广东省梅县重点人群碘营养状况调查分析

目的 了解和评价现行的食盐加碘量是含满足广东省梅县3种重点人群的碘营养需求.方法 以梅县城区和离县城20 km的农村(西阳镇)为调查点,各选1所小学,调查8～10岁学生甲状腺肿大率,同时采集学生尿样和家中盐样;选择城区学校周围和西阳镇周围村居住的20～40岁育龄妇女,采集尿样和家中盐样;在县医院和西阳镇卫生院,采集0～2岁婴幼儿尿样.甲状腺检查采用触诊法,尿碘测定采用砷铈催化分光光度法,盐碘测定采用商接滴定法.结果 儿童甲状腺肿大率为1.5%(3/200),其中城区为1.0%(1/100),农村为2.0%(2/100).3种人群尿碘中位数为237.1μg/L,其中学生、婴幼儿、育龄妇女的尿碘中位数分别为280.1、234.7、187.6μg/L;城区分别为287.4、245.0、205.5 μg/L,农村分别为278.9、228.5、176.4 μg/L.尿碘<50.0μg/L比例,育龄妇女>学生>婴幼儿,分别为7.5%(15/200)、4.5%(9/200)、4.0%(4/100);尿碘>300.0μg/L的比例,婴幼儿>学生>育龄妇女,分别为33.0%(33/100)、30.0%(60/200)、22.5%(45/200).盐碘中位数为27.2 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为100.0%(400/400);合格碘盐食用率城区为97.0%(194/200),农村为96.0%(192/200).结论 现行的食盐加碘量足以保证3种重点人群的碘营养需求,但学生和婴幼儿的碘营养水平有偏高的趋势,因此,建议下调现行食盐加碘量.     

Sustainable control of iodinedeficiency in Iran: beneficial results of the implementation of the mandatory law on salt iodization

Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) were prevalent in the Islamic Republic (IR) of IRAN before 1989, when the national salt iodization program with 40 mg l/k of salt was initiated. Despite a comprehensive IDD control program, less than 50% of the households in rural areas consumed iodized salt by 1994. A law for the mandatory production of iodized salt for households was passed in 1994. The purpose of this study was to evaluate goiter status and urinary iodine excretion 2 yr after this law was implemented. In each of 26 provinces, 30 groups of 40 schoolchildren, total 36,178, were examined for goiter and classified according to World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Urinary iodine excretion was measured in 2,917 children by digestion method. Goiter was endemic in all provinces, but the majority were small (grade 1) goiter. Median urinary iodine was 20.5 microg/dl 85.1% had urinary iodine > or =10 microg/dl. Median urinary iodine was above 13 microg/dl in all 26 provinces. In all provinces the percentage of schoolchildren with urinary iodine <5 microg/dl was less than 16%. In nine provinces the median urinary iodine was between 13 to 20 microg/dl; urinary iodine of their schoolchildren was <5 microg/dl in 10.8% and <2 microg/dl in 6-9%. No significant difference was observed between boys and girls or children of rural and urban regions in urinary iodine excretion. We conclude that 7 yr after the beginning of salt iodization and 2 yr following mandatory iodized salt consumption, urinary iodine excretion is adequate in schoolchildren; considering the data of the percent of households consuming iodized salt and programmatic setting of the IDD program, The IR of Iran has reached a sustainable control program for iodine deficiency.     

