Blood pressure levels decrease during Mohs micrographic surgery

BACKGROUND: A common practice is not to operate on patients with elevated blood pressure (BP) levels to avoid cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. We therefore designed a study to evaluate the effect of prolonged surgery under local anesthesia on BP levels, and to compare the outcome of patients with elevated BP to those with normal BP. METHODS: We studied 121 patients (65 males) with a mean age of 60 ++/-14 years (range 31-89) who were referred for Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) during 2 consecutive months. Forty six patients had a history of hypertension. Blood pressure was measured in all subjects in the supine position with an automated device 5 times during surgery. RESULTS: Blood pressure decreased significantly during surgery from 152 +/- 2/85 +/- 1 mm Hg at baseline to 139 +/- 2/79 +/- 1 at the end of the surgery (p < .05). Forty two patients (34%) had elevated BP levels at baseline whereas only 18 patients had these levels at the end of the first stage. There was no difference in surgery outcomes between those with elevated and those with normal BP levels at baseline. CONCLUSIONS: Blood pressure levels decrease during MMS under local anesthesia and the outcome of patients with elevated BP is good. Thus, patients with elevated BP can safely undergo surgery under local anesthesia.     

烧伤手术失血量估计的主客观差异及意义

对1993～1995年39例烧伤总面积平均48％(16～96％),三度面积21％(5～80％)病人共71次切痴及肉芽清创手术进行分析,发现为保持病人手术中生命体征平稳,每1％创面手术面积输血量在切痴组为65ml,在肉芽手术组为50ml,每1％总手术面积输血量在切痂组为42ml,在肉芽及剥痂组为30ml。术后肉芽手术组血红蛋白无明显变化,切痂组病人血红蛋白较术前低22g/L,按此计算每1％创面手术面积失血量为130ml,每1％总手术为89ml。由于术者术后对失血量的估计普遍显著低于输血量,从而对术者在心理上造成错觉,认为补充量已满足了失血量,在进行补救前病人已经受48小时以上的贫血状态,有可能影响植皮成活。     

比较七氟醚和丙泊酚对于内镜鼻窦手术术中出血的影响

目的比较七氟醚和丙泊酚对于内镜鼻窦手术术中出血的影响。方法择期行内镜鼻窦手术的患者30例,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄18～65岁,术前CT Lund-Mackay评分〉12分,随机分为,七氟醚组（S组）和丙泊酚组（P组）（n=15）。采用气管内静吸复合全身麻醉,术中持续输注雷米芬太尼0.1μg/（kg·min）,S组术中使用七氟醚吸入维持麻醉,P组使用血浆靶控输注丙泊酚维持麻醉,术中通过分别提高吸入或输注浓度加深麻醉,控制血压于在75%的基础压。术中监测脑双频指数（bispectral index,BIS）,分别测定患者术前的血红蛋白含量和吸引瓶中的血红蛋白含量计算失血量,并请手术医生使用VAS方法评估术中失血量。结果术中S组和P组BIS值分别为（44±6）和（36±7）,P组明显低于S组（P〈0.05）,S组和P组的失血量分别为（148.9±30）ml和（119.4±20）ml,P组明显少于S组（P〈0.05）,但失血量VAS主观评估的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论在内镜鼻窦手术中,使用七氟醚或丙泊酚维持麻醉时,丙泊酚可有效减少术中失血。     

婴幼儿体外循环心脏直视手术的血液保护策略

摘要： 在婴幼儿心血管手术中, 特别是复杂的先天性心脏病外科手术, 血液供需的利弊问题逐渐引起临床的关注。另外异体输血可能会导致传染性疾病的感染, 因而如何最大限度地减少术后出血, 降低异体血制品的使用频率, 同时避免血液破坏是当前亟需解决的热点问题。婴幼儿的凝血系统与成人相比较, 其发育尚未成熟, 而先心病手术日渐复杂化, 这使得维持婴幼儿凝血系统的稳态问题日益突出。本文就当前小儿心脏外科血液保护中的微小化体外循环 （CPB） 管路、 联合超滤技术、 负压辅助静脉引流、 血液稀释及预充、 抗纤溶药物的应用以及自体血液回收的应用进展作一系统性回顾, 为完善先心病患儿的血液保护策略提供参考。     

Blood component therapy in open heart surgery

Extensive bleeding still remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing surgery despite the recent achievements in our understanding of hemostasis and availability of modern blood component therapy. In some surgical patients abnormally prolonged operative bleeding due to thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopathia may be corrected by the infusion of platelet concentrates. Evaluation of the requests for platelet transfusion therapy to prevent or to stop excessive thrombocytopenic bleeding should be based on clinical and laboratory data, underlying disease and availability of therapeutic products. In most instances of hemostatic alterations associated with cardiopulmonary bypass operations, the occasional bleeding episodes are related to platelet dysfunction rather than to plasma coagulation abnormalities. While the levels of coagulation factors are usually depleted, principally due to dilution with priming solutions for the oxygenator, only rarely the levels impairing hemostasis are reached. In the early days of open heart surgery, it was thought that freshly drawn whole blood was essential for these procedures but now a days, it seems that stored red blood cells are equally effective. Use of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for replacement of coagulation factors during or after cardiopulmonary bypass only rarely is necessary, and mild to moderate abnormalities of coagulation factors can be tolerated without FFP transfusion. In the early stage of open heart surgery (late sixties) an average of 9 units of whole blood (freshly drawn) was used for each patient during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Since that time, much attention has been focused on methods to reduce blood requirements for these patients. Hemodilution using a bloodless prime for the oxygenator is now widely used and has been found to be effective in reducing blood usage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

