HIV/AIDS病人合并血流感染的病原菌分布特点

目的探讨艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)合并血流感染者病原菌的分布特点,为临床诊疗提供参考。方法回顾性分析76例血培养阳性的HIV/AIDS病人的临床资料,并与同期普通病人的资料进行比较。结果研究期间,共收集血培养阳性菌株1263株,其中79株分离自HIV/AIDS病人的血培养标本,1184株分离自普通病人的血培养标本。HIV/AIDS病人血培养病原菌主要以分枝杆菌最常见(22.8%),其次是马尔尼菲青霉菌(21.5%)和新型隐球菌(11.4%);普通病人血培养病原菌则以大肠埃希菌(23.1%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(13.3%)和屎肠球菌(6.6%)最常见。两组病人真菌感染的比例有显著差异(P0.001),且真菌的菌种分布明显不同。结论 HIV/AIDS病人易发生由分枝杆菌和马尼菲青霉菌等引起的血流感染,临床上应加强对HIV/AIDS病人血流感染病原菌的监测,积极防治血流感染的发生。     

淋病患者AIDS相关支原体的分离培养与核酸检测

目的　探讨淋病患者泌尿生殖道是否存在AIDS相关支原体。方法　对 15 6例男女性淋病患者泌尿生殖道分泌物进行了生殖支原体 (Mycoplasmagenitalium ,Mg)、发酵支原体 (M fermentans,Mf)、穿通支原体 (M penetrans,Mpe)、梨支原体 (M pirum ,Mpi)等 4种支原体分离培养和套式聚合酶链反应 (nPCR)核酸检测。 结果　 15 6例患者中共分离出Mg7株(4 5 % )、Mf1株 (0 6 % )、Mpe2株 (1 3% ) ,nPCR检测结果与之相同。结论　我国淋病患者中存在AIDS相关支原体感染。     

农村社区HIV感染者/AIDS病人分级管理模式探讨

加强对艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者和艾滋病（AIDS）病人的管理，是控制HIV进一步传播的重要措施。我国80％的HIV感染者分布在农村，对HIV感染者／AIDS病人管理主要在社区进行。目前已有地区在探索对HIV感染者／AIDS病人的管理方法，并提出一些好的建议。上蔡县20世纪90年代中期部分农民因不规范有偿供血而感染HIV，且造成二三代传播。截止2005年底，HIV感染者和AIDS病人达6千多人。     

菏泽市HIV感染者生存现状和需求的调查

菏泽市自2000年12月发现首例艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者以来，随着近几年艾滋病监测力度的不断加大，越来越多的HIV感染者和艾滋病(AIDS)病人被检出。由于这部分感染人群以青壮年为主，他们在面临不断恶化的健康状况时，还将陷入因劳动力迅速丧失而导致的家庭经济困难。同时，普遍存在的对HIV感染者／AIDS患者的歧视，使他们的生存环境日益恶化。因此，关注HIV感染者／AIDS患者的生存环境和生活质量，     

1996—2007年崇左市HIV／AIDS流行特征及趋势分析

1996年崇左市首次发现艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者，此后HIV感染例数逐年上升，到2007年总共累计报告艾滋病感染者和艾滋病即人类免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）患者2502例。近年来HIV／AIDS疫情呈快速上升趋势。现将1996～2007年崇左市HIV／AIDS综合监测和疫情分析如下。     

2014年8月全国艾滋病性病疫情及主要防治工作进展

一、艾滋病（AIDS）疫情报告情况截至2014年8月31日,全国报告现存活艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/AIDS病人490 521例,死亡149347例。现存活HIV感染者297 355例,AIDS病人193 166例。本月新发现HIV感染者/AIDS病人9512例。本月新发现HIV感染者／AIDS病人9512例,既往HIV感染者本月转化为AIDS病人2557例。本月报告死亡1799例中,本月死亡857例,既往死亡942例。本月新发现的HIV感染者／AIDS病人中,HIV感染者男女之比为3．6：1,AIDS病人男女之比为3．8：1;15岁以下HIV感染者88例,AIDS病人8例。     