沿海产盐区碘缺乏病防治模式研究与应用

目的 探讨我国沿海产盐地区碘缺乏病防治策略和干预措施,以解决沿海产盐区严重干扰可持续消除碘缺乏病的非碘盐问题.方法 1995年开始在非碘盐问题较严重的沿海产盐区厦门市,针对不同区域、不同阶段、不同人群,系统地采取了普及碘盐与特需人群强化补碘相结合、碘盐配给与健康促进相结合、查堵私盐与盐田废转相结合、碘盐质量跟踪监测与碘盐加工工艺改进相结合等综合干预策略和措施.结果 1997年碘盐加工厂出厂碘盐合格率由1995年的89.50%迅速提升至96.17%,并在2000年以后保持在99.00%以上水平.销售点碘盐合格率由1996年的87.33%上升到1998年的96.33%,以后逐年上升,2003年后保持在99.00%以上.城市、郊区和农村的碘盐覆盖率由1995年的0.92%、0、0上升到2000年的100.00%、99.00%、89.00%,2001年后居民碘盐覆盖率保持在93.00%以上.1995年城市、郊区、农村儿童甲状腺肿大率为16.44%(228/1387)、20.57%(266/1293)、24.93%(651/2611),1996年以后儿童甲状腺肿大率逐年下降,城市、郊区、农村儿童甲状腺肿大率分别在1999、2001、2005年以后下降并控制在5.00%以下.1995年城市、郊区、农村儿童的尿碘中位数分别为137.50、102.12、94.66μg/L,从1997年起儿童的尿碘中位数已全部达到100.00 μg/L以上,以后均稳定在120.00 μg/L以上.2007年市区、郊区和农村儿童尿碘中位数分别达到271.10、240.40、198.10μg/L.1997年碘缺乏病防治知识知晓率为74.00%(444/600),2000年后全市小学生碘缺乏病知识知晓率保持在95.00%以上.结论 建立的沿海产盐区可持续消除碘缺乏病的工作模式是成功的,实施应用可行,干预技术行之有效,为非碘盐问题地区推行全民食用加碘食盐、实现可持续消除碘缺乏病提供了可借鉴的模式和经验.     

内蒙古少数民族地区孕妇及乳母碘营养状况调查

目的了解内蒙古通辽地区孕妇、乳母碘营养状况,为指导本地区孕妇、乳母科学补碘提供依据。方法2011年,按照《全国碘缺乏病监测方案》中的抽样和检测方法,在随机抽样中选择8个旗县（市、区）,重点抽样选择2个旗县及2010～2011年各级盐业公司生产的部分碘盐,随机抽样监测采用直接滴定法（GB／T13025．7—1999）定量测定碘盐;重点抽样监测采用半定量法检测碘盐。共抽检120名孕妇、哺乳期妇女和400名8～10岁儿童尿样,采用过硫酸铵消化砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘。采用触诊法检查3963名8～10岁学龄儿童甲状腺肿大情况。结果共检测居民食用盐2328份,其中非碘盐率0．41％,碘盐覆盖率99．59％,碘盐合格率99．11％,合格碘盐食用率98．71％,碘盐中位数31．4mg／kg。重点抽样检测食用盐600份,碘盐覆盖率98．17％,非碘盐率1．84％。共检测120名孕妇、哺乳期妇女及400名8～10岁儿童的尿碘,其中孕妇尿碘中位数345．23μg／L,哺乳期妇女尿碘中位数245．07μg／L,8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数328．3μg／L。共抽检3963名8—10岁学龄儿童,检出甲状腺肿大106名,肿大率2．67％。结论通辽地区碘缺乏病防治工作取得了明显成效,各项指标均达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准。     

中国部分沿海地区居民碘营养状况调查结果分析

目的 了解我国沿海地区食用碘盐防治碘缺乏病是否导致居民碘摄入过量.方法 采用横断面调查方法,在我国11个沿海省份(自治区、直辖市)中,沿着海岸线从北往南选择辽宁省、上海市、浙江省及福建省4个省(市)进行调查.除上海市调查其所有辖区外,其他的3个省都分城市和农村两个层次,分别调查了5个沿海城市、5个沿海农村,以及3个内陆农村(作为对照点)的外环境水碘、居民合格碘盐食用率、居民人均盐日摄入量以及不同人群的尿碘水平.结果 在4个省(市)共采集居民饮用水水样7552份、居民户盐样7996份和不同人群(成人、哺乳妇女、孕妇和儿童)尿样9873份.除浙江省沿海城市和沿海农村合格碘盐食用率低于90％外,其他3个沿海省(市)调查地区的合格碘盐食用率均大于90％.4个省(市)成人和儿童尿碘中位数均在100～299 μg/L;哺乳妇女尿碘中位数均大于100 μg/L;上海市、浙江省沿海城市和福建省沿海农村孕妇尿碘中位数低于150μg/L.结论 沿海地区居民的碘营养状况总体水平上是适宜的,部分沿海地区孕妇碘营养不足;沿海地区应坚持食盐加碘防治碘缺乏病的措施.     

