2000年总目次

技术与研究垃圾场终场覆盖技术策略研究…………………………………………………………………………………黎青松 １３城市生活垃圾收运系统费用计算模式研究………………………………………………林逢春 何德文 周强 陆雍森 １７帷幕灌浆法防渗技术在垃圾填埋场建设中的应用…………………………………………………………………郑建民１ １１城币粪便处理技术及方法…………………………………………………………………………………………王士芬 夏群 １ １４垃圾临时卸地点的生态恢复……………………………………………………………………     

采用土工格栅构建填埋场临时道路的研究

生活垃圾填埋场构建临时道路，通常采用碎石加土工布、钢板、建筑垃圾等，通过对采用土工格栅构建临时道路的试验，比较不同材料构建临时道路的优缺点，得出填埋场临时道路采用双层土工格栅是可行的，对车辆的稳定性、卸点的安全性是其它材料难以达到的，可作为临时道路的首选材料。     

天津市垃圾卸地分布地理信息系统

为了对天津市市区及周边地区垃圾卸地的地理信息及堆放状况进行现状调查，采用MapInfo嵌入VB5．0的编程方法，编制了一套既有数据管理功能又有图形管理功能的地理信息系统。使用本软件做出的统计分析，提出了天津市垃圾卸地综合整治前期工作的科学化程度。     

温州杨府山垃圾填埋场生态恢复及景观规划

阐述了温州杨府山垃圾填埋场封场后基地实施生态恢复和景观规划2个阶段的景观设计。     

城市生活垃圾填埋场封场技术

结合我国第一个城市生活垃圾填埋场封场示范工程－深圳市玉龙坑垃圾填埋场封场工程, 生活垃圾填埋场封场技术的探讨。生活垃圾填埋场的封场,由终场覆盖与生态恢复系统,雨水导排与防渗系统,等组成。     

小涧西垃圾填埋场局部封场优化设计

小涧西垃圾填埋场局部封场工程由封场覆盖系统、渗沥液导排系统、填埋气导排系统、雨水导排系统和生态恢复系统等组成。结合具体情况,优化设计,可最大限度减少垃圾填埋场对环境的污染,节省投资。     

生活垃圾发酵—填埋处理技术研究

生活垃圾发酵填埋处理技术是针对目前我国经济发展现状及垃圾及垃圾处理出现的问题而提出的一种新的处理方法。将传统的有机垃圾发酵处理技术与填埋技术结合起来，将垃圾处理五城市建设结合起来，把垃圾中可隐解有机物在人为条件下快速生物降解转化为腐殖质并还原于土壤，在较短内实现生态恢复，使拉圾填埋土地尽快成为建筑用地。     

地震灾区临时安置点捕蝇笼灭蝇效果观察

目的观察使用捕蝇笼在九寨沟地震灾区居民临时安置点的灭蝇效果。方法选择具有代表性的1处临时安置点,在其帐篷周边的外环境安放捕蝇笼,分别于6、24、48 h及5 d后观察其灭蝇效果。结果 6 h平均捕蝇数为24.8只/笼,垃圾收集点、厕所、临时厨房、帐篷周边、垃圾房蝇类捕获数分别占34.68%、22.18%、18.95%、17.34%和6.85%;24 h平均捕蝇数为70.7只/笼,其中丝光绿蝇和铜绿蝇占44.98%,家蝇占30.12%,棕尾别麻蝇和大头金蝇占24.05%,其他占0.85%;48 h日平均捕蝇数为93.85只/笼;5 d日平均捕蝇数为59.14只/笼。结论在九寨沟地震灾区居民临时安置点外环境使用捕蝇笼灭蝇效果明显,是一种安全、生态环保又十分有效,在诸如地震等自然灾害和大型活动有人员临时聚居场所外环境灭蝇的好方法。     

卫生填埋场垃圾渗沥液典型毒理学效应的研究进展

为全面分析和评价垃圾渗沥液的健康风险乃至生态风险,从渗沥液的遗传损伤、发育毒性以及肝脏毒性3个方面,阐述了垃圾渗沥液对生态环境造成的潜在威胁。进一步探讨了未来垃圾渗沥液的研究方向,为全面明确垃圾渗沥液的生态风险提供参考。     

