石棉接触工人肺通气功能损伤与胸膜病变的关系

目的明确石棉接触工人肺通气功能损伤与胸膜病变的关系.方法对某石棉制品厂石棉接触工人40例,均为女性,进行肺功能测定和拍摄高仟伏后前位X射线胸片.结果①在0 期,胸膜改变占52%,Ⅰ～Ⅱ期胸膜改变占86%.②限制型肺通气功能障碍共16例(占40%),混合型2例(占5%).③16例限制型通气功能障碍以单纯小阴影为主的仅4例,而伴有胸膜改变的为12例;以单纯小阴影为主的无肺功能中度损伤,而伴有胸膜改变的为2例.结论①X射线检出的胸膜纤维化发生率高于肺间质纤维化.②石棉肺患者肺通气功能障碍出现早于胸片X射线异常,损害的基本类型为限制型通气功能障碍.③石棉肺患者肺通气功能类型及损伤程度与X射线表现有一定关系,胸膜斑和弥漫性胸膜增厚是肺功能降低的独立因素.建议:①重视肺通气功能检查在石棉作业工人定期预防性健康体检中的作用,以便早期发现高危人群或重点职业监护对象,有效地预防石棉肺的发生.②对重点职业监护对象进行CT检查,提高石棉肺的诊断水平.     

石棉肺的肺功能分析

目的探讨石棉肺的肺功能改变特点。方法以某温石棉厂134名男性工人为接触组,同一地区不接触粉尘,且劳动强度与接触组大体相似的某仪表厂135名男性工人为对照组,对其肺功能测定和胸部X线检查结果进行对比分析。结果协方差分析结果显示,在控制了累积吸烟量等混杂因素的影响后,与对照组相比,无石棉肺组FVC和FEV1显著下降,I期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降、Kco显著升高,Ⅱ期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降（P〈0．05）;而与无石棉肺组相比,I期石棉肺组FVC显著下降、Kco显著升高,Ⅱ期石棉肺组FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％显著下降（P〈0．05）。偏相关分析结果显示,在控制了接尘年限和累积吸烟量等混杂因素的影响后,石棉肺期别与FVC、FEV1和FEV1／FVC％呈显著负相关,与Kco呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）;与DLeo呈负相关,但差别无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论早期石棉肺主要表现为限制性肺通气功能障碍,随着石棉肺进一步发展,除肺限制性损害程度加重外,亦呈现阻塞性肺功能损害。     

水泥作业工人的职业暴露和吸烟对肺通气功能和胸部X线影像的影响

目的分析职业暴露和吸烟对水泥作业工人肺通气功能和胸部X线影像的影响。方法对某市参加职业病体检的工人进行不同层次分组作回顾性研究。结果水泥厂工人不接尘组与接尘组比较，接尘组FVC％、FEV1％、FEV1％（％）低于标准值例数及胸片0^＋例数明显高于不接尘组，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；而工期尘肺两者无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。水泥厂接尘工人吸烟组与不吸烟组肺通气功能与胸片的比较，吸烟组FVC％低于标准值例数明显高于不吸烟组，差异有非常显著性（P〈0．01）；吸烟组FEV1％低于标准值例数高于不吸烟组，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），FEV1％（％）低于标准值例数、胸片0^＋、Ⅰ期尘肺例数无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论水泥企业的职业暴露和吸烟对工人的肺通气功能影响是明显的，对X线胸部影像改变也是肯定的，肺通气功能变化比X线影像变化敏感。     

石棉工人肺功能与X射线胸片变化关系的研究

目的 探讨石棉工人肺功能与X射线胸片变化之间的关系。为早期发现石棉肺和对石棉肺患者肺代偿功能评价提供客观依据。方法 接触组为某温石棉制品厂134名男工，对照组为同一地区不接触粉尘，劳动强度与研究组工人大体相似的某仪表厂135名男工，对肺功能测定和X射线胸片检查结果进行对比分析。结果 胸膜和肺组织均有纤维化者，肺功能均明显下降。呈混合性肺功能障碍的特点；弥漫性胸膜增厚则与FVC，FEV1.0,FEV1.0/FVC%,DLco和Kco均呈显著负相关（r值分别为-0.20,-0.26,-0.21,-0.27,-0.19)。单纯胸膜斑与Kco呈正相关（r=0.23)；胸膜病变范围越大，肺功能损害也越严重。呈限制性肺功能障碍的特征。结论 石棉工人肺代偿功能指标的异常。可以早期反映肺内纤维化和胸膜病变的程度和范围。     