精神药物治疗期间的血液监测

尽管在精神科临床实践中,要求在应用精神药物前进行血液监测,但精神药物可引起多方面异常常被临床医生忽视,这些异常有些常见,有些罕见。为探讨精神药物治疗期间的血液监测方法。利用PubMed及中国知网检索有关精神药物治疗期间血液监测的文献,进行汇总分析。对不同精神药物所致的血液监测异常及监测常规做一综述。     

Blood concentrations of cefuroxime in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

Objectives Patients with coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery are at risk for severe postoperative infections. Prophylactic cefuroxime may help to reduce this risk, however sufficient concentrations, i.e. above the breakpoint (32 mg/L), are mandatory. The aim of this study is to evaluate the blood concentrations of cefuroxime during and after CABG surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and hypothermia, to determine the concentration of cefuroxime in sternum fluid and to evaluate possible factors of influence. Methods Seventeen patients were enrolled in this study, given 1.5 g cefuroxime at anaesthesia induction and an additional 1.5 g at start CPB. Blood samples were collected at skin incision, start CPB, every 30 min on CPB, end CPB, at wound closure and 1 h after surgery. Cefuroxime concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results In 47 % of the patients the cefuroxime concentration was below the breakpoint at some point during the operation and in 59 % of the patients 1 h after surgery. A statistically significant inverse correlation between estimated glomerular filtration rate and plasma cefuroxime concentrations was found (P = 0.034). Cefuroxime levels in the sternum are not significantly different from blood levels from the radial artery catheter, taken at approximately the same time (P = 0.30). Conclusions The current antibiotic regimen used did not maintain cefuroxime concentrations above the breakpoint throughout the operation, suggesting insufficient antibiotic prophylaxis. Further research to other antibiotic regimes is therefore necessary.     

快速康复关节外科的血液管理策略

快速康复关节外科管理可有效缩短患者住院时间,减少关节置换手术并发症,提高患者满意度。有效的血液管理策略可在确保患者全身情况良好下,降低人工关节手术围手术期的输血率,减少输血量,从而避免输血相关不良反应的发生。     

Blood pentobarbital concentrations during thiopental therapy

The desulfuration of thiopental to pentobarbital has previously been shown to be a relatively minor pathway of thiopental metabolism. In two cases, we observed significant conversion, resulting in blood pentobarbital concentrations up to 50 percent of total blood barbiturate (thiopental and pentobarbital) concentrations. Both patients received continuous infusions of thiopental and had present a condition (hypothermia) or drug (cimetidine) known to inhibit hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. It is suggested that inhibition of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity may prevent thiopental's metabolism to its major metabolite, a carboxylic acid analogue, and increase the amount of thiopental desulfurated to pentobarbital. Inhibition of hepatic microsomal metabolism also decreases the metabolism of pentobarbital. Until further elucidation of the causes of altered thiopental metabolism is available to identify patients more likely to have elevated concentrations of pentobarbital, monitoring of blood drug concentrations in patients receiving thiopental should include determination of both thiopental and pentobarbital concentrations.     

Influence of pregnancy on one-compartmental bio-metric blood loss calculations after cesarean section and gynaecological surgery.

To date there are no data in the literature on the procedure for the indirect measurement of blood loss during cesarean section, based on the post-operative drop in haemoglobin (Hb), which has been due to the lack of biometrically determined parameters for the calculation of blood volume in pregnant women. This study was therefore conducted to determine the applicability of the drop in Hb levels blood loss calculation during cesarean section, based on a model previously validated in non-pregnant women. We compared this procedure in 54 patients who underwent cesarean section and 12 non-pregnant patients subjected to gynaecological surgery. The coefficient of the regression slope for the blood volume collected during surgery and the calculated blood loss in pregnant (y=0.6286x+366) and non-pregnant patients (y=0.7605x+514) did not show any significant difference (t=1.1009, p>0.5, 95% confidence interval:-2.736, +2.473). Our study therefore demonstrated the applicability of the procedure for the indirect measurement of surgical blood loss both in pregnant and non-pregnant women.     

Blood concentrations of dopexamine in patients during and after orthotopic liver transplantation.

Blood concentrations of dopexamine were measured in five female patients during and after orthotopic liver transplantation. Each patient received a continuous infusion of the drug (2 micrograms kg-1 min-1), starting at induction of anaesthesia and finishing 48 h afterwards. Blood concentrations of dopexamine increased rapidly at the start of the infusion, to a mean (range) value of 64 (40-150) ng ml-1 after 20 min. Blood concentrations of dopexamine increased further during the anhepatic period of surgery, to 236 (180-410) ng ml-1. On reperfusion of the donor liver, concentrations of dopexamine decreased rapidly, reaching similar values to the maximum seen during the dissection period. Steady-state was not reached during either the dissection or anhepatic periods. From 1-2 h after revascularisation the mean (range) steady-state concentration was 85 (69-102) ng ml-1 corresponding to a mean (range) clearance of 24 (20-29) ml min-1 kg -1. These results suggest that the liver plays a significant role in the clearance of dopexamine.