梨状窝内侧壁癌切除与喉功能保留

目的探讨梨状窝内侧壁癌切除喉功能保留术的技术方法和临床疗效.方法回顾性分析手术治疗的梨状窝内侧壁癌71例.其中49例行喉功能保留术;22例未保存喉功能.喉功能保留手术方法①切除范围声带活动正常者行患侧水平上半喉+梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带活动受限者行同侧水平半喉+声门旁间隙+梨状窝内侧壁切除;声带固定者行患侧垂直半喉+梨状窝内侧壁和部分梨状窝外侧壁切除,梨状窝尖受累者切除范围扩大到环状软骨环和颈段食管;②修复喉修复对利用会厌、甲状软骨膜、带状肌肌筋膜、颈前皮瓣修复喉缺损;梨状窝修复对缺损范围小者用下咽粘膜瓣或残缘粘膜分离后直接对合,缺损范围大者用胸大肌肌皮瓣转移及胸三角皮瓣修复;③颈淋巴结处理71例中65例(91.5%)行颈清扫术,其中同侧颈清扫术39例,双侧颈清扫术26例;④术后全部病例予以辅助性放射治疗,剂量60～75Gy.结果寿命表法统计3年、5年生存率喉功能保留组分别为63.4%和49.6%;喉功能不保留组分别为52.4%和42.4%.喉功能保留组喉功能全部恢复者占71.4%(35/49),部分恢复者占28.6%(14/49).结论梨状窝内侧壁癌易侵入喉部,但多数病例在彻底切除肿瘤病灶的前提下保留喉功能是可行的.     

梨状窝内侧壁癌的手术治疗

目的：探讨切除梨状窝内侧壁癌并保留喉功能手术的可行性及疗效。方法: 1990～2001年共手术治疗122例梨状窝内侧壁癌,其中87例行保留喉功能的梨状窝内侧壁癌切除术, T1、T2期患者行梨状窝切除术,将声门旁间隙组织一并切除,T3、T4期患者行梨状窝切除＋部分喉切除术,并根据肿瘤范围切除其他受累组织,以局部残留黏膜、胸大肌肌皮瓣、结肠上徙进行修复。35例未保留喉功能。术后均给予放射治疗。结果: 全部患者的3、5年生存率分别为67.2％（82/122）、45.1％（55/122）,其中喉功能保留组3、5年生存率分别为71.3％（62/87）、48.3％（42/87）,喉功能不保留组分别为57.1％（20/35）、37.1％（13/35）。喉功能保留组全部恢复呼吸、发音及吞咽保护者占71.3%（62/87）,部分恢复发音及吞咽保护占28.7%(25/87)。结论:在彻底切除肿瘤的前提下,对梨状窝内侧壁癌患者行喉功能保留手术是可行的。     

梨状窝癌局部扩展的病理学研究

目的　探讨梨状窝癌局部扩展的规律 ,为梨状窝癌的手术治疗提供病理学依据。方法　应用石蜡包埋大体标本连续切片的方法 ,对 2 6例梨状窝癌全喉及次全喉切除的标本进行了观察。结果　位于梨状窝外侧壁的肿瘤 ( 4例 )主要向外侧咽侧壁扩展 ,位于梨状窝内侧壁的肿瘤 ( 5例 )容易向喉腔及对侧梨状窝扩展。累及整个梨状窝 17例。声门旁间隙及甲状软骨是最易受侵犯的喉结构 ,环状软骨受侵较少 ;会厌及会厌前间隙的侵犯未见超过中线 ,声门旁间隙及会厌前间隙的侵犯途径有2个 ,肿瘤沿杓会厌襞向前及在甲状软骨板内侧直接向前侵犯声门旁间隙 ;肿瘤沿杓会厌襞向内上方及在甲状软骨板内侧上部侵入会厌前间隙。结论　会厌前间隙的受侵并不是喉部分切除的禁忌证 ,大部分位于梨状窝外侧壁的肿瘤及部分梨状窝内侧壁的肿瘤保留喉功能是可行的 ;位于梨状窝内侧壁及环后区的肿瘤易在环后区向对侧侵犯 ,对累及环后区的梨状窝癌 (Ⅰ ,Ⅲ型 ) ,应注意肿瘤在环后区粘膜下向对侧侵犯。     

下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理

目的总结下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理经验。方法回顾性分析1989年—2000年48例累及颈段食管的下咽癌患者的手术治疗情况，其中男38例，女10例；年龄26～71岁，平均54．3岁。梨状窝癌33例，下咽后壁区癌14例，环后癌1例，均无远处转移。根据UICC1997年TNM分期标准均为T4M0期，其中cN0 28例，cNl 15例，cN2 5例。喉全切除术8例，喉部分切除残喉气管瓣修复下咽17例，23例保留了喉功能。所有病例均行改良性颈清扫术，其中单侧清扫38例，双侧清扫10例。患侧甲状腺叶切除42例。下咽食管缺损的修复方法分别为：喉气管瓣修复11例，胸大肌肌皮瓣13例，喉气管瓣＋胸大肌肌皮瓣6例，裂层皮片＋胸大肌肌皮瓣10例，胃上提咽胃吻合3例，结肠上徙5例。术后均接受放射治疗，剂量为55—75Gy。结果手术证实颈部淋巴结转移20例病理诊断；高分化鳞状细胞癌18例，中分化鳞状细胞癌24例，低分化鳞状细胞癌6例。术后并发症包括胸部刀口裂开1例，咽瘘10例。直接法计算生存率，失访2例以死亡计。全组患者3、5年生存率分别为52．1％（25／48）和27．3％（12／44）。保留喉功能组3、5年生存率分别为65．2％（15／23）和33．3％（7／21），不保留喉功能组3、5年生存率分别为40．0％（10／25）和21．7％（5／23）。23例保留了喉功能，15例患者拔除了气管套管，恢复了全部喉功能（发音、呼吸、吞咽保护），8例患者恢复了部分喉功能（发音、吞咽保护），拔管率为65．2％（15／23）。结论下咽癌累及颈段食管的处理以手术＋放疗的综合治疗为主，需行患侧颈清扫术，应尽量保留喉功能，无法保留喉功能时可以采用喉气管瓣或联合裂层皮片、胸大肌肌皮瓣修复下咽颈段食管缺损，颈段食管缺损较大时则采用胃或结肠代替。     

梨状窝癌局部扩展的病理学研究

目的 探讨梨状窝癌局部扩展的规律,为梨状窝癌的手术治疗提供病理学依据。方法 应用石蜡包埋大体标本连续切片的方法,对２６例梨状窝癌全喉及次全喉及次全喉切除的标本进行了观察。结果 位于梨状窝外侧壁的肿瘤（４例）主要向外侧咽侧壁扩展,位于梨状窝内侧壁的肿瘤（５例）容易向喉腔及对侧梨状窝扩展。累及整个梨状窝１７例。声门旁间隙及甲状软骨是最易受侵犯的喉结构,环状软骨受侵较少;会厌及会厌前间隙的侵犯未见超过中     

颈段食管癌的外科治疗16例临床分析

目的：探讨颈段食管癌的外科治疗方法及保留喉功能手术治疗的意义及可行性。方法：回顾性分析手术治疗颈段食管癌患者16例的临床资料,手术方式中,喉及喉咽全部切除食管内翻拔脱管状胃代食管术12例;喉及喉咽全部切除＋颈段食管切除气管代食管术1例;部分下咽＋颈段食管切除喉气管瓣代食管术1例;保留喉的食管内翻拔脱管状胃代食管术2例。均同期行双侧颈廓清术。结果：无手术死亡,手术切除率100％。术后并发肺部感染2例,吻合口瘘2例,吻合口狭窄2例,心功能衰竭1例,失访3例。喉功能保留率12．5％。3年生存率30．7％,5年生存率23．1％。结论：颈段食管癌可行非开胸食管内翻拔脱术切除肿瘤,以管状胃、喉气管瓣修复食管缺损,根据肿瘤所在部位及侵及范围,尽可能保留喉功能。     

保留喉发声功能手术治疗伴声嘶的梨状窝癌

目的探讨手术治疗伴有声嘶的梨状窝癌患者保留喉发声功能的可能性。方法回顾性分析经手术治疗的27例伴有声嘶的梨状窝癌患者的临床资料,其中T2 24例,T3 2例,T4a1例。全部患者均行梨状窝切除+喉部分切除术+颈淋巴结清扫术,残留下咽黏膜缝合修复6例,会厌瓣下移修复18例,会厌瓣联合带状肌瓣修复3例,术后全部给予放疗,采用最长发声时间、言语流利度、听距和可懂度评估不同分期梨状窝癌患者术后发声功能。结果 27例患者3年、5年的生存率分别为70.4%(19/27)、55.6%(15/27)。全部患者均保留了喉发声功能,术后误咽呛咳发生率为14.8%(4/27)。结论对伴有声嘶的梨状窝癌患者,可选择行保留喉发声功能手术,以提高患者的生活质量。     

梨状窝癌致半喉固定的机理及其意义

为了探讨梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的机理，对４３例梨状窝癌全喉下咽切除标本进行了次连续切片的组织病理学研究。指出梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的主要原因是癌组织通过声门旁间隙侵犯喉内肌和杓状软骨外上方。如梨状窝内侧壁有癌瘤存在，则癌易向喉内结构侵犯引起半喉固定。临床Ｔ３病变易侵犯喉软骨和邻近软组织而成为病理Ｔ４。随着声带活动受限程度的增加，保留喉手术的可能性逐渐下降，也说明半喉固定是梨状窝癌侵犯喉内结构的重要临床标志。为彻底切除半喉固定的梨状窝癌，仍以全喉切除较为安全可靠。     

梨状窝癌致半喉固定的机理及其意义

为了探讨梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的机理，对４３例梨状窝癌全喉下咽切除标本进行了次连续切片的组织病理学研究。指出梨状窝癌产生半喉固定的主要原因是癌组织通过声门旁间隙侵犯喉内肌和构状软骨外上方。如梨状窝内侧壁有癌瘤存在，则癌易向喉内结构侵犯引起半喉固定，临床Ｔ３病变易侵犯喉软骨和邻近软组织而成为病理Ｔ４。随着声带活动受限程度的增加，保留喉手术的可能性逐渐下降，也说明半喉固定是梨状窝癌侵犯喉内结构的重要临床     

喉瓣用于下咽重建

梨状窝癌行全喉及部分咽切除术常产生较大的下咽缺损而需重建。传统的方法是用区域性皮瓣、胸大肌皮瓣、胸三角皮瓣及游离肠管等。但这些方法往往有臃肿、僵硬或手术创伤重,难度较大,有时需多次手术才能完成。作者介绍用健侧喉瓣来修复下咽缺损。按标准的全喉-下咽切除径路切除梨状窝侧壁癌。手术包括切除附着于喉体上的带状肌和同侧的甲状腺腺叶,如同时行标准的同侧根治性颈清扫也不会妨碍其喉瓣,唯一与标准的喉切除所不同的是需保留对侧的甲状腺上动脉和静脉,用它们     

伴有声带运动障碍的下咽癌手术

目的 探讨手术治疗伴有声带运动障碍下咽癌患者喉功能保留的可能性.方法 回顾性分析手术治疗伴有声带运动障碍的下咽癌26例患者的临床资料,其中梨状窝内侧壁癌23例,前壁癌2例,环后癌1例;T220例,T3 4例,T42例.全部患者均行梨状窝切除+喉部分切除术,切缘术中冰冻病理检查.残留下咽黏膜缝合修复5例,会厌复合组织瓣转移修复21例,术后均给予放射治疗.结果 全部患者3、5年生存率分别为61.4%、50.8%,喉功能全部恢复者(发音、呼吸及存咽保护功能)20例(76.9%),喉功能部分恢复者(发音及吞咽保护功能)6例(23.1%).结论 对伴有声带运动障碍的下咽癌患者,经过选择可行保留喉功能手术,以提高患者的生活质量.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the feasibility of laryngeal function preservation in surgical treatment of hypopharyngeal carcinoma with restrained vocal cord motility. Methods Twenty-six cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma with restrained vocal cord motility treated with conservative hypopharyngectomy were retrospectively analyzed. Partial resection of pyriform sinus and partial laryngectomy were performed.The hypopharyngeal wounds were repaired by remaining hypopharyngeal mucosa in 5 cases and by epiglottis complex flaps in 21 cases. All patients received postoperative radiotherapies. Results The overall 3- and 5-year survival rates were 61.4% and 50. 8% respectively. Laryngeal functions ( voice, respiration and deglutition) were completely restored in 20 cases (76. 9% ) and partial laryngeal functions (voice and deglutition) were restored in 6 cases (23. 1% ). Conclusions To improve the postoperative life quality of the patients, the preservative surgery is feasible for some selected cases of hypopharyngeal carcinoma with restrained vocal cord motility.     

Vocal function after transoral videolaryngoscopic surgery (TOVS) for hypopharyngeal and supraglottic cancer

Abstract

Conclusion: The resection of the medial and lateral pyriform sinus was associated with post-operative voice impairment after TOVS. Scar contracture around the cricoarytenoid joint lead to arytenoid fixation toward lateral position, and this wound healing process caused insufficient glottis closure. Although oncological and functional outcomes of TOVS was satisfactory, surgeons should mention the risk of post-operative voice impairment in pre-operative counseling.

Objectives: Transoral surgery is a minimally invasive treatment option for hypopharyngeal and supraglottic cancer. Post-operative vocal function was satisfactory in most cases, but in some cases vocal cord was fixed and occasionally voice impairment persists.

Methods: Vocal function of 55 patients who underwent transoral videolaryngoscopic surgery (TOVS) for hypopharyngeal and supraglottic cancers was evaluated by the GRBAS perceptive scale, aerodynamic tests and acoustic analyses, and the Voice Handicap Index questionnaire. The risk factors for voice impairment were identified.

Results: Voice impairment (G score ≧2) was found in 16 cases (29.1%). Univariate analysis revealed that the resection of medial and lateral pyriform sinus (p?=?.0018) and neck dissection (p?=?.0421) were associated with post-operative voice impairment. Multivariate analysis revealed that the resection of medial and lateral pyriform sinus (p?=?.0021) was associated with post-operative voice impairment.     

喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌部分喉切除术的影响

本文回顾分析了中国医学科学院肿瘤医院1979年至1990年168例声门上型喉癌行部分喉切除术患者的临床资料,研究了喉外侵犯对声门上型喉癌水平部分喉切除术的影响,发现舌根受侵切除部分舌根使水平部分喉切除术的拔管率由92.10％降为58.82％,梨状窝受侵者切除部分梨状窝使3/4部分喉切除术的拔管率由67.39％降为33.33％(P<0.05)。梨状窝内壁受侵组的生存率低于舌根受侵组(P<0.01)。因此,将声门上型喉癌梨状窝内壁受侵定为T_4病变更合适。结论:声门上型喉癌侵及舌根及梨状窝内壁时部分喉切除术后的拔管率降低,梨状窝内壁受侵时生存率也明显降低。     

喉部分切除术的远期疗效

目的 :评价各种喉部分切除术的远期疗效。方法 :对 1984年 3月至 1998年 3月的 2 6 4例喉癌患者行喉部分切除术。手术方法共 8种 :激光声带切除术 19例 ,喉裂开声带切除术 2 9例 ,侧位垂直喉部分切除术 5 8例 ,前位喉部分切除术 18例 ,声门上水平喉部分切除术 4 2例 ,水平垂直喉部分切除术 2 9例 ,扩大喉次全切除术5 1例 (其中扩大至舌根 2 3例 ,扩大至梨状窝 2 5例 ,扩大至气管 3例 ) ,近全喉切除术 18例。同期行颈廓清术 113例 (14 6侧 ,其中功能性 98侧 ,根治性 4 8侧 )。修补材料有颈部皮肌瓣、颈前肌筋膜瓣、室带下移成形声带、局部喉粘膜、甲状软骨膜、会厌下移等 ,酌情单独应用或联合应用。结果 :所有患者均能讲话 ,进行语言交流。 89例无误咽 ,112例轻度误咽 ,5 7例中度误咽 ,6例重度误咽。拔管率 82 .95 %。 3、5、10年生存率分别为 86 .74 %、78.4 7%、5 3.33%。死亡的主要原因是局部复发和颈淋巴结转移 ,死亡 (包括失访 )的患者中 71.4 %死于 3年内。结论 :喉部分切除术和全喉切除术都是喉癌的根治性手术 ;正确掌握手术适应证是手术成败的关键 ;提高拔管率是提高患者生存质量的重要标志 ;合理地处理颈部淋巴结是提高 3、5年生存率的重要环节。     

Near-total laryngectomy in advanced cancers of the larynx and pyriform sinus: a comparative study of morbidity and functional and oncological outcomes.

This prospective study, performed from 1991 to 1996, analyzes the differences in oncological safety, functional utility, and surgical morbidity in 14 advanced lesions of the larynx (10 T3 and 4 T4; 7 N+) and 40 pyriform sinus lesions (1 T2, 20T3, and 19 T4; 29 N+) subjected to Pearson near-total laryngectomy. The laryngeal cancer patients healed much faster, with a minimal wound complication rate of 28%, in comparison to the 68% rate encountered in the pyriform sinus cases (p < .05). The 3-year disease-free survival rate for the laryngeal cancers was 74%, while the 5-year survival rates for pyriform sinus cases were 66% for medial wall lesions and 54% for lateral wall lesions. Lung-powered shunt speech deemed qualitatively superior by acoustic analysis was obtained in 81% of the individuals (93% in laryngeal cases and 76% in pyriform sinus cases). Aspiration-free deglutition was achieved by 90% over periods ranging from 15 to 30 days. This study conclusively attests to the therapeutic efficacy of near-total laryngectomy for advanced lesions of the larynx and pyriform sinus that are unsuitable for radiotherapy, that are deemed too large or risky (because of aspiration) for partial laryngectomy, and that in the past would have merited total laryngectomy.     

Pyriform sinus cancer: a clinical and laboratory study.

In our patient population, cancer of the hypopharynx arose 19 times as often in the pyriform sinus as in the postcricoid space (152:8). Most of the growths were far advanced when first seen (90% T3), and enlarged cervical nodes were present in 66% of the patients. Three year survival rates free of disease were as follows: primary surgical treatment (laryngectomy, radical neck dissection) (8/28) 29%; primary radiotherapy (2/55) 4%; and combined preoperative radiation (12/33) 36%. Serial section studies of 51 surgical specimens indicate that T1 and T2 lesions, especially those confined in the medial wall, are probably curable by radiotherapy. Larger lesions invade deeply into the larynx and resemble transglottic growth in their pattern of spread. Conservation surgery would have been inadequate for all but perhaps one growth in this series of 51 lesions, because of the high rate of invasion by cancer into and through the thyroid cartilage and cricoid ring (22/51). Although surface presentation of this group of pyriform sinus cancers rarely reflected the extent of invasion, each of the 22 growths that invaded portions of the thyroid or cricoid cartilages was characterized by clinical involvement of the apex and lateral wall of the pyriform sinus on laryngoscopy or barium swallow.     

The submandibular triangle in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx

A 15-year retrospective analysis was carried out at the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, reviewing the tumor staging and pathology data of 239 patients treated for carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx requiring laryngectomy alone, laryngectomy with neck dissection, or laryngopharyngectomy and neck dissection. Surgery was the primary treatment modality in 205 of the 239 cases, with the remaining 34 having surgery to treat radiation therapy failure. Primary tumors were located within the supraglottic region, the glottic region and, less commonly, the pyriform sinus. Ninety-five of the 239 patients either presented with or developed nodal metastases following initial treatment. Of these, only two had tumors within the lymph nodes of the submandibular triangle. This data corroborates impressions that tumors of the larynx and hypopharynx rarely metastasize to the submandibular triangle and that sparing this area during neck dissection for lesions of the larynx would seem justified.