石棉工人肺弥散量和通气功能的探讨

本文采用一次呼吸CO法,测定了315名石棉工人和314名作为对照的不接尘健康工人的弥散量,并测定了通气功能。与对照组相比,男、女石棉工人弥散量(DLco),肺活量(VC),用力肺活量(FVC)和一秒时间肺活量(FEV_1)明显降低;一秒率(FEV_1%)和呼气中期流速(MMEF)没有明显差异。石棉工人最早出现的肺功能异常是DLco降低。DLco与接尘工龄存在负相关关系,说明接触石棉的时间是影响石棉工人DLco的一个重要因素。石棉工人肺弥散功能和通气功能损害都早于X线胸片的改变,DLco、VC、FVC、FEV_1是早期反映石棉对肺部损害的敏感、稳定的指标。建议将弥散量和通气功能测定作为石棉肺的诊断参考和劳动能力鉴定的客观依据。     

石棉工人肺功能变化的9年随访报告

石棉工人肺功能变化的９年随访报告梅灿华，黄建权石棉肺肺功能研究在国外是从４０年代开始的，到６０年代得到高度重视和发展，国内７０年代起也有若干报道。多数认为石棉工人肺功能异常改变出现在ｘ线异常变化之前，其损害基本类型是限制型通气功能障碍［１￣３］．ＶＣ...     

电解铝作业工人肺通气功能的调查

目的 了解电解铝作业工人肺通气功能情况.方法 以208名电解铝工人为研究对象,进行肺通气功能测定及现场劳动卫生学调查.结果 电解铝作业工人FVC、FEV1、FEV1%、PEF、V50、V25等肺通气功能指标均较对照组明显降低,高工龄组比低工龄组降低,有非常显著性差异(P＜0.001).结论 电解铝作业可导致工人肺通气功能损害,且与工龄呈正相关关系.     

吸烟对石棉工人肺功能影响的动态研究

[目的]探讨吸烟对石棉工人肺功能变化的动态影响特点。[方法]对某石棉制品厂吸烟与非吸烟石棉工人（包括健康石棉工人和石棉肺患者）分别于1984年、1989年及1994年进行了3次的肺功能（VC、FVC、FEV1、FEV1%、DLCO和RV/TLC%追踪观察。[结果]吸烟组与非吸烟组石棉工人VC、FVC、FEV1和DLCO均随接尘年限的增加而下降,FEV1%随接尘年限的增加而上升,且吸烟组这些指标测定均低于非吸烟组（除个别外）,均显示出渐近性损害的特点。但没有显示出吸烟组肺功能值的下降比非吸烟组更快。[结论]石棉粉尘对石棉作业工人肺功能的损害起主要作用,可能掩盖了吸烟对肺功能的影响。     

胸膜增厚对石棉工人肺功能的影响

[目的]探讨胸膜增厚对石棉工人肺功能的影响。[方法]接触组为某温石棉厂134名男性工人，对照组为同一地区不接触粉尘、劳动强度与接触组大体相似的某仪表厂135名男性工人。对两组对象的肺功能测定和后前位X射线胸片检查结果进行对比分析。[结果]与对照组相比，在控制了肺内小阴影改变和累积吸烟量等混杂因素的影响后，石棉接触工人中胸膜正常细和双侧胸膜增厚组用力肺活量（FVC）和一秒钟用力呼气容积（FEV1）均显著下降（P〈0．05），单侧胸膜增厚组仅FVC显著下降（P〈0．05）；而与胸膜正常组相比，在控制了肺内小阴影改变、累积吸烟量和接尘年限等混杂因素的影响后，双侧胸膜增厚组FVC和FEV1显著下降（均为P〈0．05）；在控制了肺内小阴影改变、累积吸烟量和接尘年限等混杂因素的影响后，胸膜增厚范围与FVC呈负相关，与弥散系数（Kco）呈正相关（均为P〈0．05）。[结论]胸膜增厚范围越大，肺功能损害也越严重，呈限制性肺功能障碍的特征。     

