of the formation of inner nuclear layer (week 6). At this stage DNA-synthesizing cells were seen even at the apical surface. In retinal primordia of embryos at weeks 6-7 there appeared an additional area of cell proliferation in the Chievitz layer and in the inner nuclear layer. In embryos at week 8 the dividing cells were concentrated in the outer nuclear layer, which has regained the organization, typical for a neuroepithelium.     

NGF和bFGF及其受体在金黄地鼠神经管的定位

用免疫组织化学和免疫电镜方法研究了神经生长因子 (NGF)和碱性成纤维细胞因子 (b FGF)及其受体 (Trk A、FGFR)在金黄地鼠神经管发育中的定位分布。结果显示 :NGF和 b FGF的表达时序不同 ,但与各自受体的表达时序基本一致 ,其定位相似。受精后第 8d即出现 b FGF阳性细胞 ,NGF于第 9d出现 ,随着胚龄增加 ,免疫阳性着色逐渐增强 ,二者均定位于神经细胞胞质、神经管内界膜、外界膜 ,脊索和脊神经节细胞胞质中 ,b FGF还分布于神经细胞核。第 8d可检测到少量散在的 FGFR金标颗粒 ,Trk A于第 9d出现 ,随着胚胎的发育 ,金标颗粒逐渐增多 ,主要定位于细胞膜、胞质的基质、内质网、核膜及胞核中。上述结果表明 ,NGF、b FGF及其受体在金黄地鼠胚神经管形成和分化中按着一定的时序出现于细胞的一定部位     

Distribution of Acidic and Basic Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGF) in the Foetal Rat Eye: Implications for Lens Development

Abstract

Previously we reported that, in vitro, lens cells proliferate, migrate or differentiate in response to low, medium and high concentrations of FGF respectively. To examine further the role of FGF in lens development we used immunohistochemistry to study the distribution of aFGF and bFGF in the eye of the 20 day rat foetus. Strong aFGF-like reactivity was localised in a band of cells near the lens equator which included the germinative zone where most cell proliferation occurs and the transitional zone where epithelial cells differentiate into fibres. The closely apposed inner epithelial layer of the ciliary and iridial retina also reacted strongly. Reactivity for aFGF was also found in the epidermis and in the corneal and conjunctival epithelia. In the neural retina, reactivity was found in the nerve fibre layer and in isolated cells of the inner plexiform layer. bFGF-like reactivity was found in the retinal ganglion cell layer, extra-ocular muscles and associated with endothelial cells of the hyaloid, lenticular and choroid vasculatures. Pre-digestion of sections with hyaluronidase caused loss of cell-associated reactivity but revealed strong bFGF-like reactivity in ocular basement membranes, in particular, the lens capsule. The sensitivity of this capsular bFGF localisation to heparinase indicates that bFGF in the extracellular matrix is complexed with heparan sulphate proteoglycans. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that FGF plays an important role in lens development via both autocrine and paracrine mechanisms.     

Intermediate filament complement of the normal and gliotic canine retina.

Intermediate filament expression of various cell types in the adult canine normal and gliotic retina was determined by an immunoperoxidase method of using monoclonal antibodies on aldehyde-fixed tissues. In the normal retina, vimentin was present in astrocytes in the nerve fibre layer, horizontal cell processes, and Müller cell fibres from the internal limiting membrane to the outer nuclear layer. Neurofilamentous axons were noted in the nerve fibre, inner plexiform layer, and outer plexiform layer, although the degree of staining intensity varied among the three molecular weight neurofilament antisera used. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) staining was confined to the nerve fibre and ganglion cell layer; this was interpreted as representing fibrous astrocytes. Astrocyte density varied according to retinal topography with an increased number around retinal blood vessels and in the peripapillary retina. Quantitative, but not qualitative differences in staining for vimentin and the neurofilaments were noted in degenerative, gliotic retinas. In common with several other mammalian species previously studied, the canine Müller cells accumulate or express GFAP under pathological conditions involving a gliotic response.     

Characteristics of Cellular Proliferation in the Developing Human Retina

The expression of proliferation-associated proteins Ki67 and PCNA was studied in the retinal rudiments of human embryos at 5-8 weeks of development; studies also addressed the numbers of nucleoli in the nuclei of neuroepithelial cells (with consideration of their distances to the apical surface) and DNA-synthesizing cells after transient (20 min) in vitro incubation in serum-free medium containing BrdU. The retinal rudiment of embryos at five weeks of development had neuroepithelium of the typical structure. BrdU-positive nuclei and nuclei with small numbers of nucleoli were located in the basal part of the ventricular zone. However, this organization was disrupted during the initial period of formation of the inner nuclear layer (six weeks). At this time, DNA-synthesizing cells were found even at the apical surface. Retinal rudiments of embryos at 6-7 weeks of development contained an additional area of cell proliferation in the Chievitz layer and the inner nuclear layer. In eight-week embryos, dividing cells were located in the outer nuclear layer, which again acquired the organization typical of neuroepithelium.     

