根尖倒充填材料iRootBP的动物实验研究

目的：探讨iRootBP作为根尖倒充填材料在根尖手术中的疗效。方法：对形成根尖周炎的比格犬（beagle犬）的下颌前磨牙行显微根尖手术，60个根管随机分为2组，分别用iRootBP和MTA作为根尖倒充填材料。根据x线片判定标准评价术后疗效，统计术后1年手术成功率。结果：术后1年的成功率，iRootBP为90％，MTA为93％，两种材料的疗效比较无统计学差异。结论：作为倒充填材料，iRootBP与MTA的临床效果类似。     

银汞材料与MTA材料作为根尖倒充填材料的临床效果评价

目的比较银汞材料与MTA材料作为根尖倒充填材料的不同临床疗效。方法采集既往实施根尖外科手术病例86例,按倒充填材料不同分为2组,A组47例,用MTA材料;B组39例,用银汞合金胶囊。2组均在根管显微镜下使用超声器械进行根尖倒预备。根据临床及X线片判定标准判定术后疗效,分为完全愈合、不完全愈合、不确定愈合、失败4组,统计术后1年手术成功率。结果不同的倒充填材料间成功率比较无统计学差异。结论银汞合金与MTA材料在显微超声根尖倒预备中,作为倒充填材料的临床效果无显著性差异。     

不同材料及根尖术式对根管封闭性的影响

目的:评价MTA、iRoot BP Plus两种根管充填材料在根管正充填与倒充填两种不同根尖术式下的根管封闭效果。方法::收集因牙周、正畸拔除并符合标准的下颌恒前磨牙40颗,根管预备后随机分为4个实验组(n=8)和2个对照组(n=4):A组(MTA正充填组)、B组(iRoot BP Plus正充填组)、C组(MTA倒充填组)、D组(iRoot BP Plus倒充填组)、M组(阳性对照组)、N组(阴性对照组)。使用印度墨汁染色技术,透明牙技术评价两种材料在根管正充填与倒充填两种不同根尖术式下的根管封闭效果。结果:各实验组根方均有不同深度的墨汁渗入,A、B组较C、D组微渗漏值稍大,但各组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:MTA、iRoot BP Plus在根管正充填与倒充填两种不同充填方式下能取得同样的根尖封闭效果。因此,对于部分特殊部位的根尖病变以及止血困难等行根尖倒预备、倒充填较困难的病例可以选择MTA或iRoot BP Plus正充填后再行根尖切除这一手术方式作为有效的替代方式。     

不同根尖倒充填材料的微渗漏研究

目的 评价MTA、玻璃离子水门汀、复合树脂3种根尖倒充填材料根尖封闭性能.方法 60颗实验牙沿釉牙骨质界截冠,冷侧压法充填根管后,切除根尖3 mm.实验组超声倒预备3 mm,分别以MTA、玻璃离子水门汀、复合树脂做倒充填,固化后上段取出牙胶.对照组保留根尖3 mm牙胶.连接于改良葡萄糖定量检测微渗漏模型,分别在1、2、4、7、10、15、20、30 d测定从冠方向根方渗漏的葡萄糖的量.结果 MTA、玻璃离子水门汀、复合树脂3种材料葡萄糖渗漏量均小于0.60 μl/24 h,从第4 d起,MTA的渗漏量显著低于玻璃离子水门汀和复合树脂(P＜0.05).结论 MTA、玻璃离子水门汀、复合树脂3种材料短期内的根尖封闭性均较好,MTA优于其它两种材料.     

MTA根尖屏障术用于根端囊肿中根尖孔未闭合牙的临床疗效评价

目的:观察MTA根尖屏障术治疗根端囊肿中根尖孔未闭合牙的临床疗效。方法:临床确诊为根尖孔未完全闭合伴发根端囊肿24例患者的26颗牙为研究对象,病灶牙均为上颌前牙,术前常规根管预备及消毒,术中刮除囊壁后修整根尖并用超声倒预备根尖部3~5 mm,后同时从冠方及根方加压充填MTA于根尖区3~5 mm,1周后待MTA完全硬固,完善根管充填及修复治疗。结果:24例患者均取得成功,术后2年无复发,且病灶牙与颌骨均愈合良好。结论:根尖孔未闭合牙伴发根端囊肿患者应用MTA行根尖屏障术取得较好的临床疗效,且操作方便,无不良刺激反应,是一种较理想的治疗方法。     

