Iron, zinc, copper and phytate content of standardized Nigerian dishes

Representative samples of 20 standardized Nigerian dishes were analyzed for Iron, Copper and Zinc using the automated method of flame atomic absorption spectrophotoscopy (AAS) and for phytate using a colorimetric method. Iron contents ranged from 2.28 mg/100 g for cowpeas and yam pottage to 22.10 mg/100 g for Apapafufu with tuwon shinkafa. The zinc contents ranged from 0.43 mg/100 g for stewed beans and fried plantain to 4.20 mg/100 g for Eberipo. Copper contents ranged from 0.38 mg/100 g for Ikokore to 1.88 mg/100 g for Amala and Alapa with ewedu stew. Phytate contents expressed on a dry weight basis ranged from 0.6 mg/100 g in Burabisko to 6.40 mg/100 g in melon seed and vegetable soup. The phytate: zinc molar ratios calculated for all dishes analyzed ranged from 0 in Burabisko to 1.4 for stewed beans and fried plantain.     

The decreased molar ratio of phytate:zinc improved zinc nutriture in South Koreans for the past 30 years (1969-1998)

For the assessment of representative and longitudinal Zn nutriture in South Koreans, Zn, phytate and Ca intakes were determined using four consecutive years of food consumption data taken from Korean National Nutrition Survey Report (KNNSR) every 10 years during 1969-1998. The nutrient intake data are presented for large city and rural areas. Zn intake of South Koreans in both large city and rural areas was low during 1969-1988 having values between 4.5-5.6 mg/d, after then increased to 7.4 (91% Estimated Average Requirements for Koreans, EAR = 8.1 mg/d) and 6.7 mg/d (74% EAR) in 1998 in large city and rural areas, respectively. In 1968, Zn intake was unexpectedly higher in rural areas due to higher grain consumption, but since then until 1988 Zn intake was decreased and increased back in 1998. Food sources for Zn have shifted from plants to a variety of animal products. Phytate intake of South Koreans during 1969-1978 was high mainly due to the consumption of grains and soy products which are major phytate sources, but decreased in 1998. The molar ratios of phytate:Zn and millimmolar ratio of phytate×Ca:Zn were decreased due to the decreased phytate intake in South Koreans, which implies higher zinc bioavailability. The study results suggest that Zn nutriture has improved by increased dietary Zn intakes and the decreased molar ratio of phytate:Zn in South Koreans in both large city and rural areas.     

A comparison of food and nutrient intake between instant noodle consumers and non-instant noodle consumers in Korean adults

Instant noodles are widely consumed in Asian countries. The Korean population consumed the largest quantity of instant noodles in the world in 2008. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between instant noodles and nutritional status in Koreans. The objective of this study was to examine the association between instant noodle consumption and food and nutrient intake in Korean adults. We used dietary data of 6,440 subjects aged 20 years and older who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. The average age of the instant noodle consumers (INC) was 36.2 and that of the non-instant noodle consumers (non-INC) was 44.9; men consumed more instant noodles than women (P < 0.001). With the exception of cereals and grain products, legumes, seaweeds, eggs, and milk and dairy products, INC consumed significantly fewer potatoes and starches, sugars, seeds and nuts, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits, seasonings, beverages, meats, fishes, and oils and fats compared with those in the non-INC group. The INC group showed significantly higher nutrient intake of energy, fat, sodium, thiamine, and riboflavin; however, the INC group showed a significantly lower intake of protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, vitamin A, niacin, and vitamin C compared with those in the non-INC group. This study revealed that consuming instant noodles may lead to excessive intake of energy, fats, and sodium but may also cause increased intake of thiamine and riboflavin. Therefore, nutritional education helping adults to choose a balanced meal while consuming instant noodles should be implemented. Additionally, instant noodle manufacturers should consider nutritional aspects when developing new products.     