2009年甘肃省碘缺乏病调查结果分析

目的 掌握甘肃省碘缺乏病防治现状,为制订碘缺乏病的防治措施提供依据.方法 2009年,在甘肃省14个市(州),每个市(州)抽取1个达标县(市、区、旗),并按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各抽取1个乡(镇、街道),不足5个乡时全部抽取;在所抽取的每个乡(镇、街道),各抽取1个村,进行居民户碘盐情况及碘盐销售网络调查.同时在每个村抽取1所小学,进行儿童尿碘、甲状腺、智商检查及碘缺乏病知晓状况调查.结果 共检测1420份食用盐,加权碘盐覆盖率为99.53%,加权合格碘盐食用率为98.15%.共对1761名8～10岁儿童检测尿碘,中位数为225.87μg/L,在14个县中,有5个县儿童尿碘处于适宜水平,7个县超过了碘适宜水平.2个县处于碘过量水平.共对3051名8～10岁儿童进行甲状腺检查,加权甲状腺肿大率为1.9%,只有红古区儿童加权甲状腺肿大率大于5%,为5.3%.共对2815名8～10岁儿童进行智商检测,平均智商为105.3,除卓尼县和康乐县之外,其余各县儿童智商均在100以上.碘缺乏病知晓调查平均分为3.2分.知道缺碘不聪明的占57.08%(1229/2153),知道缺碘致甲状腺肿大的占71.76%(1544/2153),知道碘盐是最好的防治方法的占68.04%(1465/2153),向家人讲述碘盐好处的占61.82%(1331/2153).共凋查了87个乡(镇)102个村的食盐销售情况,每个乡(镇)都有一个碘盐代销点,每个村至少有1个碘盐零售店,但73.5%(75/102)的零售店无销售许可证.结论 甘肃省碘缺乏病防治取得了显著进展,合格碘盐食用率达到国家消除标准,甲状腺肿大率明显下降,大多数县儿童尿碘处于"大于适宜水平",碘盐销售网络基本健全,但各县碘缺乏病健康教育工作进展不平衡.

Abstract：

Objective To master the status in control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) in Gansu province and to provide the basis for development of control strategies. Methods One county which reached the national standardization of IDD elimination was selected randomly from each of 14 cities of Gansu province in 2009, then one town was selected respectively from five directions (east, south, west, north, and central) of the above selected counties. One village was chosen from every town which was selected for investigating household iodized salt and iodized salt sales network. At the same time the thyroid of children was examined, their urinary iodine (UI) was determined, the intelligence quotient(IQ) values of children were measured and health education was surveyed in one primary school which was chosen in each of the selected town. Results A total of 1420 edible salt samples were tested;the weighted iodized salt coverage rate and the weighted qualified iodized salt rate were 99.53% and 98.15 respectively. Urine samples were collected from 1761 children included in the study. The urinary iodine median was 225.87 μg/L. The urinary iodine medians were at optimal levels in five counties, over the optimal levels in seven counties and at excessive levels in two counties. A total of 3051 children aged 8 - 10 were randomly selected for thyroid examination. The weighted thyroid goiter rate(TGR) of children was 1.9%, and TGR was higher than 5% only in Hoaggu county. IQ of 2815 children was tested and the mean IQ was 105.3, except for the country of Zhuoni and Kangle, the mean IQ of other counties were over 100. The average score of health education was 3.2.Children of 57.08% (1229/2153) knew that iodine deficiency could lead to mental retardation, 71.76% (1544/2153) knew that iodine deficiency could cause thyroid goiter, 68.04%( 1465/2153 ) knew that eating iodized salt was the best method for IDD prevention and control and 61.82%(1331/2153) informed their families of the benefits of eating iodized salt. Each town had one agency selling iodized salt and each village had one more retail store with iodized salt, but 73.5%(75/102) of the stores without license for the sales. Conclusions Great progress has been made on the prevention and control of IDD in Gansu province. The qualified iodized salt consumption rate has reached the national standard for IDD elimination, TGR has decreased markedly, the urinary iodine levels in more counties are over the optimal levels and iodized salt distribution network is basically sound. But progress in health education is uneven.     

