儿童器官捐献供体肝肾联合获取经验总结

目的探讨儿童器官捐献供体肝肾联合获取的临床经验。方法收集2011年10月至2016年12月佛山市第一人民医院6例儿童器官捐献供体肝肾联合获取的临床资料,总结其临床经验。结果根据国家卫生和计划生育委员会脑损伤质控评价中心制定的儿童脑死亡判定标准,6例儿童供体均在脑死亡状态下进行器官捐献肝肾联合获取,采用7号吸痰管髂外动脉插管或24 F导尿管髂总动脉插管、门静脉和腹主动脉灌注、胸主动脉阻断的肝肾联合灌注的改良方法。手术时间55~60 min,共成功获取6个供肝、12个供肾,所获取肝肾均成功应用于临床肝、肾移植,受者均未发生移植肝或移植肾原发性无功能。结论在儿童器官捐献供体中成功进行肝肾联合获取的关键在于及时进行脑死亡判定、严格谨慎的器官维护措施和肝肾联合获取技术的改良。     

联合切取尸体肝肾供体手术方法的改进

目的:探讨尸体供肝、供肾的手术方法改进。方法:总结30例尸体肝肾联合切取的操作技术及关键环节,肝脏离体后再行门静脉插管灌注UW液并保存,优先灌注胆道。结果:本组热缺血时间0～5min,平均(2.5±1)min,供体手术时间16～23min,平均(19±2.5)min,本组所有供肝供肾移植后一周左右恢复功能。结论:本组使用的尸体肝肾联合切取技术更快速、简捷,有助于缩短供体器官的热缺血时间,保证移植器官的质量。     

肝肾联合获取方法总结

目的　探讨肝肾快速联合获取的方法及其与供体器官质量的关系。　方法　回顾性总结11例供体肝肾快速联合获取的操作过程,评估肝肾质量,分析误伤情况。　结果　1例供肝分离时误伤肝十二指肠韧带,但不影响移植。11个供肝、22个供肾移植给相应受体后功能良好。热缺血时间平均(2. 0±1. 3)min,供肝冷缺血时间平均(10. 3±3. 9)h,供肾冷缺血时间平均(15. 5±6. 4)h。肝肾联合切取时间平均(23. 5±4. 3)min。　结论　快速联合获取肝肾方法简单,获取时肝动脉和输尿管保护好,可缩短热缺血时间以保证肝肾质量。     

心脏死亡器官捐献供肾维护措施的研究进展

供体短缺问题是影响器官移植发展的主要瓶颈,亲属活体器官和尸体器官捐献是供体的主要来源,心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)是重要的组成部分。DCD供体质量的改善是目前肾移植领域亟需解决的问题。本文就DCD供肾维护措施——供肾快速获取法、自动胸外按压法、原位灌注法、常温体外膜肺氧合法、低温机械灌注保存法、Lifeport器官灌注运输法进行综述。     

肝肾等多脏器联合切取的手术方法改进

目的探讨原位肝移植尸体供肝切取的手术方法改进。方法尸体供肝采用肝肾联合切取,腹主动脉插管灌注肾保存液,胰腺下沿肠系膜上静脉外科干处插管行门静脉灌注,并进行了100例次的应用。结果采用此方法切取供肝及供肾100例次,供肝及供肾的灌注及保存良好,4例胰肾联合移植,与心脏组合作完成心脏切取4例,1例与心肺组联合完成心肺肝肾的切取,未发生移植肝原发无功。发现24例动脉变异,比往年使用其他方法显著提高。未出现肝动脉、肾动脉的损伤。结论原位腹主动脉插管行动脉灌注＋肠系膜上静脉外科干处插管可保证供肝、供肾的质量,缩短热缺血时间、快速降温、充分灌注;减少因劈开胰腺或直接对肝十二指肠韧带分离而造成的变异动脉的损伤;不影响心、肺的联合切取;可同时切取胰腺和脾脏。此法可在临床中加以推广。     

机械脉冲灌注保存离体供肾的护理

目的探讨机械脉冲灌注在心脏死亡捐献供肾保存中应用的护理经验。方法对62例心脏死亡器官捐献供体供肾进行低温脉冲灌注保存,给予系统的护理支持包括护理人员的长期培训、供体维护、手术配合及器官转运护理等。结果 62个供肾的机械脉冲灌注均顺利实施,移植手术顺利进行。手术后受者的肾功能恢复延迟发生率为19.3%,急性排斥反应发生率为27.4%。术后随访1年,人肾存活率100%。结论机械脉冲灌注保存离体供肾可使受者并发症发生率降低,系统的护理措施是离体供肾有效保存的重要保障。     

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目的 对供者肝脏等器官的联合获取、修整和保存方法进行研究。方法 采用原位腹主动脉和门静脉插管、低温灌注，快速多器官联合获取、低温保存技术及体外修整获得可供移植的肝移植物。结果 获取122例供者的移植物，平均热缺血时间为4min30s，平均获取时间为20min，平均冷缺血时间为10h。均采用4℃的HCA液(高渗枸橼酸盐腺嘌呤溶液)和UW液灌注和保存。118例修整成适用于临床用的肝的移植物，76例供肝在移植前留取了病理活检标本，病理检查提示供肝结构正常。移植术后，无原发性肝无功能发生。结论 该方法适合于供者肝脏等器官的快速联合获取、修整和保存。     