Estimation of manganese daily intake among adults in Korea

The purpose of this study was to estimate daily intake of manganese in Korean adults. Manganese intake was estimated through the use of the database of manganese content in frequently consumed Korean foods after first conducting anthropometric measurement and a survey on dietary intake with 354 Korean adults. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 54.6 years, 165.7 cm, 67.2 kg and 24.5 kg/m² in males and 53.8 years, 153.7 cm, 59.1 kg and 24.9 kg/m² in females. The daily energy intakes of subjects were 1740.1 kcal in males and 1432.6 kcal in females. Male and female subjects recorded, respectively, 5.2 mg and 4.1 mg in manganese intake indicating that the male subjects consume more manganese (p<0.001). And they posted, respectively, 3.0 mg and 2.9 mg in manganese intake per 1000 kcal of energy consumption; it turned out that there was no significant difference. Daily manganese intake of both males and females posted, respectively, 148.8% and 135.2% of the adequate intake, and 8 males and 3 females surpassed the tolerable upper intake level. It is suggested that the study for accurate determination of manganese consumption needs to be more diversified based on the database of manganese content in Korean foods.     

Associations between dietary patterns and hypertension among Korean adults: the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008-2010)

The objective of this study is to identify the dietary patterns associated with the risk of hypertensions among Korean adults using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES, 2008-2010). This study analyzes data from 11,883 subjects who participated in the health and nutrition survey, aging from 20 to 64 years. We performed factor analysis based on the weekly mean intake frequencies of 36 food groups to identify major dietary patterns. We identified three major dietary patterns in both sexes, namely "traditional", "western" and "dairy and carbohydrate" patterns. Participants in the highest quartile of western pattern scores had significantly higher blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, and triglyceride levels than those in the lowest quartile. Although not statistically significant, a trend (P for trend = 0.0732) toward a positive association between the western dietary pattern and hypertension risk was observed after adjustments for age, sex, education, income, body mass index (BMI), smoking, physical activity, and energy intake. The dairy and carbohydrate pattern was inversely related with BMI and blood pressures and positively associated with serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol. After adjusting the age, sex, education, income, BMI, smoking, physical activity and energy intake, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern showed inverse associations with hypertension prevalence (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.55-0.75; P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber, sodium, and antioxidant vitamins were significantly higher in the top quartile for the traditional pattern than in the lowest quartile for the traditional pattern (P for trend < 0.0001). Intakes of fiber (P for trend < 0.0001), calcium (P for trend < 0.0001), retinol (P for trend = 0.0164), vitamin B₁ (P for trend = 0.001), vitamin B₂ (P for trend < 0.0001), niacin (P for trend = 0.0025), and vitamin C (P for trend < 0.0001) were significantly increased across quartiles for the dairy and carbohydrate pattern whereas sodium (P for trend < 0.0001) intake was decreased for this pattern. In conclusion, the dairy and carbohydrate pattern may be associated with a reduced risk of hypertension whereas the western pattern may be associated with an increased risk of hypertension among Korean adults.     

平南县茶叶锰的含量及饮茶习惯与锰摄入量的调查报告

目的：了解我县茶叶锰的含量情况及饮茶习惯与摄入量的关系。方法：获取我县不同茶厂的50份茶叶参照GB／T5009．57-2003和GB／T5009．48-2003的有关方法测定。结果：所有样品均检出不同程度的锰。结论：建议茶叶的卫生标准中增加锰的检测。     

Availability to rats of zinc in green and mature soybeans

A slope ratio assay was conducted with young albino rats to investigate the effect of maturity of soybean seeds on the bioavailability of their intrinsic zinc. Seeds (Williams) were harvested when well-developed but green (25% dry matter) and when mature (86% dry matter). The blanched seeds were wet-milled, freeze-dried and incorporated into 20% egg white protein diets at the expense of egg white to provide 20% protein diets containing equal calories and calcium but varying in zinc and phytate content. Zinc in the mature bean flour diets was 58% as available for weight gain and 57% as available for tibia zinc accumulation as was zinc in the green bean flour diets. The difference between zinc availabilities can be ascribed to the higher phytate content of the mature beans.     

