Co-culture of early embryo with human decidual stromal cellsin vitro by improvement of early embryo development

Summary An early embryo co-culture system with human decidual stromal cells was established to study its effect on early embryonic cleavage and growth in vitro. Three hundred and eight 2-cell mouse embryos were co-cultured with human decidual stromal cell monolayer in MEM + 0.4 % bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 163 embryos cultured in MEM + 15 % FCS alone as control. Among the mouse 2-cell embryos co-cultured with human decidual stromal cells, 72.73 % developed to the morula stage and 67.21 % cavitated to blastocysts with 59.74 % hatching, as compared with 61.34 % to morula stage, 48.47 % to blastocysts and none hatching in the controls, respectively. Co-cultured embryos cleaved slightly faster than controls and showed no or less fragmentation than those in the control. These results suggested that human decidual stromal cells can support early embryonic development and yield a reasonable number of embryos with good quality up to blastocyst stage.     

Effects of Placental Isoferritin on the Mouse Embryo Development in vitro

To investigate the effect of placental isoferritin （PLF） on mouse embryo development in vitro, mice 2-cell embryos were co-cultured with human first trimester decidual cells at different concentrations of PLF in vitro. The following changes of the above system were observed under an invert microscope and the number of embryos were recorded and the embryos were classified. The results showed there was no significant difference in the percentage of embryos development to 4-cell 8-cell and morula （P〉0.05）. PLF at the doses of 10 and 100 U/mL significantly enhanced more embryos development to the blastocyst and hatching blastocyst （P〈0.05）. PLF at the dose of 1000 U/mL depressed more embryos development from 2-cell to hatching blastocyst, meanwhile such phenomena as cell degeneration and irregular cleavage were observed in part of embryos, but there was no significant difference in statistics （P〉0.05）. It was concluded that PLF at the concentration of 10-- 100 U/mL had no significant effects on the early development of mice embryos, however, PLF could promote the growth, differentiation, and hatching of preimplantion blastocysts.     

子宫内膜上皮细胞与小鼠胚胎共培养对小鼠胚胎早期发育的影响

目的:采用子宫内膜上皮细胞与小鼠胚胎共培养,观察其对早期胚胎体外发育的影响。方法:对小鼠子宫内膜上皮细胞进行分离、培养鉴定,然后与体外受精的小鼠胚胎进行共培养,观察共培养对小鼠胚胎卵裂率、孵化率以及囊胚期胚胎总细胞数的影响。结果:与无上皮细胞相比,共培养明显促进了小鼠桑椹胚率(71.3%和61.2%,P<0.05),囊胚率(50.0%和39.7%,P<0.05),囊胚孵化率(34.8%和24.3%,P<0.05)和胚胎总细胞数(44.1和35.6,P<0.05)。结论:子宫内膜上皮细胞能够促进小鼠胚胎的体外发育,对早期胚胎的体外发育环境具有优化作用。     

子宫内膜细胞共培养联合序贯成组培养对人早期冷冻胚胎发育的支持作用

 目的 探讨子宫内膜细胞体外共培养联合序贯成组培养对人早期废弃冷冻胚胎发育的影响。方法 获取人子宫内膜细胞并冷冻保存。共培养前,解冻内膜细胞并培养至30%~50%汇合时解冻人早期废弃胚胎,胚胎冷冻年限为3~10年。2~3个胚胎一起转移至已更换胚胎培养液的内膜细胞上行成组共培养,待胚胎发育至8 细胞期更换为囊胚培养液,观察胚胎复苏存活、桑葚胚及囊胚形成情况。结果 人子宫内膜细胞生长良好。采取内膜细胞联合序贯成组培养废弃胚胎33个,总体桑葚胚形成率45.5%,囊胚形成率27.2%,其中Ⅰ~Ⅱ级胚胎桑葚胚、囊胚形成率皆高于Ⅲ~Ⅳ胚胎,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 子宫内膜细胞共培养联合序贯成组培养对人早期冷冻时限较长的胚胎发育具有积极的支持作用,可为充分利用宝贵资源进行胚胎实验室质控、胚胎干细胞研究等领域提供支持性方案。     