天津市食盐加碘后甲状腺肿大率与碘营养状况的调查

目的：调查和研究食盐加碘后天津市居民的甲状腺肿大率和碘营养状况,方法：在6个区共调查居民31530人,7－14岁在校儿童4415人,对调查对象进行甲状腺肿大率,尿碘浓度,食盐碘含量等项目的调查。结果：（1）食盐加碘后天津市居民的平均甲状腺肿大率为5．5％,8－10岁儿童平均甲状腺肿大率为19．7％,甲状腺肿大率较食盐加碘以前有了明显下降,但下降的速度较缓慢,（2）天津市食盐加碘以后各区居民的平均尿碘中位数为287．2ug/L,各区儿童尿碘中位数平均为271．6u/L,证明总体人群碘营养充足,（3）天津市居民总体盐碘含量超过20mg/kg水平,各区居民户盐含碘量有9．9％－41．1％超过60mg/kg,说明碘盐的含碘是偏高是一个新的现象。结论：经过3年左右的食盐加碘防治工作,天津市碘缺乏情况已得到控制。     

2009年西宁市碘缺乏病防治效果调查

目的 掌握西宁市基本达到消除碘缺乏病阶段目标后,碘缺乏病的防治效果及人群碘营养状况.方法 2009年调查西宁市7个县(区),每个县(区)按东、西、南、北、中抽取5个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)抽取1所学校,每所学校抽取80名8～10岁学生,采用触诊法检查儿童甲状腺肿大情况,采用过硫酸铵消化砷铈催化分光光度法测定儿童尿碘,采用直接滴定法测定学生家中食用盐含碘量.结果 共抽检2919名8～10岁儿童,检出甲状腺肿大31名,甲状腺肿大率为1.06%(31/2919).共检测儿童尿样1078份,尿碘中位数为205.3μg/L,＜20 μg/L的占1.9%(20/1078),＜50 μg/L的占4.5%(48/1078).共检测2079份盐样,盐碘中位数为32.80 mg/kg,非碘盐率为0.87%(18/2079),碘盐覆盖率为99.13%(2061/2079),碘盐合格率为98.64%(2033/2061),合格碘盐食用率为97.79%(2033/2079).结论 西宁市碘缺乏病防治工作取得了明显成效,各项指标均达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准.

Abstract：

Objective To master iodine nutritional status of people after universal salt iodization in Xining that reached the stage goal of elimination iodine deficiency disorders. Methods In the 7 counties investigated of Xining in 2009, 5 towns were randomly selected in each county, and one school was randomly selected in each town, 80 children aged 8 to 10 were randomly selected in each school, and goiter were examined, urinary iodine and salt iodine were tested. Thyroid gland goiter of children was detected by thyroid palpation, children's urinary iodine was tested by As( Ⅲ )-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry, and salt iodine was tested by direct titration. Results A total of 2919 children aged 8 to 10 were examined, 31 goiter was detected, goiter rate was 1.06%(31/2919).One thousand and seventy-eight urine samples were detected, urinary iodine median was 205.3 μg/L, that lower than 20 μg/L accounted for 1.9% (20/1078), lower than 50 μg/L accounted for 4.5%(48/1078). Two thousand and seventy-nine salt samples were detected, median of salt iodine was 32.80 mg/kg, the rate of non-iodized salt was 0.87%(18/2079), the coverage rate of iodized salt was 99.13%(2061/2079), the qualified rate of iodized salt was 98.64% (2033/2061), the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.79% (2033/2079). Conclusions Prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders has achieved remarkable results in Xining city, all indicators have reached the national standard to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders.     

2008-2009年青岛市居民饮用水水碘和盐碘及8～10岁儿童尿碘调查结果分析

目的 掌握青岛市实行村村通工程后的居民饮用水含碘量和盐碘以及8 ～ 10岁儿童尿碘情况,为政府决策提供依据.方法 2008年3月至2009年7月,在青岛市范围内,采集12个区(市)的居民生活饮用水及水源水样,采集8～ 10岁儿童的尿样,用砷铈催化分光光度测定方法检测水样和尿样中含碘量;采集居民户食用盐盐样,用直接滴定法检测食用盐含碘量.结果 共检测水样5067份,水含碘量中位数为7.35 μg/L;共检测1182名8～ 10岁儿童尿样,尿碘范围为4.6～5995.3μg/L,中位数为200.6 μg/L;检测居民户食用盐样3504份,非碘盐率为1.74％( 61/3504),碘盐覆盖率为98.26％ (3443/3504),合格碘盐食用率为96.32％(3375/3504).结论 青岛市仍属于环境缺碘地区,在推行食盐加碘政策下,青岛市居民的碘营养状况是适宜的.应该继续推行以食盐加碘为主预防碘缺乏病的综合防治措施.     