Dietary sodium intake and its relation to sleep duration,sleep quality and nocturnal urination in working-aged Korean adults

Both sodium intake and sleep have an important effect on cardiovascular health. However, few studies have looked at the association between sodium intake and sleep. Therefore, we analysed the association of sodium intake with sleep quality, sleep duration and nocturnal urination. The data for the present study were obtained from the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Study participants were 156 696 working-aged Korean adults (average age 38.0 years ±8.0 in men and 36.0 years ±8.1 in women). They were categorised into five groups by quintile of sodium intake, measured by food frequency questionnaire. Poor sleep quality and short sleep duration were determined by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index >5, and sleep duration <7 h, respectively. Nocturnal urination was defined as awakening to urinate more than three times a week. Multivariable adjusted logistic regression analysis was used in calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for poor sleep quality, short sleep duration and nocturnal urination (adjusted OR [95% CI]) across five study groups. In all study participants, increased sodium intake was significantly associated with poor sleep quality (quintile 1: reference, quintile 2: 1.07 [1.04–1.11], quintile 3: 1.12 [1.08–1.16], quintile 4: 1.15 [1.11–1.19] and quintile 5: 1.13 [1.09–1.18]). This pattern of relationship was similarly observed in association of sodium intake with short sleep duration (p for trend <0.001) and nocturnal urination (p for trend <0.001). In gender subgroup analysis, increased sodium intake had a significant association with poor sleep quality and short sleep duration in men and with poor sleep quality and nocturnal urination in women. In conclusion, high sodium intake is associated with an increased likelihood of poor sleep quality, short sleep duration and nocturnal urination.     

食品中锌的安全强化水平研究

目的研究提出食品中锌的强化水平上限建议值,为评估和修订食品营养强化剂标准提供参考。方法基于风险评估基本原则,利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,探讨应用强化水平上限计算模型,按不同经济发展水平、年龄、性别分层分析,得出不同组别人群的食品中锌强化水平上限,将其中的最低值作为强化水平上限的初步建议值。结果大城市、一类农村及中小城市中的大部分组别居民食品中锌强化水平上限(MSFL)低于全人群相应组别水平。最低的MSFL出现在大城市孕妇和4~7岁学龄前儿童组,分别为9.01mg/1 000kJ和10.43mg/1 000kJ。结论通过模型计算结果与食品强化标准相应指标值的比较分析,认为现有规定可以保证食用安全,该模型是评估和审议营养强化剂安全强化水平的可选方法。建议在今后的全国居民营养与健康状况调查中增加强化食品以及营养素补充剂的摄入情况调查。     

L-丙氨酸锌、DL-丙氨酸锌及L-苯丙氨酸锌在兔体内的生物利用度研究

用锌试剂在分光光度计上测定家兔血清锌浓度,对 L-丙氨酸锌、DL-丙氨酸锌以及 L-苯丙氨酸锌在兔体内生物利用度进行了研究。三种锌配合物片剂对硫酸锌片的相对生物利用度分别为128.96%、110.42%和264.38%。     

Content of zinc, iron, calcium and their absorption inhibitors in foods commonly consumed in Ethiopia

The zinc, iron, calcium, phosphorus, phytate, tannin and moisture content of 36 foods consumed in rural Ethiopia were analysed. The foods analysed included those based on cereals, starchy tubers and roots, and legumes and vegetables as well as some fruits. Although many foods were relatively rich in zinc and iron, many also contained high levels of phytic acid and tannins, which impair bioavailability of zinc and iron. The phytate:zinc molar ratios were >20 for non-fermented cereal foods, >15 for legumes, and <12 for fermented cereals, starchy tubers and roots. Ratios >15 are associated with low bioavailability of zinc. Given the high iron content and the relatively favourable phytate:iron molar ratio, tef enjera was the best source of bioavailable iron of all foods analysed. Foods prepared from tef, enset and kale are rich sources of calcium. The consumption of diets based on cereals and legumes but poor in animal products can lead to deficiencies of zinc and iron. However, since fermentation can decrease the phytate content by a factor of 3–4, traditional household practices such as fermentation need to be encouraged to address the problem of zinc deficiency, which is particularly prevalent in Ethiopia.     