Synapsin I expression in the rat retina during postnatal development

Summary The expression of the synapsin I gene was studied during postnatal development of the rat retina at the mRNA and protein levels. In situ hybridization histochemistry showed that synapsin I mRNA was expressed already in nerve cells in the ganglion cell layer of the neonatal retina, while it appeared in neurons of the inner nuclear layer from postnatal day 4 onward. Maximal expression of synapsin I mRNA was observed at P12 in ganglion cells and in neurons of the inner nuclear layer followed by moderate expression in the adult. At the protein level a shift of synapsin I appearance was observed from cytoplasmic to terminal localization during retinal development by immunohistochemistry. In early stages (P4 and P8), synapsin I was seen in neurons of the ganglion cell layer and in neurons of the developing inner nuclear layer as well as in the developing inner plexiform layer. In the developing outer plexiform layer synapsin I was localized only in horizontal cells and in their processes. Its early appearance at P4 indicated the early maturation of this cell type. A shift and strong increase of labelling to the plexiform layers at P12 indicated the localization of synapsin I in synaptic terminals. The inner plexiform layer exhibited a characteristic stratified pattern. Photoreceptor cells never exhibited synapsin I mRNA or synapsin I protein throughout development.Abbreviations GCL ganglion cell layer - INB inner neuroblast layer - INL inner nuclear layer - IPL inner plexiform layer - ONB outer neuroblast layer - ONL outer nuclear layer - OPL outer plexiform layer     

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及胰岛素样生长因子1对精原干细胞增殖凋亡影响的机制

文题释义：碱性成纤维细胞生长因子：是细胞生长和分化的重要调节因子,具有促血管生成、细胞增殖、细胞趋化、细胞迁移等活性,在细胞分化和机体发育过程中发挥重要作用。碱性成纤维细胞生长因子通过与细胞膜表面的特异性配体结合,进而引发细胞内的一系列级联反应,从而产生各种生物学效应。 胰岛素样生长因子1：是多功能细胞增殖调控因子,主要分布在肝脏中,其与胰岛素样生长因子2、胰岛素及其受体一起构成了胰岛素样生长因子家族,其对细胞生长和代谢具有多效作用。 背景：生长因子作为体外细胞培养和体内细胞生长及增殖必需的调节因子,一直被广泛的关注。 目的：探讨碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fibroblast growth factor,bFGF)与胰岛素样生长因子1(insulin-like growth facter,IGF-1)联合作用对小鼠精原干细胞增殖、凋亡的影响。 方法：从6-8 d龄昆明雄性小鼠睾丸内分离培养精原干细胞并进行鉴定。将精原干细胞接种于经丝裂霉素C处理过的胚胎成纤维细胞饲养层上,分组干预：对照组加入正常DMEM培养基进行培养;bFGF、IGF-1组分别加入含20 μg/L bFGF、20 μg/L IGF-1的DMEM培养基进行培养;bFGF+IGF-1组同时加入含20 μg/L bFGF及20 μg/L IGF-1的DMEM培养基进行培养。采用CCK-8、EDU染色法分别检测精原干细胞增殖活性,流式细胞仪检测精原干细胞生长周期和细胞凋亡情况,Western blot检测增殖和凋亡相关蛋白PCNA、Bax、Bcl-2的表达。 结果与结论：①与对照组比较,bFGF组、IGF-1组、bFGF+IGF-1组吸光度值显著升高,与bFGF组、IGF-1组比较,bFGF+IGF-1组吸光度值进一步升高(P < 0.05),EDU染色得到与CCK-8实验一致的结论;②bFGF+IGF-1组S+G₂/M期细胞比例明显高于其他3组(P < 0.05),IGF-1组、bFGF组S+G₂/M期细胞比例高于对照组(P < 0.05);③与对照组比较,bFGF组、IGF-1组、bFGF+IGF-1组凋亡细胞降低;与bFGF组、IGF-1组比较,bFGF+IGF-1组凋亡细胞进一步降低;④与对照组比较,bFGF组、IGF-1组、bFGF+IGF-1组细胞中Bax蛋白相对表达水平显著下降(P < 0.01),Bcl-2和PCNA蛋白相对表达水平均显著升高(P < 0.05)。与bFGF组、IGF-1组比较,bFGF+IGF-1组细胞中Bax蛋白相对表达水平进一步下降(P < 0.01),Bcl-2和PCNA蛋白相对表达水平进一步升高(P < 0.05);⑤结果表明,bFGF、IGF-1通过上调PCNA和Bcl-2蛋白的表达,下调Bax蛋白的表达,促进细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡,二者联合作用效果最佳。 ORCID: 0000-0001-5693-3713(李宏) 中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：干细胞;骨髓干细胞;造血干细胞;脂肪干细胞;肿瘤干细胞;胚胎干细胞;脐带脐血干细胞;干细胞诱导;干细胞分化;组织工程