河北省低碘盐覆盖率地区重点人群碘营养状况调查

目的 调查河北省低碘盐覆盖率地区重点人群碘营养状况,为调整和完善碘缺乏病防治措施提供依据.方法 在河北省碘盐覆盖率<80%的地区开展调查,共涉及7个县(市、区).在每个县(市、区)抽取3个乡(镇、街道办事处),每个乡(镇、街道办事处)抽取2所小学,每所小学检测40名8～10岁儿童尿碘,采集小学所在村居民饮用水进行水碘检测;每村抽取20名育龄妇女测定其家中食盐含碘量,并测定其中10名妇女的尿碘.结果 7个县(市、区)共采集水样62份,水碘范围为5.8～272.7 μg/L,有3份水碘≥150 μg/L.采集居民食用盐样品872份,碘盐覆盖率为70.74%(585/827),有5个县(市、区)碘盐覆盖率<80%.采集儿童尿样1660份,尿碘范围为10.0～1088.0 μg/L,尿碘中位数为173.7 μg/L,<20 μg/L的尿样4份.采集妇女尿样437份,尿碘中位数为179.1 μg/L,其中东光县儿童和育龄妇女尿碘中位数最高,分别为251.8、273.8 μg/L;河间市最低,分别为130.8、118.7 μg/L.结论 河北省低碘盐覆盖率地区儿童和育龄妇女尿碘中位数处于适宜水平,但在河间市、安平县尿碘中位数<150 μg/L的地区,孕妇和哺乳妇女存在碘不足的可能.     

福建省沿海地区居民碘营养状况调查

目的 了解福建省沿海地区居民碘营养现状,为有效落实科学补碘防控策略提供依据.方法 2009年,在福建省6个设区市各选择1个区,每个区选择1个街道办事处,每个街道办事处选择1个居委会;选择11个县(市、区),每个县(市、区)选择1个乡(镇),每个乡(镇)选择1个村.每个居委会(村)选择30户居民户,检测饮用水水碘、盐碘,用3日称量法测算该户居民人均食盐摄人量;选择18～45岁成人20名,检测尿碘;每个街道(乡、镇)选择孕妇和哺乳期妇女各30名,选择8～10岁儿童50名,检测尿碘.结果 沿海城市、内陆城市、内陆农村、沿海农村、沿海山区农村分别调查153、30、94、183、62个居民户,盐碘中位数范围为28.4～30.8 mg/kg,沿海城市、内陆城市、内陆农村、山区农村碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率都在90％以上,沿海农村碘盐覆盖率和合格碘盐食用率分别为86.9％( 159/183)、83.6％( 153/183).沿海城市、沿海农村、内陆城市、内陆农村、沿海山区分别调查了258、300、110、160、101名8～ 10岁儿童,尿碘中位数分别为191.0、165.6、267.7、269.0、161.0μg/L;分别调查了101、123、118、63、41名成人,尿碘中位数分别为197.6、2034、174.7、302.8、154.9μg/L;分别调查了151、181、50、101、63名孕妇,尿碘中位数分别为156.5、141.7、116.2、163.0、126.2μg/L;分别调查了154、184、40、111、70名哺乳期妇女,尿碘中位数分别为130.3、118.8、110.9、154.6、175.9 μg/L.结论 沿海地区居民碘营养水平适宜,不存在碘过量的问题,沿海地区仍需供应碘盐;应高度关注孕妇的碘营养状况,并将这部分人群监测纳入常规监测范围.     

