Orbital Cellulitis After Strabismus Surgery

Serious infection is uncommon after eye muscle surgery. Orbital cellulitis is a rarely reported but is potentially vision- and life-threatening complication after strabismus surgery. In this report, we describe a case of unilateral orbital cellulitis after strabismus surgery for sensory exotropia in a healthy adolescent boy.     

Orbital cellulitis complicating strabismus surgery: a case report and review of the literature.

Orbital cellulitis is a rarely reported, but potentially vision- and life-threatening complication after strabismus surgery. To date, only seven cases of orbital cellulitis complicating strabismus surgery have been reported in the world literature, and only two cases were reported in adult patients, both occurring more than 100 years ago. We describe a case of unilateral orbital cellulitis after bilateral strabismus surgery in an adult. Early diagnosis (aided by computed tomography) and aggressive intravenous antibiotic therapy resulted in a favorable visual outcome. Diagnosis and management are discussed, and this case is compared with previous cases in the literature.     

Periocular implantation cysts: a late complication of ophthalmic surgery

Purpose

To describe the clinical characteristics for a group of patients presenting with acquired implantation cysts following periocular surgery.

Methods

Retrospective, non-comparative series of patients who underwent surgery at Moorfields Eye Hospital for orbital implantation cysts, with review of clinical case notes and imaging.

Results

Twenty-three patients (13 male; 57%) were treated between 1997 and 2011 with cystic lesions that presented at an average interval of 22.7 years after previous periocular surgery. The age at presentation ranged from 14 to 76 years (mean 45.3; median 46 years). Five patients had a history of prior enucleation or evisceration (with ball implantation in 4/5 cases) and six had undergone orbital fracture repair with either a silicone or titanium plate. Eight patients had prior strabismus surgery, three had retinal detachment repair with either a scleral buckle or vitrectomy, and one patient had repair of a conjunctival laceration in childhood. All but one patient underwent either wide marsupialisation or complete excision of the implantation cysts, with no record of recurrence. Visual acuity improved after surgery in a half of the patients, whereas remaining unchanged in the remainder.

Conclusion

Orbital implantation cysts constitute a relatively rare complication of periocular surgery and can present decades after the causative procedure.     

眶壁骨折修复术后斜视和复视的手术治疗

目的 观察眶壁修复术后斜视和复视眼外肌手术矫正效果.方法 对14例眼眶爆裂性骨折修复手术6月后仍有斜视和复视的患者,采取二期眼外肌手术治疗.结果 4例为限制性斜视,二期手术探查,松解肌肉、解除限制因素,后徙受累肌或/和缩短拮抗肌后,前方及前下方视野内复视消除;10例为非限制性眼肌功能不足所致斜视,二期手术缩短受累肌/和后徙拮抗肌后,9例复视明显好转,前方及前下方视野内垂直及水平斜视度分别小于10△和15△.1例仍有眼位偏斜,需佩戴三棱镜矫正复视.结论 正确分析爆裂性眼眶骨折修复术后斜视和复视的原因,采取相应的术式,可获得较好的治疗效果.     

眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的临床诊治分析

目的 分析眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的斜视性质、眼眶骨折修复的手术时机和术后斜视的变化等.方法 回顾分析2001年1月到2008年12月在中山大学中山眼科中心诊治的眼眶骨折患者.常规作眼眶CT检查、被动转动试验、眼位和眼球运动检查、复像试验,观察眼眶骨折修复前后眼位和眼球运动情况等.结果 共87例90只眼,男性66例,女性21例;年龄3～68岁(平均30.6岁);右眶27例,左眶57例,双眶3例.36%的患者有视力受损.32%为眼眶爆裂性骨折,68%为复合性骨折;以内壁和下壁骨折多见.术前47%的患者有斜视,其中麻痹性41.5%,限制性58.5%;眼眶骨折修复后:35例术前有斜视者(平均随访1年),28.6%斜视消失;17.1%正前方和下方功能位置无斜视,37.1%斜视部分好转或不变;17.1%斜视加莺;1例术前无斜视,术后出现医源性斜视.结论 眼眶骨折伤后患眼斜视的性质包括麻痹性和限制性,骨折修复手术时机存在争论,以下情形需要尽快手术:(1)影像学检查显示有眼外肌断裂;(2)CT扣描和被动转动试验均示有明确的眼外肌嵌顿,保守治疗二周无好转;(3)外壁和上壁的Blow-in骨折.眼眶骨折修复术后其斜视既可消失也可不变或加重;医源性斜视要尽量避免.     

眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的临床诊治分析

目的 分析眼眶骨折伴斜视患者的斜视性质、眼眶骨折修复的手术时机和术后斜视的变化等.方法 回顾分析2001年1月到2008年12月在中山大学中山眼科中心诊治的眼眶骨折患者.常规作眼眶CT检查、被动转动试验、眼位和眼球运动检查、复像试验,观察眼眶骨折修复前后眼位和眼球运动情况等.结果 共87例90只眼,男性66例,女性21例;年龄3～68岁(平均30.6岁);右眶27例,左眶57例,双眶3例.36%的患者有视力受损.32%为眼眶爆裂性骨折,68%为复合性骨折;以内壁和下壁骨折多见.术前47%的患者有斜视,其中麻痹性41.5%,限制性58.5%;眼眶骨折修复后:35例术前有斜视者(平均随访1年),28.6%斜视消失;17.1%正前方和下方功能位置无斜视,37.1%斜视部分好转或不变;17.1%斜视加莺;1例术前无斜视,术后出现医源性斜视.结论 眼眶骨折伤后患眼斜视的性质包括麻痹性和限制性,骨折修复手术时机存在争论,以下情形需要尽快手术:(1)影像学检查显示有眼外肌断裂;(2)CT扣描和被动转动试验均示有明确的眼外肌嵌顿,保守治疗二周无好转;(3)外壁和上壁的Blow-in骨折.眼眶骨折修复术后其斜视既可消失也可不变或加重;医源性斜视要尽量避免.     

Flap tear of rectus muscles: an underlying cause of strabismus after orbital trauma

PURPOSE: To present an avulsion injury of the rectus muscle after orbital trauma, usually the inferior rectus, and detail its diagnosis and operative repair. METHODS: Forty-three patients underwent repair of flap tears of 62 rectus muscles. During surgery, we found the muscle abnormality was often subtle, with narrowing or thinning of the remaining attached global layer of muscle. The detached flap of external (orbital) muscle was found embedded in surrounding orbital fat and connective tissue. Retrieval and repair were performed in each case. RESULTS: The causes of orbital trauma were as follows: orbital fractures (15 patients), blunt trauma with no fracture (11 patients), suspected trauma but did not undergo computerized tomographic scan (12 patients), and status after retinal detachment repair (5 patients). Of note, 15 of the 43 patients (35%) underwent repair of the flap tear alone, without any additional orbital or strabismus surgery. Diagnostically, the predominant motility defect in 45 muscles was limitation toward the field of action of the muscle, presumably as a result of a tether created by the torn flap; these tethers simulated muscle palsy. Seventeen muscles were restricted away from their field of action, simulating entrapment. The direction taken by the flap during healing determined the resultant strabismus pattern. All patients with gaze limitation toward an orbital fracture had flap tears. The worst results after flap tear repair were seen in patients (1) who had undergone orbital fracture repair before presentation, (2) who had undergone previous attempts at strabismus repair, and (3) who had the longest intervals between the precipitating event and the repair. The best results were obtained in patients who underwent simultaneous fracture and strabismus repair or early strabismus repair alone. CONCLUSIONS: Avulsion-type flap tears of the extraocular muscles are a common cause of posttraumatic strabismus. Early repair produces the best results, but improvement is possible despite long delay.     

Postoperative myositis in reoperated extraocular muscles.

PURPOSE: To report on a series of patients who developed orbital myositis following routine strabismus surgery. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of patients who developed myositis following routine strabismus surgery. Surgery was performed on all patients between 1998 and 2003 by a single pediatric ophthalmologist (SMA). RESULTS: Four patients developed orbital myositis following routine strabismus surgery. All four cases were reoperations. Symptoms of myositis developed at a mean of 21 days after surgery (range, 4-34). In the initial patient, the diagnosis of myositis was based on clinical and computed tomography findings. The clinical course of the three subsequent patients was similar to that of the radiologically confirmed case. In all cases, the diagnosis was supported by rapid resolution after treatment with systemic corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: Orbital myositis is a previously unreported complication of strabismus surgery. Reoperation appears to be a predisposing factor.     

Delayed orbital hemorrhage after routine strabismus surgery

PURPOSE: To report a case of delayed rectus muscle hemorrhage after strabismus surgery. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: Rectus muscle hemorrhage occurred 36 hours after strabismus surgery in a 26-year-old man, causing temporary loss of vision and reduced ocular motility. Urgent lateral cantholysis and orbital exploration to restore hemostasis were undertaken. Full recovery of vision occurred and a small residual motility disturbance was present 3 months postoperatively. CONCLUSION: Delayed rectus muscle hemorrhage poststrabismus surgery is rare but can have sight-threatening effects. When vision is threatened because of optic nerve compromise, urgent orbital exploration may allow full recovery of function.     

Thermal cautery as a treatment for conjunctival inclusion cyst after strabismus surgery.