中新天津生态城生活垃圾气力输送系统收集站多元化建设模式探索

简述了中新天津生态城将单一的气力输送系统收集站,融入生活垃圾分类系统和餐厨垃圾资源化处理系统,建设多元化的垃圾收集站,兼具生活垃圾收集、分类和处理功能,并在生态城中部片区实施,以更好地建设生态结构合理、服务功能完善、环境质量优良的城市环境。     

Assessment of Environmental Health Children’s Population Living in Environmental Injustice Scenarios

We conducted a cross sectional study, involving 145 children randomly selected from three different socioeconomic locations. We selected social, environment and health indicators and measured the prevalence and prevalence odds ratios. Children from the brick producing site (segregation index 5), are exposed to high levels of multiple toxic agents, and showed the highest morbidity rates and malnutrition, anemia, dental fluorosis, and the lowest IQ, followed by children from municipal garbage dump (segregation index 4), where we detected the highest prevalence of dermatological and enteric diseases. Children from the Central Zone (segregation index 2) showed the lowest rates of malnutrition and higher IQ than the other two groups. A unified vision of social, health and environmental indicators opens the possibility of novel intervention programs and a legal framework that specifically protect children against environmental exposures.     

Practices related to sharps disposal among diabetic patients in Sri Lanka

Background

Patients with diabetes on insulin therapy use sharps (e.g., needles) on a regular basis and a considerable proportion of them, within their home environments. These sharps and other bloodstained materials, if not disposed of appropriately has the potential to be a public health hazard.

Objective

Our objective was to explore the practices related to sharps disposal among patients with diabetes from North Colombo Teaching Hospital (CNTH), Ragama, Sri Lanka.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study on 158 patients with diabetes from the CNTH. Patients had to use sharps for the daily management of their disease for inclusion into the study group. Data were collected on sharps disposal practices using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Clinic records were also used as a secondary data source.

Results

Most patients, 153/158 (96.8%) used syringes to inject insulin. Forty-three patients (27%) involved others (e.g., family) when disposing of sharps. Used sharps were commonly disposed to the household garbage bin by 66 participants (41.7%). Other methods used for sharps disposal were: sharps container, toilet pit, household garbage dump and indiscriminate measures. Importantly most patients, 147 (93%) had received no information on how to dispose of sharps after usage.

Conclusion

Patients commonly used unsafe practices in home-based sharps disposal. These included disposing of in the household garbage bin, burning sharps in the household garbage dump and disposing of into the common garbage dump of the community. Being male and being >?60 years of age was associated with a higher dependence on family members for sharps disposal. Patient education and public resources for sharps handling can help improve this situation.

     

Diarrhoea and garbage disposal in Salvador, Brazil

The association of infantile diarrhoea with the presence of garbage in the environment was investigated in Canabrava, a peripheral neighbourhood of Salvador, northeast of Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted with all the 184 children aged less than two years residing in Canabrava, which is located close to the city garbage dump. Variables selected for study included the method used for the disposal of excrement, type of floor, mother's education, unemployment of the head of the family, regularity of the water supply, presence of toilet, storage of garbage inside the house, age, gender, duration of breastfeeding, and the number of people per room. The estimated prevalence of diarrhoea was 21.2%. Exposure to garbage in the environment was found to be the most important factor associated with diarrhoea (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.98, 95% CI 1.56-10.13). Other important variables were the mother's education (AOR = 2.79, 95% CI 1.09-7.13), maternal breastfeeding (AOR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.05-5.04), and unemployment of the head of the family (AOR = 2.09, 95% CI 0.93-4.69). These findings indicate the necessity of adopting solutions in the public domain and of intersectorial policies for the reduction of diarrhoea.     

宁德市蝇类种群分布及其携带肠道传染病病菌调查

目的了解宁德市苍蝇种类及其携带肠道病原菌的状况,为今后防制提供依据。方法城区以诱蝇笼诱捕蝇类;野外用昆虫网捕获,分类鉴定,计算种群密度、季节消长、病原菌分离情况。结果宁德市捕获蝇类隶属6科51属115种。苍蝇密度平均为234.9只/(日.笼),垃圾场和屠宰场密度最高。蝇类全年均有活动,4-5月和10月出现2次密度高峰,5个常见蝇种病原菌分离率高达100%,与肠道传染病的流行季节相吻合。结论垃圾场和屠宰场是宁德市蝇类最为重要的孳生环境,4和10月是预防和控制肠道传染病的重要环节。     