牙本质黏结剂增强根管倒充填材料密闭性能的实验研究

目的观察在使用MTA进行根尖倒封闭术时,牙本质粘结剂对其密闭抗微渗漏的影响.方法取40颗离体单根恒牙,分别用MTA、MTA 牙本质粘结剂进行根尖倒封闭术,用染料渗透法检测根尖微渗漏的情况.结果MTA 牙本质粘结剂组的根尖密闭效果明显优于单纯使用MTA组,其差别具有统计意义(P<0.05).结论在使用MTA进行根尖倒封闭术时,使用牙本质粘结剂可提高充填体的密闭效果.     

新型硅酸钙基生物材料用于根尖倒充填的封闭性能和粘接强度的研究

目的:评价和比较硅酸钙基生物材料iRoot BP Plus和MTA作为根尖倒充填材料的封闭性和粘接强度.方法:收集因正畸或牙周病新鲜拔除的单根离体牙93颗,截去牙冠后行常规根管预备、根管充填,切除根尖3mm后行根尖倒预备,随机分为3组:A组(iRoot BP Plus组)、B组(MTA组)、C组(GIC组),分别行根尖...     

硅酸钙基生物材料用于根尖倒充填的临床研究——基于PSM分析的回顾性研究

目的 用倾向性分析的统计学方法比较和评价硅酸钙基生物陶瓷材料iRoot BP Plus或MTA作为根尖倒充填材料的临床疗效,并确定影响显微根尖手术成功率的预后因素。方法 检索2016—2018年在本院行显微根尖手术的病例。对使用iRoot BP Plus或MTA作为根管倒充填材料进行手术患者的年龄、性别、病变牙位、根管治疗类型、是否合并牙周病变5个变量采用最近邻匹配法进行1∶1倾向性评分匹配,分析其临床效果。采用多因素二元Logistic回归分析评价显微根尖手术的影响因素,并绘制森林图。结果 纳入患牙共179颗。所有协变量的绝对标准化差值均<0.1。iRoot BP Plus组和MTA组显微根尖外科手术的1年成功率分别为91.2%和89.7%(P=0.771)。PSM后多因素二元Logistic回归分析结果发现年龄、病变牙位、是否合并牙周病变对显微根尖手术预后具有显著影响。结论 MTA或者iRoot BP Plus作为根尖切除后的倒充填材料均可取得良好的临床效果。年龄、病变牙位、是否合并牙周病变是影响显微根尖手术临床疗效的显著因素。     

三种倒充填材料的X线和病理组织切片对比研究

目的    通过比较在动物模型上完成的显微根尖手术后X线表现和病理组织切片,探讨氧化锌、矿物三氧化物凝聚体（MTA）、生物陶瓷（iRoot BP）作为根尖倒充填材料的疗效。方法    本研究于2011年4月至2015年3月在天津市口腔医院实验室完成。对形成实验性根尖周炎的4只Beagle犬的第二、第三、第四前磨牙（共24颗,48个根管）行常规根管治疗,术后1周行显微根尖手术,48个根管随机分为3组,每组16个,分别用氧化锌、MTA和iRoot BP作为根尖倒充填材料。术后1年,拍摄根尖X线片后处死实验动物获得标本,观察比较根尖组织的X线片和组织病理学切片,评价iRoot BP和MTA的疗效。结果    根据根尖X线片分析评价术后疗效,术后1年的成功率,氧化锌组为81.2%、MTA组为93.8%、iRoot BP组为93.8%,3组间差异无统计学意义。组织病理切片结果显示：MTA组和iRoot BP组与氧化锌组相比,炎症程度较轻,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;MTA与iRoot BP比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。氧化锌、MTA和iRoot BP组根尖切除区牙本质表面牙骨质样组织沉积率分别为（50.2 ± 16.5）%、（80.2 ± 26.4） %、（78.6 ± 30.4）%,MTA组和iRoot BP组的骨样组织沉积高于于氧化锌组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;MTA组和iRoot BP组之间差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。3组中,仅MTA组材料表面有牙骨质样组织的直接沉积。结论    作为倒充填材料,氧化锌、MTA和iRoot BP的疗效差异无统计学意义;3种材料均可促进根尖周硬组织的再生,iRoot BP与MTA对根尖周组织的炎症刺激较轻,MTA有最佳的生物相容性。     