井下接尘工人肺通气功能状况调查

目的了解井下采掘工人肺通气功能状况，掌握煤矿井下粉尘对采掘工人肺通气功能的损害情况。方法井下采掘工人595名为接尘调查对象，另选341名高温、红外辐射工种工人为对照组。采用统一的体检表格，由专业医师进行体检，逐一填写；采用日本产HI-198型肺量计，进行肺通气功能5项指标测量，测量结果运用￡检验进行统计学处理。结果井下采掘工人肺通气功能随年龄和工龄的增长而减低。接尘组与对照组FVC、FEV1.0、PEV1.0％3项指标差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0．05）；mmF、PEFR差异无统计学意义。结论结果符合肺通气功能随年龄增长而减低的规律，接尘工人肺功能损伤主要为阻塞性呼吸障碍，肺通气功能与对照组比较，mmF、PEFR差异无统计学意义的原因可能是这2项指标较另外3项指标更为敏感所致。     

高原石棉作业工人肺功能的调查

对青海省某高原石棉矿３５３名作业男工和河北省某石棉矿３４７名男工进行了肺功能检查。结果表明，高原石棉矿男工肺功能随着接尘工龄的增加而逐步下降，且入矿年代越早下降越明显，主要表现为：ＶＣ，ＦＥＶ１％及ＦＥＶ１等指标下降明显；从Ｘ线各期组男工肺功能异常率的比较可看出，高原石棉矿男工在Ｘ线０期组，其肺功能绝大部分指标异常率已超过４０％，其中ＦＥＶ１及ＭＭＥＦ异常率接近或超过９０％，显著高于对照石棉矿男工（Ｐ＜０．００１），可以认为，高原石棉矿作业男工肺功能损害为限制性损害和阻塞性损害并存，属混合性损害，但后者更主要，这对高原石棉作业工人石棉肺的早期诊断有参考价值。     

A follow-up study on pulmonary functions of workers exposed to various forms of dust. Observation on the workers of pneumoconiosis in Kitakyushu

Serial spirograms of 121 dust workers whose chest X-rays were found to be "class 1" of the diagnostic criteria for pneumoconiosis were obtained during 1978-80. Yearly changes of pulmonary function variables (%VC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC%,V25/H, and V50/V25) by age, smoking habit, total years of exposure to dust, and work history were evaluated. The average age of the dust workers was 48.0 +/- 5.5 years, and the average years of exposure to dust was 21.6 +/- 6.8 years in 1978. Eighty-two dust workers smoked with the mean smoking history of 24.7 pack-years. No significant differences of spirograms were found between the smoking and non-smoking groups. Among the smokers, however, linear regression of FEV1/FVC% by age gradually decreased during 1978-80. All the pulmonary function variables showed no correlation with smoking history as well as total years of dust exposure. All the dust workers were classified into eight types of work by their histories; crushing and quarrying operators, brick mason, foundry and grinding operators, asbestos workers, underground miners, refractory material workers, pyrites roasters, and welders. The underground miners showed lower FEV1/FVC% and V25 than the average. However, the difference of such pulmonary function variables by eight types of work was not significant by analysis of variance. Since aging is the most dominant factor for pulmonary dysfunction, a longer observation on this group will be needed.     

Lung function among asbestos cement factory workers: cross-sectional and longitudinal study

Ventilatory capacity tests and standardized respiratory questionnaires were used in 1973 and in 1980 to measure the effect of mixed dust exposure in the asbestos cement industry on respiratory symptoms and lung function in 65 exposed workers and 30 controls (exposed to polyvinyl chloride but not to asbestos). Workers exposed to asbestos had 1) a higher prevalence of breathlessness and chest pain, and a higher incidence of breathlessness; 2) lower 1980 values of forced vital capacity (FVC) (0.27-0.83 liters) and forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) (0.23-0.62 liters); and 3) a faster decline (nearly 40 ml/year) in FVC and FEV1 between 1973 and 1980. The FVC annual decrease was 52.5 ml in the subjects with more than 15 years since first asbestos exposure, whereas it was 24.3 ml in those with less than 15 years, suggesting a faster decline after 15 years of exposure. The effect of asbestos exposure and smoking habits was less than additive as regards pulmonary function.     