山东省日照市沿海与非沿海地区8～10岁儿童碘营养水平调查

目的 调查山东省日照市沿海与非沿海地区8～10岁儿童碘营养状况,为因地制宜、科学补碘提供参考依据.方法 2009、2010年,选择日照市紧靠海岸的东港区和岚山区为沿海地区调查点,以远离海岸50 km以外的莒县和五莲县为非沿海地区调查点.采用硫酸铈催化分光光度法,检测调查点所有自然村及居民饮用水供水点的含碘量;以县为单位,按东、西、南、北、中5个方位,抽取5～9个乡,每乡抽取4个行政村,每村抽取8～ 15户居民,采集食用盐样,用直接滴定法检测盐碘;每个县抽取5所小学,每所小学抽取60名8～10岁儿童,采用触诊法进行甲状腺检查,收集其中20名儿童的即时尿样,采用砷铈催化分光光度法测定尿碘.结果 共检测居民饮用水样3483份,沿海及非沿海地区水碘≤10μg/L的比例分别为90.03％(1011/1123)和91.10％(2150/2360),水碘中位数分别为5.6、4.2μg/L;检测居民户食用盐1164份,盐碘中位数分别为29.03、29.99mg/kg,合格碘盐食用率分别为96.77％(569/588)和97.05％(559/576);共调查8～ 10岁儿童1200名,甲状腺肿大率分别为1.17％(7/600)和1.33％(8/600);共检测8～ 10岁儿童尿样476份,尿碘中位数分别为144.05、159.15 μg/L,＜100 μg/L的比例分别为26.58％(63/237)和22.59％ (54/239),100～300 μg/L的比例分别为66.67％(158/237)和64.02％(153/239),＞300 μg/L的比例分别为6.75％(16/237)和13.39％(32/239).结论 日照市沿海地区外环境缺碘.目前居民户合格碘盐普及情况适宜,8～ 10岁儿童碘营养水平适宜,达到国家消除碘缺乏病(IDD)标准要求,不存在碘过量的问题.沿海和非沿海地区在同样食用碘盐的情况下碘营养水平未见明显差异,无需实行差异化碘盐供应.     

山东省碘缺乏地区重点人群碘营养调查

目的 了解山东省当前盐碘水平状态下,碘缺乏地区重点人群碘营养状况及防治措施落实情况,为今后防治工作提供依据.方法 2007年,在山东省碘缺乏地区选择山区的岱岳、蒙阴,平原的莒县、高密,沿海的招远,共5个县(市、区)作为调查地区,在每个县(市、区)选择1个乡(镇)作为调查点.采用触诊、B超法进行8～10岁儿童甲状腺检查,直接滴定法检测其家中食用盐含碘量;砷铈催化分光光度法检测8～10岁儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、2岁内婴幼儿及20～45岁育龄妇女5种重点人群的尿碘水平.结果 共检查514例8～10岁儿童甲状腺,触诊甲状腺肿大率为1.8%(9/514),B超检查甲状腺肿大率为1.2%(6/514);共检测501份食用盐,盐碘均值为30.95 mg/kg,碘盐覆盖率为94.6%(474/501),合格碘盐食用率为90.4%(453/501);共检测1707份尿样,尿碘中位数为216.7μg/L,8～10岁儿童、孕妇、哺乳期妇女、2岁内婴幼儿及20～45岁育龄妇女尿碘中位数分别为234.0、165.5、162.4、257.5、233.0μg/L.结论 山东省碘缺乏地区重点人群碘营养水平处于适宜或较适宜状态.表明目前盐碘水平能够满足山东省不同碘缺乏地区人群对碘的需求.

Abstract：

Objective To learn the iodine nutritional status of the vulnerable population with different iodine level under the current level of iodized salt in Shandong province and to offer prevention and cure measures.Methods Five groups of vulnerable population including school children aged 8 - 10, pregnant, lactation women, infants and women of childbearing age from mountain areas ( Daiyue, Mengyin counties ) , plain ( Luxian,Gaomi counties ) and coastal (Zhaoyuan county ) of five different iodine deficient areas were investigated in 2007.The thyroids of children aged 8 - 10 were checked by palpation and B ultrasound, their edible salt iodine level was detected by direct titration. The lever of urinary iodine of vulnerable population was examined by arsenic and cerium speetrophotometry. Results The goiter rates of 8 - 10 year-old were 1.8%(9/514) and 1.2%(6/514), respectively by palpation and B-ultrasonic. The mean iodine of 501 edible salt samples was 30.95 mg/kg. The coverage rate of iodized salt was 94.6% (474/501). The rate of qualified iodized salt was 90.4% (453/501). The median of urinary iodine was 216.7 μg,/L. The urinary iodine of school children aged 8 - 10, pregnant, lactation women, infants and women of childbearing age were 234.0, 165.5, 162.4, 257.5, 233.0 μg/L, respectively. Conclusions Current iodine nutritional level is basically appropriate in all groups of vulnerable people. The current iodine content of iodized salt could meet the needs of population from different iodine deficient areas of Shandong province.     