Conjunctival cysts may be congenital or acquired. A common cause of acquired conjunctival inclusion cysts is the implantation of conjunctival epithelium after surgery or trauma. These cysts often form at the site of muscle reattachment after strabismus surgery. They may disappear spontaneously, but persistent cases often require surgical excision. We report a new technique using cauterization under slit-lamp visualization to treat conjunctival inclusion cysts that can form after strabismus surgery. This procedure is fast, effective, and well tolerated by patients.     

Strabismus following endoscopic orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease

Endoscopic orbital decompression may be used to treat disfiguring proptosis or sight threatening optic nerve compression in patients with thyroid eye disease. Strabismus is common in thyroid eye disease and frequently follows decompression surgery. We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing endoscopic decompression for thyroid eye disease, by a single surgeon, from 1994 to 2000. Twenty-three patients (21 female, 2 male) were identified with a mean age of 47.5 years. At presentation, 21 patients had proptosis, 8 optic nerve compression (2 without proptosis) and 11 strabismus (9 complained of diplopia) with a mean BSV score of 24.5 before decompression. Forty orbits were decompressed with a mean decrease in proptosis of 3.3 mm. Following decompression, the mean BSV score was 25, and 17 patients had manifest strabismus in primary gaze (3 at near only) of whom 10 had pre-existing strabismus. Five patients had new diplopia (22%). Eleven patients ultimately required strabismus surgery of whom 8 had manifest strabismus before decompression. Following strabismus surgery, the mean BSV score was 37. The final BSV score for those not requiring strabismus surgery was 29. Mean follow-up was 28 months. Endoscopic orbital decompression can effectively treat disfiguring proptosis. Diplopia is a common complication, but pre-existing diplopia may improve.     

Strabismus following endoscopic orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease

Endoscopic orbital decompression may be used to treat disfiguring proptosis or sight threatening optic nerve compression in patients with thyroid eye disease. Strabismus is common in thyroid eye disease and frequently follows decompression surgery. We retrospectively reviewed patients undergoing endoscopic decompression for thyroid eye disease, by a single surgeon, from 1994 to 2000. Twenty-three patients (21 female, 2 male) were identified with a mean age of 47.5 years. At presentation, 21 patients had proptosis, 8 optic nerve compression (2 without proptosis) and 11 strabismus (9 complained of diplopia) with a mean BSV score of 24.5 before decompression. Forty orbits were decompressed with a mean decrease in proptosis of 3.3mm. Following decompression, the mean BSV score was 25, and 17 patients had manifest strabismus in primary gaze (3 at near only) of whom 10 had pre-existing strabismus. Five patients had new diplopia (22%). Eleven patients ultimately required strabismus surgery of whom 8 had manifest strabismus before decompression. Following strabismus surgery, the mean BSV score was 37. The final BSV score for those not requiring strabismus surgery was 29. Mean follow-up was 28 months. Endoscopic orbital decompression can effectively treat disfiguring proptosis. Diplopia is a common complication, but pre-existing diplopia may improve.     

Change in proptosis following extraocular muscle surgery: effects of muscle recession in thyroid-associated orbitopathy.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of strabismus surgery on proptosis in patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy. METHODS: The medical records of 22 consecutive patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy undergoing strabismus surgery were reviewed. Data pertaining to the number of muscles operated on, amount of muscle recession, prior orbital decompression, and exophthalmometry were evaluated. RESULTS: Thirty-eight eyes in 22 patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy were studied before and after strabismus surgery. The mean change in exophthalmometry following strabismus surgery in all eyes was +0.6 mm (p < 0.01). Eyes with prior decompression averaged a 0.9 mm increase following strabismus surgery (p < 0.01); those without decompression averaged a 0.2 mm decrease (p = 0.658). In eyes that underwent two rectus muscle recessions the increase in Hertel measurements averaged 1.2 mm; when only one muscle was recessed, the average increase was 0.2 mm. In the eyes with muscle recession < or =5 mm, the mean exophthalmometric increase was 0.7 mm. When a muscle recession of more than 5 mm was performed, the exophthalmometry showed a mean increase of 0.5 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Strabismus surgery on patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy can worsen proptosis, especially in those with prior decompression. When planning for orbital decompression, the surgeon should consider this effect. Moreover, patients should be made aware of the possible changes to their appearance.     

Conjunctival inclusion cyst after strabismus surgery by hang-back recession

CASE REPORT: A 24-year-old woman, with a history of infantile esotropia and DVD operated on in infancy, had strabismus surgery performed by us. Four months later she presented with a cystic lesion that recurred after drainage and medical treatment. Complete excision of the cystic lesion was therefore performed. DISCUSSION: The epithelial cells implanted on the sclera at the time of the most recent surgery may have been the origin of inclusion cyst which developed after the strabismus surgery. This suggests a possible relationship with the scleral suture as the mechanism of cyst formation, independent of the muscle position. Complete excision is the recommended treatment for large cysts.     