An 11-year longitudinal study of the occupational dust exposure and lung function of polyvinyl chloride, cement and asbestos cement factory workers

Standardized questionnaires and lung function tests were administered in 1973, 1980, and 1984 to 126 workers occupationally exposed to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) dust, to cement dust, or to asbestos cement dust until 1974-1978 and to PVC thereafter. The workers in the last group were assigned to two asbestos exposure categories (heavy and slight). The decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0) was analyzed with regard to the length of time since the data of first employment. After adjustment for age, height, and smoking status at the date of first employment, the decline in FVC and FEV1.0 among the nonsmokers-light smokers was slightly accelerated with length of employment in the PVC and slight asbestos exposure groups and markedly accelerated with time since first employment in the heavy asbestos exposure group. The heavy smokers in all the exposure groups had FVC and FEV1.0 predicted values that were lower than those of the nonsmokers-light smokers; these differences remained constant with length of employment. Cessation of asbestos exposure for about 10 years did not seem to change lung function decline.     

Respiratory health of workers exposed to metal dusts and foundry fumes in a copper refinery.

OBJECTIVES--To assess airflow limitation in workers exposed long term to metal dust, the prevalence of pleural plaques in those workers exposed in the past to asbestos, the influence of pleural plaques on lung function, and the possible association with airway disease caused by asbestos. METHODS--A cross sectional and longitudinal (seven year) survey of 494 long term (mean (SEM) 21(1) years) workers in a copper refinery was carried out from medical questionnaires, chest radiographs, and forced spirometry. RESULTS--The prevalence of lifetime non-smokers was 19%, current smokers 39%, and ex-smokers 42%. The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) < 80% predicted) was 5%, small airway dysfunction (SAD) (maximal mid-expiratory flow (MMEF) < 60% predicted) was 7%, and this did not differ from the control population. The COPD and SAD were associated with cumulative smoking index but not with the cumulative work years at the plant or with any type of work at the plant. The mean (SEM) reduction of FEV1 was 20(7) ml in non-smokers, 26(4) ml in smokers, and 26(5) ml in ex-smokers (P > 0.05). In the smokers and ex-smokers with COPD, the loss of FEV1 was 53(10) (P < 0.02). The prevalence of pleural plaques was 11% (P < 0.0001); pleural plaques were found in older workers with known exposure to asbestos. The pleural plaques were circumscribed and associated with a non-significant 196 ml reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC) and non-significant reduction of FVC over time. The pleural plaques were not associated with COPD or SAD. The cumulative smoking index obtained by a technician did not differ from that by a chest physician. CONCLUSIONS--Despite exposures to asbestos that produced pleural plaques and exposures to metal dusts and foundry fumes the long term workers of this plant did not have excessive prevalence of COPD or SAD. The data suggest that low level long term exposure to metal dusts, gases, and foundry fumes do not necessarily cause respiratory dysfunction, circumscribed pleural plaques with low grades of width and extent do not reduce FVC significantly, and exposure to asbestos dust that produced pleural plaques does not necessarily produce airway dysfunction.     

陶瓷企业接尘工人肺功能研究

目的 探讨陶瓷粉尘作业工人肺功能损伤的特征。 方法 采用美能(日本) AS507型肺功能仪,测定某陶瓷厂"无尘肺"的967名接尘工人(接尘组)和197名非接尘健康工人(对照组)的肺通气功能。 结果 陶瓷粉尘总尘浓度为0.10~2.95 mg/m3,总尘浓度超标率为14.29%,呼吸性粉尘浓度超标率为3.57%;粉尘中游离SiO₂含量为21.3%~43.0%。接尘组VC、FVC、FEV 1、FEV 1%、FEF 25%和FEF 50%的数值均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。接尘组肺通气功能损伤和小气道损伤的发生率均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。接尘的吸烟者VC、FEV1和FEV1%数值与非吸烟者相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。接尘工人肺通气功能损伤发生率为7.45%(72/967),其中轻度损伤者占98.61%(71/72),限制性肺通气功能损伤占97.22%(70/72)。 结论 陶瓷粉尘可引起接尘工人肺功能的损伤,其损伤程度以轻度为多,损伤类型以限制型损伤为主。肺功能损伤主要与粉尘、接尘工龄、工种和吸烟等因素有关。     