福建省2011年碘盐质量与不同人群碘营养状况分析

目的了解福建省食用盐碘含量调整前不同人群的碘营养现状,为今后评估调整效果提供依据。方法 2011年在福建省84个县(市、区),每个县按照东、西、南、北、中各随机抽取一定比例的乡(镇、街道),进行居民户食用盐碘含量监测;每个县各抽取5个乡(镇、街道),每个乡(镇、街道)抽取8～10岁20名儿童,检测其尿碘含量;在全省按照PPS法抽取30个县(市、区),每个县抽取3个乡(镇、街道),每个乡(镇、街道办事处)抽取孕妇和哺乳期妇女各5人检测尿碘。结果全省共监测24 277份盐样,盐碘中位数28.93 mg/kg,合格碘盐食用率为96.96%,碘盐覆盖率为98.21%,碘盐合格率为98.73%。8 440名8～10岁儿童尿碘中位数为192.0μg/L,内陆地区8～10岁尿碘中位数高于沿海地区儿童。孕妇尿碘中位数为147.2μg/L,低于WHO推荐的150～249μg/L;哺乳期妇女尿碘水平为134.1μg/L,达到WHO推荐的100μg/L。结论现有的碘盐浓度下福建省居民碘营养水平基本适宜,不存在碘过量的问题,需关注孕妇碘营养不足的问题。     

2020年晋中市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的强化监测与防治干预措施的有机结合,掌握碘缺乏病病情变化趋势,为科学精准防治碘缺乏病提供依据。方法按照《2020年山西省碘缺乏病监测方案》要求,2020年5—8月在晋中市11个县(区、市)开展碘缺乏病监测,采集8~10岁儿童和孕妇家中食用盐样、即时尿样检测盐碘和尿碘含量;采用B超法测量儿童甲状腺容积。结果检测8~10岁儿童家中食用盐样2200份,碘盐覆盖率98.18%、碘盐合格率94.63%、合格碘盐食用率92.91%、盐碘中位数24.05 mg/kg;检测孕妇家中食用盐样1106份,碘盐覆盖率97.92%、碘盐合格率93.91%、合格碘盐食用率91.95%、盐碘中位数24.41 mg/kg;检测儿童尿样2200份,尿碘中位数为236.0μg/L,不同年龄组儿童尿碘频数分布差异无统计学意义(χ²=9.342,P>0.05),检测孕妇尿样1106份,尿碘中位数为178.8μg/L;检查儿童甲状腺2200人、肿大率为1.09%,不同年龄组差异无统计学意义(χ²=1.960,P>0.05)。结论2020年山西省晋中市儿童碘营养处于超适宜水平,但未过量,全市孕妇碘营养处于适宜水平,个别县孕妇碘营养存在不足的风险,应加以重视。     

2008年信阳市碘缺乏病监测结果分析

目的了解补碘措施的效果,评价人群碘营养状况。方法采用人口容量比例概率抽样方法（PPS）。结果通过触诊法和B超法检查814名8-10岁儿童,肿大率分别为3.44%和3.07%;监测8-10岁儿童尿样399份,尿碘中位数317.42μg/L;检测居民户食用盐样411份,盐碘中位数为30.60 mg/kg,居民户合格碘盐食用率95.62%。结论信阳市已达到了消除碘缺乏病的目标,实施全民食盐加碘干预措施是有效的。     