2013年江苏省农村环境卫生调查

摘要:目的　分析江苏省农村地区生活垃圾、生活污水处理、家庭饮水习惯、农药使用与防护及土壤监测现状。方法　按照分层随机抽样的方法从江苏省全部13个省辖市中选取65个乡镇260个村1 300个农户。调查生活垃圾、生活污水、家庭饮水习惯,农药使用与防护情况,并进行土壤监测。结果　在260个行政村中,8.08%的调查村生活垃圾为随意堆放,21.54%的调查村生活污水为直接排放;在1 300户调查户中,居民饮用水类型以集中式供水为主（占91.69%）,饮水习惯以喝开水为主（占86.23%）;在823户使用农药的调查户中,54.07%的调查户选择现用现买不储存农药,有74.00%的调查户选择将废弃包装药瓶（袋）堆放在田边或垃圾堆,47.79%的调查户选择在施药时仅采用穿长袖衣、裤的单一保护方式,仅有16.71%的调查户在施药时采用全面的保护措施;高淳县、吴江区、丹阳市、姜堰市存在土壤镉含量不合格的情况。结论　2013年江苏省农村地区家庭饮水习惯和土壤监测结果况较好,生活垃圾随意堆放和生活污水直接排放的情况时有发生,大部分农户在使用农药时的防护方式较单一,废弃包装药瓶（袋）处置不规范。     

环境中微(纳米)塑料的来源及毒理学研究进展

  目的   探索污泥堆放场地对周围土壤的微塑料污染及污泥堆放场附近家养猪的粪便和大肠组织中微塑料污染状况。  方法   采集污泥堆放场地周边表层土壤及农户自家饲养黑猪粪便与大肠组织样本,采用体视显微镜和偏振光显微镜观察初判,采用激光红外成像系统（LDIR）对样品进行定性、定量。  结果   表层土壤、猪粪便和猪大肠组织中微塑料丰度分别为354～524个/10g、1120个/10 g和96个/10 g。猪大肠中微塑料主要为聚丙烯（PP）、聚苯乙烯（PS）、聚四氟乙烯（PTFE）和聚对苯二甲酸类（PET）,丰度分别为40、17、13和7个/10 g,粒径以200 μm以下的微塑料为主（86.21 %）,与土壤中微塑料特征存在差异。  结论   在猪大肠组织中检出微塑料,可能与污泥堆放场地的微塑料污染有关。     

Limits,excesses and pleasures: practices and discourses of sex work in a Mexican rural community

Abstract

In Tomatlán, a small city on the Mexican Pacific Coast there is a tolerance zone in which a group of sex workers, separated from the rest of the city by a garbage dump, offer their services to local men. The women present themselves materially and symbolically as agents of regulation with respect to male sexuality, itself constructed as overwhelming and insatiable, which, were it not for services provided by the sex workers, would threaten the family-based social order. Through in-depth interviews with 19 sex workers and 5 municipal officials, this paper discusses how the sex gender system results in a series of borders that are both geographical and subjective. Such borders have to do with periphery and control, body and intimacy, and the boundaries of animality.     

常见蝇种体内外病原体分离的研究

目的:研究苍蝇携带病原体情况;方法:实验室常规分离法;结果:凋查苍蝇162只,从医院组家蝇体表、垃圾点丝光绿蝇体内各分离出一株志贺氏痢疾杆菌B群;5只一组,68组寄生虫卵分离,家蝇、丝光绿蝇阴性,麻蝇2组分离出蛔虫卵;苍蝇带菌呈现体内>体表,麻蝇>丝光绿蝇>家蝇;结论:苍蝇可成为肠道传染病、寄生虫病的传播者。     

填埋场封场土地沉降特性分析与模拟研究

通过对上海老港填埋场49号填埋单元进行的地面沉降监测,分析堆体沉降机理,建立了反映填埋场沉降特性的数学模型,结果表明:垃圾堆体在监测期内平均表面沉降量77.62 mm,沉降速率约为0.174 mm/d,模型预测监测堆体最终沉降量约为122 cm,未来5 a内还将有约7.9 cm沉降。     

济南市生活废弃物处理中心垃圾填埋场封场设计

在综述目前我国生活垃圾填埋场封场存在问题的基础上,对济南市生活废弃物处理中心填埋场封场总体方案设计中堆体整形与处理、封场覆盖系统、地表水导排控制系统、填埋气体收集与处理系统、渗沥液收集与处理系统、生态恢复与园林造景、封场工程后续管理、封场后土地的利用等内容进行了优化设计。