MTA和Vitapex糊剂治疗成人慢性根尖周炎伴根尖孔闭合不全的疗效比较

目的：比较三氧化物多聚体（mineral trioxide aggregate,MTA）和Vitapex糊剂应用于成人慢性根尖周炎伴根尖闭合不全恒牙的临床疗效。方法：选取成人慢性根尖周炎伴根尖孔闭合不全的恒牙共38颗,随机分为2组,实验组在根管显微镜下用MTA严密封闭根尖开放部位,硬固后根管行热牙胶充填;对照组用Vitapex糊剂行根尖诱导成形,在根尖部有硬组织形成后行根管充填。两组术后均定期复查,评价临床效果及X线片结果。结果：经过2年的复查,实验组所有病例在治疗后均无临床不适症状,X线片显示患牙11颗根尖阴影完全消失,8颗明显缩小,1颗无变化,有效率95%。对照组2颗磨牙因冠根折拔除,8颗根尖有硬组织形成,8颗根尖无硬组织形成,有效率为44.4%,两者差异有统计学意义。结论：MTA治疗成人根尖孔未闭合恒牙是一种较理想的根尖诱导成形材料,短期临床疗效好,长期效果有待于进一步观察。     

Biocompatibility of retrograde root filling materials: a review

The aim of a retrograde filling material is to fill the apical canal space and to obtain a hermetic seal between the periodontium and the root canal system. Several materials have been suggested for root-end filling including: amalgam, gutta-percha, zinc oxide-eugenol cements, glass ionomer cement, gold foil pellets, Cavit, composite resin and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Super-ethoxy benzoic acid and MTA are the most suitable materials and provide better results in apicoectomy procedures than other filling materials. Unfortunately, the ideal material for this purpose has yet to be found. This article is a review of the biocompatibility of retrograde filling materials.     

Clinical use of bioceramic materials

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was the first bioceramic (BC) material introduced to clinical use as a root-end filling material in endodontics in the mid-1990s. Since then the indications for the use of MTA have widened, and several other bioceramic or “hybrid” materials have been introduced. Despite similarities, the materials also have several differences that affect their mechanical properties such as setting time and compressive strength, but all purely bioceramic materials are biocompatible. In addition to being used in retrograde fillings, these cements are nowadays also used as orthograde (apical) root fillings and in pulp capping, perforation repair, treatment of teeth with open apexes, and repair of resorption defects. With the exception of MTA, the literature on bioceramic materials is still relatively scarce, although it is rapidly growing. In recent years, bioceramic or hybrid sealers have been introduced, often based on the same chemical composition as bioceramic cements. This review focuses on the use of bioceramic and hybrid materials in clinical endodontics, the scientific foundation for their selection, and their application and performance in various clinical situations.     

The use of mineral trioxide aggregate in endodontics

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), composed mainly of tricalcic silicate, tricalcic alluminate, bismuth oxide, is a particular endodontic cement. It is made of hydrophilic fine particles that harden in the presence of dampness or blood. It is biocompatible, radiopaque and it is harder to infiltrate, compared to classic materials for root filling such as amalgam, cements, Super-EBA, and IRM. and SEM studies of sections and copies in resin of root neoapices filled with amalgam, IRM, Super-EBA and MTA, as well as tests of microinfiltration have shown that MTA has excellent sealing capacities. It requires a working time of about 5 min and a hardening time that varies from 2 h and 45 min to 4 h according to the density of the air entrapped during mixing and the dampness of the receiving site. The long hardening time reduces internal tensions and the incidence of marginal infiltration, but it forces to definitively fill the tooth in the following sitting, with an interval of at least 3 days from the MTA application. Clinical experience shows how MTA is a material of choice in cases not only of endodontic surgery, apicectomy and retrograde filling but also in the sealing filling of perforations of the pulp chamber and of the root, stripping, internal reabsorptions, readaptations, lacerations, and apical transports. It has been used with success also in direct cappings and in apexifications instead of calcium hydroxide, leading to quicker therapies and more predictable RESULTS: The authors outline the operative phases of the different treatments proposed, make a survey of the most important studies published so far and hope that a new sealing cement with more reduced hardening times will soon be available.     