云南省彝良县碘缺乏病高危监测结果分析

目的了解云南省碘缺乏病高危地区新发地方性克汀病、地方性甲状腺肿流行现况、人群碘营养状况及防治措施落实情况,查找影响我省高危地区碘盐覆盖率的原因,研究并提出有针对性的防治策略和措施。方法 2008、2010年在碘盐覆盖率<80%的彝良县抽取3个乡实施高危地区监测,监测内容包括搜索疑似地克病病例,检测8～10岁儿童甲状腺容积,检测8～10岁儿童和育龄妇女的尿碘浓度,入户调查和采集家中盐样进行半定量检测,调查被监测乡、村实施碘盐供应、碘油投服等防治措施情况。结果 2008、2010年两次监测都未发现疑似地克病;育龄妇女尿碘中位数分别为184.14μg/L、247.12μg/L,儿童尿碘中位数分别为204.72μg/L、282.96μg/L;2008与2010年结果比较,碘盐覆盖率由84.17%上升至99.17%,儿童和育龄期妇女尿碘中位数均有明显升高,8～10岁儿童甲肿率(触诊法)由19.34%下降至6.25%。结论我省高危地区碘缺乏病监测、防治措施及时有效,今后应不断巩固碘缺乏病防治成果;该地区居民碘营养已处于超适宜状态,应适当下调盐碘含量。     

Determination of iodine concentration in urine by isotope dilution analysis and thyroid volume of school children in the west coast of Turkey after mandatory salt iodization

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to evaluate iodine deficiency status in children 6-12 years in the west coast (Aegean Region) of Turkey after 5 years of mandatory iodine prophylaxis. A total of 2300 children from 72 populations (rural and urban area) were evaluated with urinary iodine excretion and thyroid volume. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study designed and performed according to surveillance methods for iodine deficiency disease (IDD) prevalence recommended by WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD. SUBJECTS: The study population consisted of 2300 school children age ranging from 6 to 12 years. The children were selected by multiple stage randomization from 91 primary schools of 76 zones (91 clusters). Information about the use of iodized salt was obtained from the families. MEASUREMENTS: Data on the following were collected: birth date, sex, weight, height, thyroid size by palpation and ultrasonography; and urinary iodine by isotope dilution analysis method. Thyroid volumes above 97th percentile according to the WHO/ICCIDD by age and body surface area (BSA) were accepted as goitre. RESULTS: Iodized salt consumption was 51.7%. The prevalence of goitre determined by palpation was 12.1% and by ultrasound based on BSA and age were 9.8% and 5.5%, respectively. Median urinary iodine was 53 (2-142) microg/l. CONCLUSION: Mild to severe degree of iodine deficiency was detected in the west coast of Turkey.     

兰州市碘缺乏病碘盐干预效果评价

目的评价碘盐干预,为进一步加强和完善消除碘缺乏病的长效工作机制提供科学依据。方法采用PPS抽样法,1995～2009年在兰州市8个县区随机抽取8～10岁儿童进行甲状腺肿大率、尿碘、盐碘监测。结果经食盐加碘干预,8～10岁儿童甲状腺肿大率呈下降趋势,近4年达到国家碘缺乏病消除标准;尿碘中位数波动在100～300μg/L,均满足国家学龄儿童碘营养评价标准（尿碘中位数〉100μg/L）,尿碘合格率波动在67.01%～97.22%;碘盐合格率连续7年稳定在90%以上,各年碘盐中位数均达到国家标准（碘盐20～50mg/kg）。结论普及碘盐是改善人群碘营养状况、防治碘缺乏病的有效措施。     

Iodized salt for iodine deficiency disorders. A systematic review.

The results suggest that iodized salt is an effective means of improving iodine status, and support the current endeavors to achieve universal salt iodization. Variations in the iodine levels in the salt suggest that particular care must be taken to ensure the quality of the production and storage of iodized salt. It appears that in small children salt intake may not be high enough to guarantee adequate iodine levels through the use of iodized salt. While the studies provided no information about unwanted side effects with the use of iodized salt, most studies did not specifically consider adverse effects. so inferences about side effects remain weak. In conclusion, health policymakers and other decision makers require high-quality studies to measure the effect of iodized salt in comparison with other forms of iodine supplementation. These should be large studies lasting at least two years. Investigators should not retstrict their outcomes to goiter rates and urinary iodine excretion, but should include the other outcome measures specified above, such as mental and physical development in children, mortality, and others. Investigators should pay special attention to adverse effects and their report in primary studies, and should assess children (including very young children who may have a relatively low salt consumption) separately from adults.