Analysis of Kimchi,vegetable and fruit consumption trends among Korean adults: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998-2012)

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study is to analyze daily kimchi, vegetable and fruit consumption by general characteristics and vegetable and fruit consumption from 1998 to 2012 by the Korean population based on the data of the KNHANES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).

SUBJECTS/METHODS

This study is based on the 1998-2012 KNHNES. Analysis data on 54,700 subjects aged 19 years and older were obtained from health behavior interviews and the 24-hour dietary recall method.

RESULTS

Daily kimchi consumption and portion size of kimchi decreased significantly from 1998 to 2012 (adjusted P for trend < 0.0001). Meanwhile, daily consumption of both non-salted vegetable and fruit with and without kimchi did not significantly change between 1998 and 2012. Reduced consumption of kimchi, non-salted vegetable, and fruit was observed for both genders as well as daily meal episodes and cooking locations. Male and female subjects with insufficient non-salted vegetable and fruit intake were increased 1.4 times and 1.3 times, respectively, in 2012 than 1998. All subjects consumed at least 400 g/day of non-salted vegetable, fruit, and kimchi in each survey year, although they consumed insufficient amounts (< 400 g/day) of non-salted vegetable and fruit without kimchi.

CONCLUSIONS

Since Koreans generally consume high amounts of fermented vegetables, including kimchi, total vegetables and fruit. Consumption of these foods by the Korean adult population reached 400 g, which is the recommended intake of the WCRF/AICR. Based on this result, it is necessary to promote consumption of kimchi in the Korean population and research the development of low sodium kimchi in the future.     

食品中硼含量测定与居民硼摄入量评估

目的 检测广东省广州市市售常见食品中的硼含量并评估居民硼的膳食摄入量。方法 于2010—2012年在广州市采集113种共687份食品,采用姜黄素分光光度法测定硼含量,结合居民膳食调查数据计算居民硼膳食摄入量。结果 不同食品硼含量差异较大,豆类硼含量为(18.69±10.27)mg/kg,坚果为(10.95±7.49) mg/kg,水果为(1.34±7.26) mg/kg,蔬菜为(1.24±0.91) mg/kg,奶、鱼、肉以及大多数的谷物含硼较少;加工食品硼含量基本与其原料硼含量一致,但有2份肉丸硼含量高达58.12和66.92 mg/kg,1份碱水粽硼含量为2.65 mg/kg;全国及广州市居民膳食中硼的日均摄入量分别为1.32 和1.71 mg,主要食物来源分别为蔬菜及其制品,分别占25.76%及21.64%,禽畜肉类及其制品分别占22.73%及33.33%,大米及其制品分别占12.12%及13.45%,豆类及其制品分别占8.33%及12.92%。结论 各类食品硼含量顺序大概为:豆类>坚果类>水果类>蔬菜类>谷类>动物性食品;个别加工食品存在违法添加硼砂(硼酸)的可能;居民日硼摄入量在WHO推荐成人日摄入硼的安全范围内,但大量摄入违法添加硼的食物可增加危害风险。     

Zinc biofortification of rice in China: a simulation of zinc intake with different dietary patterns