2015年5月全国艾滋病性病疫情及主要防治工作进展北大核心

一、艾滋病（AIDS）疫情报告情况截至2015年5月31日,全国报告现存活艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者/AIDS病人538 502例,报告死亡167 159例。现存活HIV感染者321 045例,艾滋病病人217 457例。本月新发现HIV感染者/AIDS病人10 784例,既往HIV感染者本月转化为AIDS病人2661例。本月报告死亡2091例中,本月死亡970例,既往死亡1121例。本月新发现的HIV感染者/AIDS病人中,HIV感染者男女之比为3.6：1,     

6例母亲HIV抗体阴性的艾滋病儿童HIV感染途径分析

正目前认为,艾滋病病毒(Human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)可以通过性接触、血液和垂直传播(母婴传播)等3种途径传播。HIV感染者/艾滋病(Acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)病人是AIDS唯一的传染源[1]。HIV感染者/AIDS病人的血液、精液、宫颈分泌物、唾液、脑脊液、泪液、乳汁和尿液中均可分离出HIV,HIV阳性的妇女,可     

大连市沿海渔民HIV感染现状调查及相关危险因素分析

目的：调查大连市沿海渔民HIV感染状况及影响艾滋病感染的相关危险因素，为制定此人群的艾滋病干预政策提供依据。方法：一次性集中采血调查，连续两年对渔民人群进行非关联监测。结果：在目标人群中共发现7例HIV感染者，1例病人，另有1例HIV感染者为渔民配偶，以上9例HIV／AIDS者占大连市历年发现的HIV／AIDS者总和的23．68％，占本项目实施期间大连市发现的HIV／AIDS者总和的42．86％。结论：渔民已成为艾滋病高危人群，HIV有可能在此人群中传播扩散，应立即对渔民及其相关人群开展艾滋病高危行为干预。     

南昌地区HIV/AIDS病人合并弓形虫感染血清学调查

正弓形虫病占艾滋病(AIDS)各种机会感染的10%～30%,是最常见的机会性感染疾病,也是引起中枢神经系统局灶性占位症状最常见的原因~([1])。为了解南昌地区艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/AIDS病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)合并感染弓形虫现状,特进行调查,结果报告如下。1材料与方法1.1血液标本来源871例HIV/AIDS病人的血液标本由南昌市疾病预防控制中心提供,均经蛋白印迹试     

阿奇霉素和克林霉素对发酵支原体和梨支原体致死性感染保护作用实验研究

目的制备阿奇霉素和克林霉素免疫缺陷大鼠发酵支原体(Mycoplasma fermentans,Mf)梨支原体(Mycoplas-ma pirum,Mpi)致死性感染保护模型,探讨抗生素对免疫缺陷大鼠Mf和Mpi致死性感染的保护的作用。试图为HIV免疫缺陷患者Mf和Mpi的致死性感染的治疗提供实验依据。方法81只清洁级SD大鼠。取60只隔日腹腔注射环磷酰胺(50mg/kg.d)制备免疫抑制大鼠,阿奇霉素和克林霉素保护试验组在腹腔注射0.6mL(3×2×108-9,Mf或Mpi)的同时肌肉注射阿奇霉素(50mg/kg.d)或克林霉素(50mg/kg.d),连续保护4d。免疫抑制Mf和Mpi攻击对照组(n=10)腹腔注射相同菌量的Mf或Mpi,非免疫抑制和NS对照组,腹腔分别注射相同剂量的Mf或Mpi和NS。计算各组致死率,比较显著性差异。死亡大鼠无菌解剖,取保护组和攻击组Mf和Mpi死亡大鼠以及非免疫抑制和NS对照组血液进行再培养,进而取保护组和再培养阳性攻击对照组(肺、心和肾)组织进行超微结构观察。结果阿奇霉素和克林素保护组大鼠存活率较攻击对照组比较均有显著提高(P<0.01);电镜结果显示阿奇霉素和克林霉素保护试验组大鼠的心、肺、肾组织结构显著改善。结论阿奇霉素和克林霉素对Mf、Mpi致死性感染有保护作用。     