Root-end filling materials in apicoectomy--a review

An integral component of apicoectomy procedure is the placement of a root end filling material. In this 20 years literature review we identified at least 19 different materials that have been used as root end filling materials. Unfortunately, the ideal material for this purpose is yet to be found. Amalgam is the most frequently used material in apicoectomy procedure and can lead to satisfying results in many cases. IRM, super EBA and MTA are more suitable materials, and give better results in apicoectomy procedures than Amalgam. IRM and super EBA are both ZOE cements. Super EBA is less cytotoxic than IRM, suggesting that the decreased eugenol in Super EBA allows it to be less irritating. MTA gives better results when tested for leakage and biocompatibility than IRM and Super EBA, and has the ability of induction of hard tissue. A possible disadvantage that prevents MTA from being acceptable as "the ideal root-end filling material" is a long setting time that may lead to dislodgment or deformation from root end preparation. Yet, in most cases MTA serves as the best choice for a root end filling material.     

Cytotoxicity of flowable resin composite on cultured human periodontal ligament cells compared with mineral trioxide aggregate

Aim: To investigate the cytotoxicity of three flowable resin composites that potentially useful as retrograde filling materials, compared with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA). Methods: Ten standard cylinder discs were used for each of the tested materials: Tetric Flow, Filtex Flow, Aeliteflo, and MTA, which were prepared under aseptic conditions. Cytotoxicity of eluates from all materials after 1–4 days’ immersion in culture medium and direct contact cytotoxicity were evaluated using cultured human periodontal ligament cells (PDLC). The colorimetric (3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and scanning electron microscope of cell morphology (direct contact only) were used. Results: No eluates of set materials demonstrated cytotoxicity at any concentration or elution time. Freshly‐mixed MTA was cytotoxic in direct contact, but not set MTA. Freshly‐mixed Aeliteflo was also cytotoxic, as was set material up to 2 days’ elution. With morphological assessment, some differences were seen among resin composites, but all changes were rated as slight using the International Standard Organization criteria. Conclusions: Of all of the materials tested, Tetric Flow showed the least cytotoxic effects on PDLC. Further research is needed to determine the clinical usefulness of flowable composites as retrograde filling materials.     

Calcium silicate‐based cements: composition,properties, and clinical applications

Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is a calcium silicate‐based cement (CSC) commonly used in endodontic procedures involving pulpal regeneration and hard tissue repair, such as pulp capping, pulpotomy, apexogenesis, apexification, perforation repair, and root‐end filling. Despite the superior laboratory and clinical performance of MTA in comparison with previous endodontic repair cements, such as Ca(OH)₂, MTA has poor handling properties and a long setting time. New CSC have been commercially launched and marketed to overcome the limitations of MTA. The aim of the present review was to explore the available literature on new CSC products, and to give evidence‐based recommendations for the clinical use of these materials. Within the limitations of the available data in the literature regarding the properties and performance of the new CSC, the newer products could be promising alternatives to MTA; however, further research is required to support this assumption.     

A Novel Accelerator for Improving the Handling Properties of Dental Filling Materials

IntroductionMineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) fulfills many of the ideal properties of a root end filling material and repair material for furcal perforation. However, its low cohesive property often makes it difficult to handle. To improve the handling properties of MTA root canal filling materials, MTA-like cement was made, and calcium lactate gluconate (CLG) aqueous solution was used to shorten the setting time and enhance the paste viscosity.MethodsCLG solution was prepared by mixing lactic acid, glucono delta lactone, and calcium oxide by wet process. The crystalline property of the CLG powder was characterized by x-ray diffraction. The MTA-like cements were prepared by mixing Portland cement/bismuth oxide/gypsum (75/20/5); ProRoot white MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental, Tulsa, OK) was used as a control group. The influence of various liquid phases on initial setting time, handling properties, and pH value were investigated by a Vicat needle, questionnaire of operational hand feel, and pH meter, respectively.ResultsBy using 23.1wt% CLG solutions as a liquid phase, the setting time of white MTA was significantly decreased from 155.5 ± 5.0 to 12.3 ± 2.5 minutes. The pH values for hydrated white MTA with deionized water and 23.1 wt% CLG solutions were 12.29 ± 0.02 and 11.81 ± 0.04 at 72 hours.ConclusionsThe results suggest that the addition of amorphous CLG-based liquid phase provides improvement in sealing ability as well as clinical manageability of dental filling materials.     