A cross-sectional survey of 2819 adults aged 20 years and above was undertaken in 2002 in Jiangsu Province. Zinc intake was assessed using a consecutive 3-day 24-h dietary recall method. Insufficient and excess intake was determined according to the Chinese Dietary Recommended Intakes. Four distinct dietary patterns were identified namely "traditional", "macho", "sweet tooth", and "healthy". Intake of zinc from biofortified rice was simulated at an intermediate zinc concentration (2.7 mg/100 g) and a high zinc concentration (3.8 mg/100 g) in rice. Average total zinc intake was 12.0 ± 3.7 mg/day, and insufficiency of zinc intake was present in 15.4%. Simulated zinc intake from biofortified rice with intermediate and high zinc concentration decreased the prevalence of low zinc intake to 6.5% and 4.4%, respectively. The effect was most pronounced in the "traditional" pattern, with only 0.7% of insufficiency of zinc intake remaining in the highest quartile of the pattern. Zinc intake was inversely associated with the "sweet tooth" pattern. Zinc biofortifed rice improves dietary zinc intake and lowers risk for insufficient zinc intake, especially for subjects with a more "traditional" food pattern, but less for subjects with a "sweet tooth" food pattern.     

The lack of effect of added dibasic calcium phosphate on the availability of zinc in infant cereals to the rat

Generally, calcium phosphate (dibasic) is added to infant cereals so that they contain approximately 1.0% calcium and 0.8% phosphorus. The effect of this on the bioavailability of endogenous zinc is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding 0.50 and 1.0% calcium as CaHPO₄.2H₂O to three iron-fortified (0.30% iron added as electrolytic iron powder) cereals, viz. Rice, Mixed and Infantsoy. Each cereal was added to a low zinc basal diet to provide 4 mg zinc/kg. For 3 weeks male weanling rats were fed diets containing one of the cereals with and without added dibasic calcium phosphate. Body weight and food intake were recorded weekly. At the end of the feeding period the right femur was taken from each rat and analysed for zinc. The resslts did not show any consistent significant effect of the addition of dibasic calcium phosphate on the bioavailability of zinc as reflected by body weight gain or femur zinc.     

The association of dietary quality and food group intake patterns with bone health status among Korean postmenopausal women: a study using the 2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related disease are drawing a lot of attention in Korea as one of the serious health problems. Bone health status may be influenced by the general dietary quality and dietary pattern.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

To determine the relationship between dietary quality and intake patterns and bone health status, the %RNI, NAR, DDS, and food group intake patterns were assessed according to their bone health status for 847 postmenopausal women using the 2010 KNHANES data after eliminating those of likely changing their diet under the advice of doctors or those taking estrogen.

RESULTS

Bone health became worse as dietary quality deteriorated. All NAR and %RNI values were highly associated with bone health levels and the consumption frequency of Ca sources, DDS and the food group intake patterns also confirmed the findings.

CONCLUSIONS

This study confirmed that dietary quality and dietary patterns were important for bone health. Nutritional education on eating foods from the five basic food groups has to be emphasized to prevent osteoporosis among older women.     

Absorption and retention of 75SeO3 in relation to soybean protein intake in the rat

The absorption and retention of ⁷⁵Se, given as an oral dose of ⁷⁵SeO₃, was studied in young male rats receiving different levels and sources of soy protein, with and without selenite and methionine supplementation. Rats fed a protein-free diet had a higher cumulative urine ⁷⁵Se excretion and a sligtly lower ⁷⁵Se absorption and ⁷⁵Se retention than rats fed diets containing 10% protein supplied as soya flour. Results indicated that supplementation with selenite decreased the fractional absorption and retention of selenium, but the overall effect was a marked increase in the total amount of selenium ingested, absorbed and retained. Methionine supplementation of a diet based on soya increased growth and PER: it also decreased slightly cumulative feces ⁷⁵Se excretion and increased ⁷⁵Se absorption, but only in rats fed diets supplemented with selenium. The present findings are consistent with the view that selenium homeostasis in the rat is maintained largely through changes in the urinary excretion of selenium and they show that an inadequate protein diet reduces the efficiency of retention of absorbed selenite.     

