来自儿童新型冠状病毒疾病的联想

每年的流行性感冒、儿童手足口病、2003年的严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS),以及当下正流行的由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)引起的新型冠状病毒疾病(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)严重影响人们的健康,甚至危及生命,也给人们的生活、工作、社会活动和经济带来沉重的负担。目前全国人民正奋起抗击COVID-19,尽力阻断传染源、加强自身保护、严密监测病毒、积极研制疫苗、适宜地治疗和管理患者[1-5]。我们有打赢这场战役的信心。     

HIV蛋白酶抑制剂在冠状病毒感染中应用的研究进展

新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情发生以来,建议的治疗方案在持续更新中。目前没有特效药物,很多药物仅仅是推荐试用,也有一些新药在开展临床研究,如瑞德西韦。相对于新药,开发已上市药物新的适应证在安全性方面更有优势,如人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)蛋白酶抑制剂(protease inhibitors,PIs)。此类药物目前为HIV感染治疗的二线用药,但曾被推荐试用于严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)、中东呼吸综合征(Middle East respiratory syndrome,MERS)以及COVID-19。本文拟对HIV PIs在冠状病毒(coronavirus,CoV)感染中应用的研究情况进行综述,以期为HIV PIs用于COVID-19治疗的可行性研究提供参考。     

新型冠状病毒性肺炎临床特征及抗病毒药物治疗方案进展

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市出现多例新型冠状病毒肺炎病例。2020年2月,世界卫生组织(WHO)将该病毒正式命名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2),SARS-CoV-2所导致的感染被命名为新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)。冠状病毒(coronavirus,CoV)属冠状病毒科,是一组具有外套膜的正链单股RNA病毒,可导致动物和人类不同程度的呼吸道、肠道、肝脏和神经系统疾病[1-3]。包括4属:α-CoV、β-CoV、γ-CoV、δ-CoV。短短20年来,冠状病毒已引发了包括严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS-CoV)感染、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)感染和目前的SARS-CoV-2感染在内的3次传染病大流行[4-6]。三种冠状病毒均属于β-CoV,传播速度快,重症可导致严重呼吸综合征和死亡。目前,COVID-19已成为全球关注的突发公共卫生事件,但仍缺乏直接抗病毒治疗药物。     

抗COVID-19新药开发策略—来自MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV的借鉴

2020年初的新型冠状病毒肺炎（corona virus disease 2019，COVID-19）肆虐，成为一个国际关注的突发公共卫生事件，针对新型冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus，SARS-CoV-2）的新药开发成为一个迫在眉睫的国家重大战略需求。基于新型冠状病毒与重症急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus，SARS-CoV）和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus，MERS-CoV）的相似性，本文综述了近年来国内外在抗SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV药物方面的研究进展以及潜在瓶颈，从而为抗新型冠状病毒药物的研发提供参考。     

治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎药物现有证据的文献分析

目的:对可能用于治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease-19,COVID-19)的药物的现有证据进行文献检索与分析,为该病的治疗提供循证医学依据。方法:计算机检索PubMed、Clinical Trial.gov和中国临床试验注册中心官方网站,查找有关治疗COVID-19的研究。由2名研究者根据纳入与排除标准独立进行文献筛选,最后按照研究药物类别进行分类总结和分析。结果:有2项个案报道提示,瑞德西韦、洛匹那韦/利托那韦及阿比朵尔可能用于COVID-19的治疗;但1项小样本回顾性队列研究结果提示,洛匹那韦/利托那韦及阿比朵尔的疗效尚不明确;体外研究结果提示,氯喹和达芦那韦具有抗严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)的活性;利巴韦林和干扰素治疗COVID-19的依据主要来源于严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus,SARS-CoV)和中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒(Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus,MERS-CoV)治疗的间接证据。目前,已有多项评价上述药物治疗COVID-19的疗效及安全性的随机对照试验正在进行中。结论:虽然目前COVID-19的抗病毒治疗方法尚无高质量的循证医学证据支持,但是已有多项评价中医和西医治疗方案临床疗效的研究启动,将为COVID-19的治疗提供高质量的证据支持。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎潜在治疗药物——洛匹那韦/利托那韦