发酵支原体和梨支原体感染致死小鼠胸腺细胞的损伤及其Bax/Bcl-2表达

目的：探讨发酵支原体(Mf)和梨支原体(Mpi)感染致死小鼠胸腺细胞的损伤及其Bax/Bcl-2的表达。方法：清洁级ICR小鼠47只,随机分为免疫抑制组（n=35）和非免疫抑制组(n=12),隔日腹腔注射环磷酰胺（50mg/kg?d）五次制成免疫抑制模型。免疫抑制组分为Mf感染组、Mpi感染组和生理盐水（NS）对照组,分别腹腔注射0.3mL Mf和Mpi 标准菌株（6×108-9 /mL）及NS;非免疫抑制组取正常小鼠腹腔注射同等剂量的Mf。计算各组小鼠死亡率,取其血清进行支原体分离培养,电镜观察小鼠胸腺细胞超微结构,免疫组织化学法分析小鼠胸腺Bax/Bcl-2的表达。结果：Mf和Mpi感染免疫抑制组死亡率与NS组及非免疫抑制Mf组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;感染组相应支原体培养阳性;超微结构观察表明,Mf和Mpi感染组胸腺细胞凋亡显著;同时免疫组化结果分析显示Mf和Mpi感染组胸腺Bax/Bcl-2的表达较对照组有显著提高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：发酵支原体和梨支原体感染可诱导小鼠胸腺细胞的凋亡,并促进小鼠胸腺组织中Bax的表达。     

发酵支原体、穿通支原体双重套式PCR检测研究

目的　应用双重套式 PCR技术同时检测发酵支原体 (Mf)和穿通支原体 (Mpe)。方法　以支原体 16 Sv RNA基因为靶基因 ,外套引物为 Mf 与 Mpe共用、内套引物则分别为 Mf 种特异和 Mpe种特异 ,建立双重套式扩增体系。结果　本双重套式 PCR不仅能分别扩增 Mf 和 Mpe的特异性 DNA,并能同时扩增 Mf 和 Mpe出现二条特征性条带 ,产物经测序证实。结论　双重套式 PCR是一种灵敏、特异和快速的 Mf 和 Mpe检测方法     

The prevalence of six species of Mycoplasmataceae in an HIV/AIDS population in Jiangsu Province, China

This study employed culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to examine the prevalence of Ureaplasma urealyticum, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma fermentans, Mycoplasma penetrans and Mycoplasma pirum in 210 HIV/AIDS patients, 455 sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic attendees and 245 healthy volunteers from first-void urine specimens for men and endocervical swabs for women. U. urealyticum and M. hominis were detected in 107 (51.0%) and 69 (32.9%) patients in the HIV/AIDS group. At least one of the other four organisms was detected in 34 (16.2%) HIV/AIDS patients, 29 (6.4%) STI clinic attendees and six (2.5%) healthy volunteers. This study showed that U. urealyticum, M. hominis and M. fermentans were significantly more prevalent in HIV/AIDS patients, as were other mycoplasmas. Our results suggest a possible role for co-infection.     

Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS and HIV seronegative individuals in a teaching hospital, Ethiopia

The magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) /AIDS patients requires careful consideration in the developing world. However, there have been very few studies addressing this issue in Ethiopia. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection in HIV/AIDS patients at Jimma Hospital, Southwest Ethiopia, between January and February 2002. Stool specimens from HIV/AIDS patients and control groups were screened for intestinal parasitic infections using direct and formalin-ether sedimentation concentration methods. Out of 78 HIV/AIDS patients, 52.6% (41/78), and out of 26 HIV-negative individuals, 42.3% (11/26), were infected with one or more types of intestinal protozoa and/or helminthes. The parasites detected among HIV/AIDS patients included Ascaris lumbricoides (30.8%), Blastocystis spp. (14.1%), Entamoeba histolytica (10.3%), Trichuris trichiura (6.4%), Strongyloides stercoralis (5.1%), Giardia lamblia (3.8%), Schistosoma mansoni (2.5%), hookworm species (2.5%), and Taenia spp. (1.3%). Multiple infections were more common among HIV/AIDS patients. Blastocystis spp. were found to be significantly higher in HIV/AIDS patients than in controls (P < 0.05). The magnitude of intestinal parasitic infection was high both in HIV/AIDS patients and in controls. Routine examinations of stool samples for parasites would significantly benefit the HIV-infected and uninfected individuals by contributing to reduce morbidity.     