Plain water intake of Korean adults according to life style,anthropometric and dietary characteristic: the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2008-2010

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The objective of the study was to provide useful insights into plain water intake of Korean adults according to life style, anthropometric, and dietary characteristics.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

The data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. The subjects were 14,428 aged 20-64 years. Water intake was estimated by asking the question "How much water do you usually consume per day?". Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour dietary recall. A qualitative food frequency questionnaire including 63 food items was also administered.

RESULTS

The mean plain water intake for men and women were 6.3 cup/day and 4.6 cup/day, respectively. Plain water intake increased as lean body mass, waist circumference, and body mass index levels increased, except for percentage of body fat. As energy and alcohol intakes increased, plain water intake increased. As total weight of food intake and total volume of food intake increased, plain water intake increased. Plain water intake increased as consumption of vegetables increased. Plain water intake increased as frequencies of green tea, alcoholic drink, and all beverages were increased in men. Plain water intake increased with increased frequencies of green tea, milk, soy milk, and alcoholic drink and decreased frequencies of coffee and soda in women.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that persons who had a higher waist circumference or lean body mass and women with higher BMI consumed more plain water. The persons eating high quality diet, or the persons who had more vegetables, green tea, milk, soy milk, or alcoholic drink consumed more plain water.     

Low consumption of fruits and dairy foods is associated with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults from outpatient clinics in and near Seoul

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to examine differences in nutrient intake and food consumption by the presence of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

Study subjects in this cross-sectional study were recruited from four outpatient clinics in and near the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea between 2006 and 2012. A total of 668 subjects (413 men and 255 women) aged ≥ 30 y were included in the final data analyses. For each subject, daily nutrient intake and food consumption were calculated using three days of dietary intake data obtained from a combination of 24-hour recalls and dietary records. To evaluate food consumption, mean number of servings consumed per day and percentages of recommended number of servings for six food groups were calculated. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The general linear model was performed to examine differences in nutrient intake and food consumption by sex and the presence of metabolic syndrome after adjustment for potential confounding variables.

RESULTS

Nutrient intake did not differ by the presence of metabolic syndrome in both men and women. Men with metabolic syndrome had lower consumption and percentage of the recommendation for fruits compared with those without metabolic syndrome (1.6 vs. 1.1 servings/day, P-value = 0.001; 63.5 vs. 49.5%, P-value = 0.013). Women with metabolic syndrome showed lower consumption and percentage of the recommendation for dairy foods than those without metabolic syndrome (0.8 vs. 0.5 servings/day, P-value = 0.001; 78.6 vs. 48.9%, P-value = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Low intakes of fruits and dairy foods might be associated with the risk of having metabolic syndrome among Korean adults. Dietary advice on increasing consumption of these foods is needed to prevent and attenuate the risk of metabolic syndrome.     

Phytate,zinc, iron and calcium content of common Bolivian food,and implications for mineral bioavailability

The content of zinc, iron, calcium and phytate in the 16 most consumed foods from 5 villages in a tropical rural area of Bolivia was analyzed. The food items were selected according to a completed food frequency questionnaire. Minerals were analyzed by atomic absorption and phytates by HPIC chromatography. The molar ratios of phytate:mineral are presented as indication of the mineral bioavailability. Within the analyzed food, quinoa is a potential source of minerals: zinc 3.65, iron 5.40 and calcium 176 mg/100 g; however, it also has the highest content of phytate 2060 mg/100 g. Cereals and legumes showed high concentration of phytates (from 142 to 2070 mg/100 g), roots and tubers have lower concentrations (from 77 to 427 mg/100 g). In general, both phytate contents and molar ratios Phy:Zn (phytate:zinc), Phy:Fe (phytate:iron) and Phy:Ca (phytate:calcium) in most of the analyzed foods were at levels likely to inhibit the absorption of these minerals. Significant positive associations (p < 0.01) were found between the level of phytate and minerals in food, for zinc (r = 0.714), iron (r = 0.650) and calcium (r = 0.415). The results compared to data from USA or from Bolivia showed some discrepancies, confirming the need for more reliable data for dietary evaluations and interventions.