新型冠状病毒即严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus2,SARS-CoV-2)是2019年12月在中国首次发现的一种新型病毒,其在全国范围内快速传播,造成了严重的新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)疫情。目前尚没有针对性的药物或疫苗可用于临床防治。洛匹那韦/利托那韦复方制剂(lopinavir and ritonavir compound,LPV/r;商品名:克力芝)是由艾伯维公司研发的一种临床已用于治疗人类免疫缺陷病毒1型感染的蛋白酶抑制剂,有临床研究证明其可显著降低SARS冠状病毒感染患者的死亡率。研究表明LPV/r可通过结合冠状病毒的3C样蛋白酶发挥抗冠状病毒作用。《新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案》(试行第六版)已推荐将其作为COVID-19治疗的试用药物,目前有13项基于LPV/r的干预治疗临床试验正在开展。本文就LPV/r的基本信息、作用机制和临床试验等情况作一概述。     

SARS疫苗研究进展

严重急性呼吸综合征(severe acute respiratory syndrome,SARS)是由SARS相关冠状病毒(SARS-associated coronavirus,SARS-CoV)引起的一类严重的急性呼吸系统传染病.目前尚未研制出治疗SARS的有效药物,防范SARS-CoV感染最有效的方法是使用疫苗....     

1 例轻症新型冠状病毒肺炎婴儿用药方案分析

新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)是由严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)感染导致的肺炎。潜伏期多为3~7 d,轻症主要表现为发热、乏力、干咳,重症多表现为呼吸困难/低氧血症,甚至危及生命[1]。据指南[2-3]报道,儿童COVID-19病例症状相对较轻,但考虑到儿童用药的特殊性,临床对治疗方案和用药的选择必须慎重。本研究对1例轻症COVID-19婴儿治愈病例的药物治疗过程进行分析,旨在为相似病例的药物治疗提供参考。     

儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎药物治疗研究进展

新型冠状病毒(severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus,SARS-CoV)-2感染在全球暴发,目前尚无明确有效的抗病毒药物治疗SARS-CoV-2感染.结合以往临床一线治疗新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)的经验,...     

儿童新冠状病毒肺炎治疗药物研究进展

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市出现首批病因不明的肺炎患者,后经证实,该肺炎系一种病源尚未明确的新型冠状病毒[1]。2020年1月12日,世界卫生组织(WHO)将该新型冠状病毒命名为2019新型冠状病毒(2019 novel coronavirus disease,2019-nCoV),后根据病毒命名原则正式改名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2),而由该病毒感染引起的疾病被称为新型冠状病毒肺炎(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19)。     

Degraded and undegraded carrageenans and experimental gastric and duodenal ulceration

The prevention of histamine-induced gastric and duodenal ulceration in the guinea-pig has been examined using a series of undegraded and degraded carrageenans. Undegraded carrageenans were active at lower doses than degraded carrageenans. The high viscosity of the undegraded carrageenans in solution prevented their use in larger doses. Degradation of carrageenan without serious loss of sulphate, gives a product which allows the dose to be increased to an extent that its effect more than offsets the slight loss in activity caused by the degradation. No single feature of carrageenan structure can be related to anti-ulcer activity although degradation, and hence reduction of molecular size, generally reduces activity. Sulphate contents over 30% have little apparent effect on activity; κ-carrageenans were not consistently different in anti-ulcer activity from Λ-carrageenans. This contrasts with the antipeptic activity of carrageenans where κ-carrageenans are less active than their Λ-counter-parts. As with antipeptic activity, the degree of anti-ulcer activity is probably determined by a combination of structural features which includes molecular size and polyanionic properties.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Alcohol and Substance Use and Abuse in Women and Children

No abstract available for this article.     

Glucosidase and fucosidase inhibitors and Advances in nucleosides and nucleotides.

The American Chemical Society Symposium "Glucosidase and fucosidase inhibitors" took place on 1 April 1998 and was organized by Professors Zbigniew J Witczak (UConn, School of Pharmacy, CT, USA), Kuniaki Tatsuta (Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan) and Waldemar Priebe, MD (Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, USA). Professor Witczak provided introductory remarks including the status of existing glucosidase inhibitors, and chaired the morning session, which consisted of six lectures. The symposium was well received, and was particularly attractive for those interested in networking, as attendance was about sixty. In addition, some participants and attendees presented posters on the subject during the regular poster session organized by the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry.