产后出血导致产妇死亡原因分析

目的 探讨产后出血导致产妇死亡的主要原因，分析其特点及相关因素．采取有效干预措施。方法 对宝安区1994年1月1日-2003年12月31日监测的因产后出血导致产妇死亡的资料进行分析。结果 因产后出血导致产妇死亡21例．占产科出血死亡的67．74％。引起产后出血死亡的主要原因依次为：产后宫缩乏力．占产后出血死亡的38．10％；其次分别为胎盘因素、软产道裂伤、子宫破裂、子宫内翻及其他，各占33．33％、9．52％、9．52％、4．76％、4．76％。产后出血死亡的主要原因前两位与广东省2002年孕产妇死亡监测结果相同．与全国2001年孕产妇死亡监测结果比较有差异。因产后出血导致产妇死亡的相关因素有文化、经济、交通、医疗保健、计划生育等。结论 为防治产后出血制订相关措施．对降低孕产妇死亡率具有重要意义．     

宝安区2001-2005年孕产妇系统保健管理分析

目的分析宝安区孕产妇系统保健管理工作状况，为进一步做好特区妇幼保健工作提供决策依据。方法对宝安区2001年10月-2005年9月孕产妇系统保健工作进行统计分析。结果2001年10月-2005年9月共有常住人口产妇总数33286例，住院分娩人数33230例，活产数33456例。孕产妇系统保健管理率平均为：建卡率99．94％，产检率96．91％．住院分娩率99．83％，新法接生率99．87％，产后访视率99．62％，高危妊娠管理率100％，以上各率5年均维持较高水平。早检率为74．42％，系统管理率为69．67％，5年资料反映较稳定。产后出血发生率为1．27％．保持较低水平。新生儿破伤风发生率为0．42‰（2001年1．21‰，2005年无破伤风发生）；孕产妇死亡率为14．95／10万，在2001年基础上下降高于1/4。孕期接受教育率高于98．00％。结论做好孕产妇系统保健工作，可降低孕产妇死亡率、新生儿破伤风发生率及围产儿死亡率．是保障母婴健康、提高人口素质的重要措施．     

37例产科出血死亡原因分析

目的分析产科出血死亡原因,提出干预措施,提高围产期保健质量,降低孕产妇死亡率。方法长春地区13个县（市）、区（开发区）,按国家统一要求,填报孕产妇死亡报告卡,逐级上报长春市妇幼保健所。结果2002～2008年长春地区死亡孕产妇共109例。其中因产科出血死亡37例,占死亡的33．94％。而在产科出血死亡中,因产后宫缩乏力死亡的孕产妇23例,占产科出血死亡62．16％。因转院途中死亡孕产妇4例,占产科出血死亡11．76％。结论（1）加强乡级保健网络建设,提高助产质量。（2）加强基层人员“三基”培训,提高产科急危重症的诊断、治疗水平,是减少产科出血的发生,降低孕产妇死亡率的重要措施。     

信阳市1999～2003年死亡孕产妇文化程度与其保健服务利用的相关性分析

目的：探讨死亡孕产妇文化程度与其保健服务利用的相关性，以便采取有针对性的干预措施，有效降低孕产妇死亡率。方法：对信阳市1999-2003年236例死亡孕产妇的监测报告卡内容进行资料整理和统计学分析。结果：本市1999年-2003年孕产妇死亡率呈整体下降趋势，由74．06／10万下降到61．43／10万。引起孕产妇死亡的前3位病因分别是产科出血（占51．35％）、妊娠高血压综合征（占17．37％）和羊水栓塞（占12．19％）。随着死亡孕产妇文化程度的提高，其死亡率越低、分娩地点选择县以上医院的概率越高、越重视孕早期检查和产前检查、不可避免因素引起死亡的概率越高，同时死亡孕产妇文化程度同孕产妇死亡率呈负相关。结论：死亡孕产妇文化程度与其围生期保健服务利用存在较好的相关性，孕产妇文化程度是影响孕产妇死亡率的关键因素。     

河南省许昌县2005-2012年孕产妇死亡分析

目的了解2005—2012年许昌县孕产妇死亡的变化情况,分析其死亡原因及相关影响,探讨降低孕产妇死亡的干预措施。方法许昌县2005—2012年孕产妇死亡情况进行比较分析。结果2005-2012年8年期间,许昌县共有14名孕产妇死亡,2008年死亡率63．3／10万,2012死亡率12．3／10万,平均死亡率26．57／10万,孕产妇死亡率总体呈下降趋势,但高于河南省平均水平。死亡孕产妇中农业户口13例,占92．86％,非农业户口1例,占7．14％。全部为经产妇,孕产妇死亡年龄平均30．7岁。初中以下文化13例,占92．86％,专科以上1例,占7．14％。死亡原因中,产科出血居首位,占51．47％,是孕产妇死亡的最主要原因。结论提高孕产妇孕产期保健意识、完善干预措施、加强围产期保健、提高乡、县级医务人员对危重孕产妇的识别能力和救治能力,防止产后出血是降低孕产妇死亡的关键。     

农村盆困地区围产保健服务情况及其对孕产妇和新生儿死亡率的影响

目的：探讨农村地区围产保健服务与孕产妇和新生儿死亡的关系。方法：对1997年5省113县有关孕产妇死亡和新生儿死亡的县级资料及相应的人口、经济1围产保健资料进行多因素、多水平分析。结果：平均孕产妇死亡率（MMR）为159．30／10万,平均新生儿死亡率（NMR）为39．76‰;平均产前检查覆盖率60．90％,住院分娩率30．57％,新法接生率58．03％,产后访视率33．77％;住院分娩及新法接生对孕产妇死亡有保护作用,产前检查对新生儿死亡有保护作用。结论：5省农村贫困地区围产保健服务水平较低,提示提高住院分娩率、新法接生率及加强产前检查是降低两个死亡率的重要措施。     

产后出血180例的救治与护理

目的探讨孕产妇产后出血的发病情况，寻找有效的抢救及护理措施。方法对180例产后出血的病人进行回顾性分析，比较产后出血与分娩方式、胎次的关系，作好产前预防和产后护理工作。结果180例产后出血的病人中，剖宫产产后出血的发病率高于其他分娩方式，2胎、3胎产妇产后出血的发病率明显高于1胎产妇（P〈0．05）。结论产后出血病情凶险，死亡率高，对产妇特别是高危产妇、多胎产妇要严密观察，早期发现，早期处理产后出血，降低孕产妇死亡率。     

降低农村边远贫困地区产后出血死亡的社区干预措施研究

广西壮族自治区的３０个老、少、边、山、穷县，自１９９５年开始实施世行贷款的综合性妇幼卫生保健项目，在项目起始阶段进行基础调查时，结合项目实施开展了针对产后出血社区干预措施的研究，以项目为载体，逐步采取强化政府行为、依法提高产科质量和农村住院分娩率、实施母亲安全等一系列综合有效的社区干预措施，取得了显著项目效果和研究成果。据统计，项目基础调查时孕产妇死亡率为２３０．８４／１０万，死亡３９１人，其中因产后出血死亡１４０人，占孕产妇死亡的３７．００％，是孕产妇死亡的首位死因。到２０００年３０个项目县的孕产妇死亡率由２３０．８４／１０万下降到６０．４１／１０万，死亡人数从项目实施前的年死亡３９１人下降至２０００年的８４人，其中产后出血死亡人数从项目实施前的年死亡１４０人减少到２０００年的１０人，构成比由 ３７．００％下降到１２．３５％；６年间３０个县共减少了孕产妇死亡１　２３４人，其中减少产后出血死亡共６８７人，使广西区降低孕产妇死亡提前两年达到了国家《两纲》的目标。说明利用项目进行产后出血死亡的社区干预措施研究的成果和经验，在西部地区是有应用价值的。     

北京市孕产妇与流动人口孕产妇1995-2004年死亡分析

目的 分析北京市孕产妇与流动人口孕产妇死亡资料，为制定干预措施提供依据。方法 采用回顾性调查方法。对北京市1995—2004年孕产妇死亡病例及评审资料进行分析。结果该期间北京市户籍孕产妇死亡率为17．9／10万，流动人口死亡率为51．3／10万。北京市孕产妇死因依次为栓塞（21．2％）、妊高征（18．3％）、产科出血（14．4％）和心脏病／异位妊娠（9．6％）。流动人口孕产妇死因依次为产科出血（25．2％）、栓塞（19．7％）、妊高征（17．3％）和肝病（9．5％）。孕产妇可避免死亡占18．9％，创造条件可避免死亡占37．7％，不可避免死亡占43．4％。结论 北京市户籍孕产妇死亡率已接近发达国家水平，流动人口孕产妇保健管理亟待加强。取缔非法接生、加强医务人员的培训及人才培养、提高医疗机构处理妊娠合并症及异位妊娠的急救抢救能力，是今后干预的重点。     

山东省章丘市2003-2012年孕产妇死亡回顾性调查分析

目的探讨章丘市孕产妇死亡原因及相关因素,为临床制定有效防治措施、降低孕产妇死亡率提供参考依据。方法对章丘市2003-2012年14例孕产妇死亡情况进行回顾性分析。结果14例死亡孕产妇的前三位死因依次为：妊娠合并心脏病、羊水栓塞、急性肺栓塞。其中产前死亡3例（21．1％）、产后24h内死亡5例（35．7％）、产后24h以上死亡6例（42．9％）。死亡评审结果：14例中可避免死亡3例（21．4％）,创造条件可避免死亡7例（50．0％）．不可避免死亡4例（28．6％）。结论提高农村孕产妇系统管理保健质量,加大高危妊娠管理力度,加强基层医院产科建设,提高妇产科人员的知识技能,提高综合救治能力,是降低孕产妇死亡率的有效措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.