The effects of various additives on setting properties of MTA

Delayed setting times may limit the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in endodontic procedures. The purpose of this study was to identify types and amounts of MTA additives to enhance its setting properties. Additives tested include saline, 2% lidocaine, 3.0% NaOCl gel, chlorhexidine gluconate gel, K-Y Jelly, 3% and 5% CaCl2. The setting times were evaluated using a Vicat apparatus; compressive strengths of set materials were evaluated with an Instron machine. NaOCl gel, K-Y Jelly and 5% CaCl2 decreased the setting time to 20 to 25 min; compressive strengths of these set materials were significantly lower than MTA mixed with water (p < 0.05). Because MTA mixed with NaOCl gel demonstrated good working properties and improved setting time, this combination may be a viable option in single visit procedures where compressive strength of the material is not a critical issue.     

Sealing ability of amalgam, super EBA cement, and MTA when used as retrograde filling materials

OBJECTIVE: To compare apical microleakage of MTA following reverse retrograde root filling with that following amalgam and EBA retrofilling. DESIGN: Prospective random control trial. SETTING: It was conducted at the University of Jordan in 1998. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The root canals of 79 extracted teeth were instrumented and obturated with vertically condensed gutta-percha. Each tooth was apically resected and the apex was prepared ultrasonically to 3 mm depth and the root surface isolated with nail varnish. Teeth were divided randomly into three groups of 25 teeth each. First group was retrofilled with amalgam, second group with EBA and the third group with MTA. Following immersion in 1% methylene blue dye for 72 hours, the roots were sectioned and the depth of dye penetration was evaluated by a stereomicroscope at x10 magnification. INTERVENTIONS: Super EBA is a reinforced zinc oxide cement based on a mixture of 32% eugenol and 68% ethoxy benzoic acid (EBA). MTA is a mineral trioxide aggregate cement (MTA) based on a mixture of sterile water. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The sealing effectiveness of the retrograde filling materials used in this study was determined by their ability to inhibit dye penetration. RESULTS: 56% of the group filled with amalgam and 20% of the group filled with EBA showed dye leakage beyond the retrofilling material whereas the MTA group showed none, two samples from MTA group were eliminated because of their fractured roots. The chi-squared test revealed a statistically significant difference among all three groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: MTA cement provides a better seal than amalgam and EBA cement when used as retrograde filling, but the extrapolation of this result into a clinical practice may be questionable.     

Comparison of the sealing ability of mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cement used as root-end filling materials

Inadequate apical seal is the major cause of surgical endodontic failure. The root-end filling material used should prevent egress of potential contaminants into periapical tissue. The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of four root-end filling materials: white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), gray MTA, white Portland cement (PC) and gray PC by dye leakage test. Ninety-six human single-rooted teeth were instrumented, and obturated with gutta-percha. After resecting the apex, an apical cavity was prepared. The teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (A: white MTA, B: gray MTA, C: white PC and D: gray PC; n = 20) and two control groups (positive and negative control groups; n = 8). Root-end cavities in the experimental groups were filled with the experimental materials. The teeth were exposed to Indian ink for 72 hours. The extent of dye penetration was measured with a stereomicroscope at 16× magnification. The negative controls showed no dye penetration and dye penetration was seen in the entire root-end cavity of positive controls. However, there was no statistically significant difference among the four experimental groups (P > 0.05). All retrograde filling materials tested in this study showed the same microleakage in vitro. Given the low cost and apparently similar sealing ability of PC, PC could be considered as a substitute for MTA as a root-end filling material.