Effect of Insulin on Development of ICR Mouse Embryos in Vitro

Objective To study the effects and the appropriate concentration of insulin on the development of mouse embryos in vitro, and the effects of insulin on the development of different stages of embryos.Methods Mouse embryos were cultured in vitro in the mKSOM media supplemented with insulin at different concentrations and with insulin during different stages of embryos. The blastocyst rates and the cell numbers were counted.Results Additions of insulin significantly increased the rates of blastocyst and the total cell numbers. The concentrations of 0.005 μg/ml and 0.05 μg/ml insulin caused a significant increase in the total cell numbers compared with the control and experimental groups. Addition of insulin from 2-cell to 4-cell stage or from the 4-cell to morula stage, significantly increased the blastocyst rates compared with control and experi-mental groups.Conclusion Insulin can promote the development of mouse embryos in vitro. The appropriate concentration of insulin added in mKSOM was 0.005 μg/ml and 0.05 μg/ml.Exposure of embryos to insulin, beginning at the 2-cell and extending to the 4-cell stage or beginning at the 4-cell and extending to the morula stage, is important for the development of ICR mouse embryos in vitro.     

胰岛素对ICR小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响

目的研究ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养时,添加胰岛素的作用、浓度及所需阶段．方法用添加不同浓度胰岛素的mKSOM培养基对小鼠胚胎进行体外培养及选择最适浓度对不同阶段鼠胚进行体外培养,观察囊胚发育率和囊胚细胞数的变化．结果所有添加胰岛素的浓度组,囊胚发育率均高于对照组,其中0．005μg／mL和0．05μg／mL浓度组囊胚细胞数显著高于对照组和其他各浓度组．2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加胰岛素囊胚率显著高于对照组和其他实验组．结论在ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养时添加胰岛素能够促进胚胎发育;胰岛素浓度增至μg／mL对在ICR小鼠胚胎无毒性作用;在ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养的适宜胰岛素浓度为0．005μG／mL和0．05μG／mL;2-细胞至4-细胞、4-细胞至桑椹胚前添加胰岛素更加重要．     

激光法活检对小鼠体外受精胚胎后期发育的影响

目的探讨激光法活检技术对胚胎早期发育的影响。方法对促排卵获取的小鼠卵母细胞进行体外受精和培养,然后用激光法活检收集的4细胞和8细胞胚胎,最后观察活检后胚胎的发育情况。结果共获卵母细胞360枚,受精率和卵裂率分别为92.0%和94.3%。4-细胞胚胎活检组的囊胚形成率及孵出囊胚率分别为76.6%和65.6%,8-细胞胚胎活检组的囊胚形成率及孵出囊胚率为70.4%和59.3%,分别与未活检对照组相比,差异无显著性(P>0.05);4-细胞活检组和8-细胞活检组的囊胚形成率及孵出囊胚率间相比较,差异也无显著性(P>0.05)。结论激光法对小鼠4细胞或8细胞胚胎进行单卵裂球活检,不影响胚胎的后期发育,是一项有效的胚胎卵裂球活检方法。     

胰岛素对不同时期ICR小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响

目的研究胰岛素对不同时期小鼠胚胎体外发育的影响.方法收集1-细胞、2-细胞、4-细胞及桑椹胚期鼠胚,分别在含0（对照组）、0.005、0.05、0.5、5、10μg/mL胰岛素的KSOM中培养.结果在1-细胞及2-细胞阶段添加系列浓度时,0.005μg/mL及0.05μg/mL胰岛素组不仅提高囊胚率、孵化率,而且提高囊胚细胞数.4-细胞阶段添加系列浓度时0.05μg/ml胰岛素组能够提高囊胚率、孵化率以及囊胚细胞数;而至桑椹胚阶段再添加系列浓度胰岛素时,囊胚率、孵化率以及囊胚细胞数均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论在ICR小鼠胚胎体外培养时适宜的胰岛素浓度为0.05μg/mL;桑椹胚之前添加胰岛素对小鼠胚胎发育是必要的.在一定发育阶段内,随着胚胎的生长对胰岛素的需求也相应增加.     

昆明小鼠卵子的体外受精及其新培养系统的建立

本研究首次将CZB培养液应用于昆明小鼠早期胚胎的培养，建立了一个可行的胚胎体外培养的新方法，采用昆明种成熟雄鼠附睾尾部精子与常规超排法得到的卵子在TYH培养液中进行体外受精后，将卵子分别移入WM和CZB培养液中进行发育培养。WM中的胚胎发生阻滞而未能继续发育；CZB培养液中的胚胎有79%发育至4细胞期，81%的胚胎发育至桑椹胚阶段，突破了胚胎培养中存在的“2细胞阻滞”现象。而于胚胎培养的不同阶段向培养液中添加葡萄糖也未表现出明显的作用。表明在昆明小鼠胚胎培养的早期阶段，葡萄糖并非一种重要的营养物质。     

p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶特异性抑制剂对小鼠早胚发育及植入的影响

目的观察p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（p38MAPK）特异性抑制剂SB203580对小鼠早胚发育及植入的影响。方法①采用体外胚胎培养技术,将孕2?d小鼠早胚随机分组,接种到添加不同浓度抑制剂的培养液内进行培养,以观察p38MAPK特异性抑制剂对早胚发育的影响;②体内宫腔注射：取孕4?d小鼠,由子宫角注射不同浓度的SB203580,于孕8?d检查胚胎植入数,同时取子宫,观察内膜的组织学变化。结果①添加抑制剂组的早胚不能发育为胚泡,停滞在8～16细胞阶段。但去除抑制剂后继续培养,幼胚仍能发育到胚泡阶段;②注射SB203580组的小鼠,胚胎植入数明显少于对照组（P＜0.01）。镜下可见,其胚胎组织呈退化坏死状态,胚胎周围蜕膜细胞呈明显的空泡样变性,蜕膜及胚胎中均见大量血细胞浸润。结论①p38MAPK在小鼠植入前胚胎发育过程中起作用;②p38MAPK特异性抑制剂SB203580可抑制在体小鼠胚泡植入及植入后胚胎和蜕膜细胞的发育。     

不同电融合条件对小鼠卵丘细胞核移植重组胚融合和早期发育的影响

目的 研究不同电融合条件对来源于小鼠卵丘细胞核移植重组胚的融合和早期发育的影响,寻找最佳电融合参数。方法 将直径10~12mm的C57BL/6j小鼠卵丘细胞核注射到去核卵母细胞透明带下,构建供体核-卵母细胞复合体。在不同电融合条件下诱导两者间的融合,并对重组胚激活以及随后发育的早期阶段包括2细胞、4~8细胞和桑椹胚进行观察和计数。结果 电融合时电场强度或脉冲时间在一定范围内允许波动,变动范围分别是电场强度1000~2000kV/cm和脉冲时程40~160ms。低于容许范围的电融合参数会降低供体核-卵母细胞复合体的融合率,而高于容许范围的参数会导致供体核-卵母细胞复合体溶解乃至死亡。如果电融合参数在容许范围内,供体核-卵母细胞复合体的融合率无统计学差异,并且融合后重组胚的激活,以及发育至2细胞、4~8细胞和桑椹胚阶段的比率也无统计学差异。此外,脉冲重复次数以1~2次为佳。结论 优化的电融合参数是决定供体核-卵母细胞复合体融合与重组胚激活的关键因素。     

Effects of different electrofusion parameters on activation and early development of mouse embryos reconstructed by cumulus cell nuclear transfer]