Opportunistic and other intestinal parasites among HIV/AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic in Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia

ObjectiveTo determine the magnitude of opportunistic and non-opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections among HIV/AIDS patients in Bahir Dar.MethodsCross-sectional study was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients attending Gambi higher clinic from April1-May 30, 2009. Convenient sampling technique was employed to identify the study subjects and hence a total of 248 subjects were included. A pre-tested structured questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic data of patients. Stool samples were examined by direct saline, iodine wet mount, formol-ether sedimentation concentration and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique.ResultsOut of 248 enrolled in the study, 171(69.0%) (90 males and 81 females) were infected with one or more intestinal parasites. The highest rate of intestinal parasites were observed among HIV/AIDS patients (80.3%, 151/188), and the infection rate of HIV negative individuals was 33.3% (20/60). Cryptosporidum parvum (43.6%), Isospora belli (15.5%) and Blastocystis hominis (10.5%) were opportunistic parasites that were found only in HIV/AIDS patients.ConclusionsOpportunistic parasite infections are common health problem among HIV/AIDS patients in the study area. Therefore, early detection and treatment of these parasites are important to improve the quality of life of HIV/AIDS patients.     

Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex

Sixty-four episodes of bacterial infection were identified over a 44-month period in 16 of 28 patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 14 of 31 patients with AIDS-related complex. Nineteen of the 30 infected patients were parenteral drug abusers, 10 were from Caribbean Islands and had no identified risk factor, and one was a homosexual male. Fourteen patients had 21 episodes of community-acquired pneumonia: Streptococcus pneumoniae (10), Haemophilus influenzae (three), other Haemophilus species (three), group B beta-hemolytic streptococci (one), Staphylococcus aureus (one), Branhamella catarrhalis (one), Legionella pneumophila (one), and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (one). Seven patients had eight episodes of nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacilli. Twenty-five episodes of community-acquired bacteremia and nine episodes of nosocomial bacteremia were associated with specific sites of infection. Other infections included meningitis (two), urinary tract infection (one), and abscesses involving subcutaneous and deep tissues (12). Sixteen patients had recurrent infections; 11 of these had or eventually had AIDS. Community-acquired bacterial infections in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex are common and may be recurrent but have low fatality rates. In comparison, nosocomial bacterial infections occur primarily in patients with AIDS and have high fatality rates.     

Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients: experience at a teaching hospital in central Brazil

In order to verify the occurrence of intestinal parasitic infections in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, 100 HIV/AIDS patients (Group 1) and 85 clinically healthy individuals (Group 2) were submitted to coproparasitological examination. Intestinal parasites were detected in 27% of patients from Group 1 and in 17.6% from Group 2. In Group 1 the most frequent parasites were Strongyloides stercoralis (12%), with 2 cases of hyperinfection; Isospora belli, 7%; Cryptosporidium sp., 4%; with 1 asymptomatic case and hookworm, 4%. Of the infected patients from Group 1 who reported to be chronic alcoholics, 64.3% had strongyloidiasis. Only 6 of the 27 infected patients from Group 1 were on highly antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In Group 2 the most frequent parasites were S. stercoralis, 7.1%; hookworm, 7.1% and Giardia lamblia, 3.5%. In conclusion, diagnosing intestinal parasites in HIV/AIDS patients is necessary especially in those who report to be chronic alcoholics or are not on antiretroviral treatment.     

AIDS caused by HIV1 and HIV2 infection: are there clinical differences? Results of AIDS surveillance 1986–97 at Fann Hospital in Dakar,Senegal

OBJECTIVE: To compare the clinical manifestations observed in AIDS patients infected with HIV2 and HIV1 infection. METHODS: The medical records of AIDS patients hospitalized between January 1986 and July 1997 at the Department of Infectious Diseases of Fann Hospital, Dakar, were reviewed. RESULTS: 599 hospitalizations (76%) were HIV1 seropositive patients, 137 (17%) were HIV2 seropositive patients and 54 (7%) were patients serologically dually reactive to HIV1 and HIV2. There was no significant difference in medium CD4 lymphocyte count between patients with HIV1 and HIV2 infection. Chronic diarrhoea and diarrhoea caused by bacterial infections were more frequently observed in HIV2-infected individuals. Oral candidiasis and chronic fever were more often noted in patients with HIV1 infection. Bacterial and cryptococcal meningitis was only observed among patients with HIV1 infection. CONCLUSIONS: Certain clinical differences were observed comparing AIDS patients with HIV1 and those with HIV2 infection. As there is no clear physiopathological explanation for these differences, additional studies with larger numbers of AIDS patients are needed to determine whether these differences are real.