Diagnosis and management of lost muscle following strabismus surgery

Of all the complications of strabismus surgery, the lost muscle is one of the most alarming, and yet with patience and careful management it may be one of the most amenable to treatment. This paper reports seven cases of lost muscle following strabismus surgery. In six of the seven cases referred to the Department of Clinical Ophthalmology there had been delay in diagnosis for periods varying from six weeks to 17 years. All the lost muscles were successfully retrieved. With good illumination and magnification and a careful search of the sub-Tenon's capsule space it is unusual to need to explore the orbital fat to retrieve the muscle.     

DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF LOST MUSCLE FOLLOWING STRABISMUS SURGERY

Of all the complications of strabismus surgery, the lost muscle is one of the most alarming, and yet with patience and careful management it may be one of the most amenable to treatment.
This paper reports seven cases of lost muscle following strabismus surgery, in six of the seven cases referred to the Department of Clinical Ophthalmology there had been delay in diagnosis for periods varying from six weeks to 17 years. All the lost muscles were successfully retrieved.
With good illumination and magnification and a careful search of the sub-Tenon's capsule space it is unusual to need to explore the orbital fat to retrieve the muscle.     

Esotropia following bilateral lateral orbital decompressions for Graves' disease

A 48-year-old woman with mild Graves' orbitopathy underwent bilateral lateral orbital decompressions through preauricular hairline incisions by a general plastic surgeon. Immediately postoperatively she developed marked left orbital and eyelid edema and incapacitating diplopia due to a large angle esotropia and severe bilateral abduction deficits. Examination 13 months later revealed normal visual acuities and a 90 prism diopter esotropia. She underwent complex strabismus surgery with resultant orthophoria in primary and down gaze. Four years later, a thin section computed tomographic scan revealed severe attenuation of both lateral rectus muscles with incarceration of the muscle bellies into the lateral osteotomy sites. This case demonstrates a rare, but avoidable, complication of orbital surgery for Graves' disease.     

Retrobulbar hemorrhage following strabismus surgery

Retrobulbar hemorrhage, although a well-known complication of retrobulbar injection, periocular injections, and periocular surgeries, is not routinely associated with strabismus surgery. We present a case of delayed orbital hemorrhage occurring in a young boy 2 days after strabismus surgery.     

开眶术后斜视的手术治疗

目的 分析开眶术后斜视的临床特点及手术治疗效果.方法 回顾性病例研究.回顾分析中山大学中山眼科中心自1998年3月至2003年7月期间住院行开眶术后斜视的诊治病例9例.其中男性5例,女性4例;年龄12～柏岁,平均26.4岁;右眼4例,左眼5例.全部病例随访1～3年(平均1.4年).常规行远、近标准E视力表检查.眼前后节行裂隙灯显微镜和眼底镜检查.眼位检查包括角膜映光法、同视机检查法和视野弧检查法等.结果 开眶术后发生的斜视需手术矫正者共9例.大部分为瘢痕粘连引起的限制性斜视,占66.7%.9例患者均采用手术治疗,术式包括受累肌瘢痕松解术、后徙术+缩短术、Jensen术等.术后眼位完全矫正6例,轻度欠矫2例,明显欠矫1例.4例术前有复视者,术后2例自觉复视消失,2例仅向某个方位有轻微复视,可耐受.所有患者眼球运动均较术前明显好转.结论 眼眶术后发生的斜视需手术治疗者多为瘢痕粘连引起的限制性斜视,松解并后退粘连的眼外肌联合对抗肌缩短术或直肌联结术或肌移位术,术终用固定缝线将眼位固定于过矫位可获得理想的矫正效果.     

Giant orbital cyst after strabismus surgery.

We describe the clinical, histopathologic, and radiologic findings and management of a patient who had a giant orbital cyst after reoperative strabismus surgery. In the case report, we describe, in detail, a giant orbital cyst developing on the medial side of the globe after the third operation for repair of strabismus. Imaging studies, including computed tomographic (CT) scan and orbital ultrasound, demonstrate the findings. The observations at surgery and the surgical pathologic condition of the cyst are described. The orbital cyst was successfully removed, advancing the remaining medial rectus muscle and recessing the lateral rectus muscle, which resulted in reduction of a large-angle exotropia to a small exodeviation. Adduction was improved but not normalized. The pathologic examination indicated a benign inclusion cyst of the conjunctiva with fibrosis and chronic inflammation. A possible cause of this type of cyst is an epithelial remnant inadvertently placed with the muscle substance during previous surgery.