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of different parameters for electrofusion on the activation and early development of mouse embryos reconstructed by cumulus cell nuclear transfer, and explore optimal parameters for electrofusion. METHODS: A C57BL/6j mouse cumulus cell nucleus 10-12 mm in diameter was inserted into the perivitelline space of an enucleated oocyte. The fusion of donor-recipient pairs was induced with different parameters for electrofusion (with variation in electric field intensity, pulse duration and pulse times). Successful formation of the reconstructed embryos from donor-recipient pairs and the reconstructed embryos developing into the early embryonic stages (2-cell, 4-8-cell and morula stages) were observed and counted. RESULTS: The electric field intensity and pulse duration allowed variation during electrofusion within the range of 1 000-2 000 kV/cm and 40-160 ms, respectively. The donor-recipient pairs fused at very low rate when the parameters were below the allowed ranges, and disintegration or even death might occur when the parameters were above the ranges. Within these allowed ranges, variation of the electrofusion parameters did not produce significant impact on the ratio of the reconstructed embryos in 2-cell, 4-8-cell or morula stages (P<0.05). In addition, we suggested that pulse times be limited to 1-2. CONCLUSION: Optimal parameters for electrofusion are crucial for the fusion of donor-recipient pairs and the activation of the reconstructed embryo.     

雌激素、孕激素对小鼠胚卵体外发育及胚泡着床的影响

目的:研究雌、孕激素在小鼠胚卵体外发育及胚泡着床过程中的作用.方法:在小鼠桑椹胚与人蜕膜细胞共培养体系中分别加入雌激素(E2组)、孕激素(P组)、雌激素和孕激素(E2 P4组),观察各组胚卵发育以及胚泡粘附和铺展情况.结果:E2组桑椹胚向胚泡的发育率高于对照组,E2 P4组胚泡的粘附率和滋养层细胞的铺展率均较对照组高.结论:单独用雌激素能够促进小鼠桑椹胚发育成胚泡,雌激素和孕激素联合应用能够促进胚泡的粘附和铺展.     

人早孕蜕膜单层细胞与鼠胚共培养系统的建立

目的　获得鼠胚与人早孕蜕膜单层细胞的共培养系统。方法　经过细胞培养、传代获得蜕膜单层细胞 ;冻融后接种获得冻融蜕膜单层细胞 ;对单层细胞作免疫组织化学检查其雌、孕激素受体的表达。结果　人早孕蜕膜细胞有良好的体外培养活力 ,易于获得培养及传代。将获得的冻融蜕膜单层细胞进行雌、孕激素受体检查 ,见阳性表达。获得昆明白小鼠超促排卵后的单细胞受精卵 ,分别与传代及冻融的蜕膜细胞共培养获得囊胚孵出。结论　人早孕蜕膜单层细胞与鼠胚共培养系统的建立为人胚胎与其冻融的自体子宫内膜单层细胞共培养的研究提供了可行性分析。     

解脲支原体血清3型对小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响

目的：观察不同浓度的解脲支原体（ureaplasma urealyticum,UU）血清3型（简称3型UU）对小鼠早期胚胎发育的影响,以探讨UU对早期胚胎发育的致病作用。方法：取小鼠2-细胞期胚胎随机分为实验组与对照组,对照组（组1）：2-细胞期鼠胚在不含3型UU的HTF培养液中培养;实验组（组2、组3、组4、组5）：2-细胞期鼠胚分别在含103～106 CCU/mL浓度的3型UU的HTF培养液中培养,在37℃、5%CO2的培养箱中培养72 h,每24 h在Nikon倒置显微镜下观察记录,通过统计各组的D2评分、4-细胞期胚胎形成率、桑椹期胚胎形成率、囊胚形成率,评价早期胚胎的发育情况。结果：3型UU在培养液中的终浓度分别为103、104、105 CCU/mL时,2-细胞胚胎以后的D2评分、4-细胞期胚胎形成率、桑椹期胚胎形成率、囊胚形成率等各阶段的胚胎发育指标与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。而UU终浓度为106CCU/mL组各项胚胎发育指标与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：UU能够影响小鼠早期胚胎的发育,3型UU≥106 CCU/mL时可阻碍小鼠早期胚胎的发育。     