职业接触岩棉对肺通气功能及呼吸系统症状的影响

目的探讨职业性接触岩棉对肺通气功能及呼吸系统症状的影响。方法选择70名岩棉生产和加工人员作为接触组,51名空气分离企业的劳动者作为对照组。进行现场职业卫生学调查,对所有调查对象进行肺通气功能健康检查和呼吸系统症状问卷调查。结果接触组中所有岗位每班接触的纤维浓度均<1f/ml,生产线操作工和深加工班操作工每班接触的总粉尘浓度>3mg/m3。接触组FVC%和FEV1.0/FVC%均数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);接触组中3个不同接触工龄组FVC%、FEV1.0%和FEV1.0/FVC%均数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。限制性通气功能障碍是岩棉致肺通气功能损害的主要类型,与接触工龄呈线性趋势关系(P<0.05),与吸烟未显示有关联性(P>0.05),吸烟与岩棉未显示具有联合作用(P>0.05)。接触组与对照组呼吸系统症状比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论长期接触低纤维浓度水平的岩棉,仍能够损害劳动者的肺通气功能,应控制其总粉尘浓度的接触水平。     

某煤业集团煤工尘肺病人肺通气功能分析

目的了解某煤业集团煤工尘肺病人和接尘非煤工尘肺病人肺通气功能损伤情况,探讨煤工尘肺病人不同工种、工龄、分期之间肺通气功能损伤的差异。方法选取某煤业集团确诊的煤工尘肺病人555名。另外选取该煤业集团555名接尘的非煤工尘肺病人和207名非接尘工人作为对照。采用统一的体检表格,由专业医师进行统一体检,并逐一填写表格。肺功能测定仪器为北京产AS.507型肺量计,进行肺通气功能指标测定。运用卡方检验、单因素方差分析、相关分析进行统计学处理。结果尘肺病人组肺功能异常率高于接尘非尘肺病人组和不接尘健康工人组,差异有统计学意义(χ2=193.319,P<0.001);采用单因素方差分析,三组人群各指标的比较结果显示,尘肺病人组的FEV1.0相对值和FEV1.0%低于接尘非尘肺病人组和不接尘工人组,尘肺病人组和接尘非病人组的FVC相对值均低于不接尘工人组。555名尘肺病人包括不吸烟108人、戒烟427人和吸烟20人,其肺功能异常率分别是67.6%、74.5%和90.0%(χ2=4.381,P=0.036<0.05),不吸烟组和吸烟组的FVC相对值均低于戒烟组,戒烟组的FEV1.0%明显低于不吸烟组。FEV1.0相对值在各组之间差异无统计学意义。各工种之间FVC相对值、FEV1.0相对值,FEV1.0%比较,差异均无统计学意义;各工龄组之间差异亦无统计学意义。各期别尘肺病人FVC相对值、FEV1.0相对值比较,差异无统计学意义,但贰期、叁期尘肺病人FEV1.0%高于壹期尘肺病人。结论接尘非煤工尘肺病人与煤工尘肺病人肺通气功能均有损伤,煤工尘肺病人肺通气功能损伤重于接尘非煤工尘肺病人,说明肺通气功能可以作为监测煤工尘肺的早期敏感动态观察指标。吸烟是影响肺通气功能的一个重要因素,吸烟加剧煤工尘肺病人肺通气功能的损伤程度。     

某火力发电厂接触煤尘工人肺通气功能测定分析

本文通过对某火力发电厂２４８名接触低浓度煤尘的工人进行肺通气功能测定分析,发现即使接触低浓度煤尘,无论对男性还是女性,都可造成肺通气功能一定程度的损伤,ＶＣ值低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）;接尘工人吸烟可使肺通气功能损伤程度加重,ＶＣ、ＦＶＣ、ＦＥＶ１及ＦＥＶ１／ＦＶＣ％值均低于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。另外,接尘工人的肺通气功能操作有随接尘工人工龄的延长而加重的趋势。