不同造血微环境对诱导人胚胎干细胞向造血细胞分化的影响

目的:通过观察人卵黄囊基质细胞、人胎肝基质细胞和人胎骨髓基质细胞对人胚胎干细胞向造血细胞分化诱导效率,探讨不同造血微环境对造血发生的影响.方法:本实验诱导人胚胎干细胞分化为造血细胞的方法采用两步法:先用细胞因子培养形成5 d的拟胚体,然后再模拟体内造血发生的微环境,分别用人卵黄囊基质细胞、人胎肝基质细胞和人胎骨髓基质细胞诱导拟胚体10 d,通过流式细胞术检测细胞的flk,CD34和CD45表面抗原表达情况,观察3种基质细胞对人胚胎干细胞向造血细胞分化的影响.结果:5 d拟胚体与卵黄囊基质细胞接触培养10 d生成的细胞表达flk,CD34,CD45百分率分别1.80%±0.56%,1.30%±0.14%,1.05%±0.63%;与胎肝基质细胞接触培养10 d生成的细胞表达为flk,CD34,CD45百分率分别为34.0%±25.45%,38.4%±24.8%,72.6%±25.7%;与骨髓基质细胞接触培养10 d生成的细胞表达flk,CD34,CD45百分率分别为2.50%±1.48%,3.20%±0.56%,1.65%±0.21%;5 d拟胚体自发分化10 d生成的细胞表达flk,CD34,CD45百分率分别为0.30%±0.07%,0.65%±0.07%,0.15%±0.07%.与自发分化10 d比较,3种基质细胞与5 d拟胚体接触培养,均能够促进拟胚体向造血细胞的分化,且胎肝基质细胞诱导的效率显著优于其他两种基质细胞(P＜0.05).结论:与卵黄囊基质细胞和骨髓基质细胞比较,胎肝基质细胞更有利于诱导人胚胎干细胞向造血细胞的分化.     

Effects of Malachite Green on the Development of Mouse Embryo In Vitro

Objective To observe effects of malachite green （MG） on the development of mouse embryo in vitro.Methods Two-cell mouse embryos were obtained and exposed to different concentrations of MG （0 ng/ml, group A, the control; 10 ng/ml, group B; 100 ng/ml, group C; 1 000 ng/ml, group D）. The 2-cell mouse embryo assay was used to determine the 2-cell embryo development to the blastocyst. In addition, at the same concentrations of MG, the human sperm motility assay was used to evaluate the influence of MG on sperm viability.Results At the 8-cell stage, groups C and D showed inhibitory effects when compared with the control （P〈0.01）. Rate of the blastocyst in groups C and D was lower than that of the control （P〈O.O1）. In the sperm motility assay, significant changes in motility after 24 h of incubation in groups C and D were observed compared with the control （P〈0. 01）. However, no differences were found on 24 h sperm motility between group B and the control （P〉0.05）. Conclusion MG would have deleterious effects on the development of mouse embryo, and the effects were dose-related. The sperm motility assay could also detect high levels of MG in culture medium.     

瘦素对小鼠着床前胚胎发育影响的体外研究

目的　探讨瘦素在体外对小鼠着床前胚胎发育的影响。方法　 1收集小鼠 2 -细胞胚胎 ,在不同剂量瘦素的 CZB培养液中进行体外培养 ,观察胚胎发育情况 ,并进行胚胎移植 ,观察着床率 ;2收集小鼠 2 -细胞胚胎在空白 CZB培养液中体外培养至桑葚胚期 ,再分别置入不同剂量瘦素的 CZB培养液中进行体外培养 ,观察胚胎进一步发育情况。结果　瘦素能提高 2 -细胞胚胎体外发育的质量、发育率和胚胎着床率。当瘦素剂量为 10 ng/ ml时平均胚胎形态学评分 (AES)为 16 .0 8± 0 .37,剂量为 5 0 ng/ ml时 AES为 17.5 7± 0 .4 2 ,两者间差别有统计学意义(P<0 .0 5 )。但剂量进一步增加 ,促进作用不再递增。瘦素对桑葚胚体外进一步发育无显著影响。结论　瘦素参与了小鼠着床前胚胎的发育 ,能提高胚胎发育质量、发育率 ,有利于胚胎的进一步着床。     

Expression of TRAIL in Mouse Uterine Endometrium during Embryo Implantation

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which is primarily produced from activated macrophages, is one of the important cytokines that can induce cells to undergo apoptosis[1]. TNF-relatedapoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), also called Apo-2L, is a new member of TNF …