符合中国三类标准的心脏死亡器官捐赠四例经验总结

目的 总结符合“中国心脏死亡器官捐献分类标准”中国三类(C-Ⅲ)标准的器官捐赠及移植的经验.方法 2011-2012年间,符合C-Ⅲ标准的心脏死亡器官捐赠(DCD)者4例,在手术室进行可控性心跳及呼吸终止后,进行了器官捐赠.获取器官的热缺血时间为7～15 min.结果 除1例捐赠的肝脏进行快速病理学检查外,其他器官均质地良好.捐赠器官用于肝移植3例,肾移植8例,手术顺利,仅1例受者出现移植肾功能恢复延迟,受者均未发生排斥反应和外科并发症.出院后,移植物功能良好.结论 使用符合C-Ⅲ标准的捐赠器官可获得满意的移植效果.     

常温机械灌注对大鼠心脏死亡器官捐献供肝微循环保护作用的研究

目的 探讨常温机械灌注(normothermic machine perfusion,NMP)对大鼠心脏死亡器官捐献(donation after circulatory death,DCD)供肝微循环发挥的作用.方法 采用夹闭SD大鼠胸主动脉热缺血30 min获取DCD供肝;在体外建立大鼠NMP系统.根据不同的保存供...     

心脏死亡器官捐献获取流程探讨

目的总结并进一步探讨心脏死亡器官捐献(DCD)获取流程的初步经验。方法回顾性分析2009年7月至2012年1月期间广州军区总医院28例DCD者的临床资料、供体入选标准及器官获取流程。结果 28例DCD供体均成功实施了器官捐献,其中MaastrichtⅢ类3例(10.7%),MaastrichtⅣ类1例(3.6%),脑-心双死亡捐献(DBCD)供体24例(85.7%)。3例MaastrichtⅢ类供体实施了标准DCD器官获取流程(简称DCD流程),1例MaastrichtⅣ类供体采用DBCD器官获取流程(简称DBCD流程)非体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)模式,24例DBCD采用了DBCD流程ECMO模式。供体器官热缺血时间:DBCD为0 min,MaastrichtⅣ类为18 min,MaastrichtⅢ类平均25 min(22～28 min)。本组共获取了28个肝脏、40个肾脏、2个心脏,分别成功用于肝移植、肾移植和心脏移植。结论我国DCD器官获取可分为DCD流程和DBCD流程,后者又分为ECMO模式和非ECMO模式。ECMO模式可避免器官热缺血损伤且没有伦理学争议,对我国公民DCD器官有着十分重要的作用。     

CT灌注成像的原理、技术及在腹部影像诊断中的应用

目的 综合评述CT灌注成像(CT perfusion imaging)的原理、技术要求及其在腹部影像诊断中的应用价值。方法 总结CT灌注成像的原理和技术要求，评价其在腹部疾病(主要是肝脏、胰腺)应用中所提供的组织器官微循环状况、血流动力学变化及其它参数。结果 CT灌注成像评价肝脏、胰腺病变，尤其是肿瘤性病变，除了能显示解剖形态学改变，还能了解血供情况、血流动力学状态等反映功能、代谢变化的信息，对腹部肿瘤性疾病的诊断有重要意义。结论 CT灌注成像将在腹部疾病的影像诊断与鉴别诊断、肿瘤生物学行为和严重度评价、疗效评估等方面发挥重要作用，具有较良好的临床应用前景。     

深低温低流量灌注对脑功能影响的实验研究

为确立深低温低流量灌注的安全范围。观察了１０只狗在深低温不同灌注流量和时间时的脑代谢、脑血流量和脑电图的变化。结果见随着降温，脑血流逐渐减少，但体外循环灌注流量越低，脑血流与灌注流量之比值反而增加。灌注流量降至每分钟５ｍｌ／ｋｇ和灌注时间４０分钟时氧含量和乳酸与转流前比较有显著差异（Ｐ＜０．０５）。根据实验结果，作者认为在体温２０℃时，以每分钟２５ｍｌ／ｋｇ低流量灌注可满足脑的氧消耗，流量降至每分钟５ｍｌ／ｋｇ时，转流时间必须限制在２０分钟以内。     

Technical Aspects of Isolation Extremity Perfusion: Experimental Studies and Clinical Experience

In experiments with dogs (n = 610), the influence of temperature, flow rate, perfusate, and perfusion duration on the hind leg subjected to an isolation perfusion ads studied. The perfusion pressure, the blood gases, and the metabolic status in specimens of skeletal muscle obtained at the end of the perfusion period served us parameters. A perfusion of 1 and 2 h with whole blood, a flow rate of 10 mL/100 g/min, rind temperatures of up to 42°C did not result in alterations of the energy metabolism. When the flow rate was lowered to 5 mL/100 g/min, when other perfusates were used, or when the im temperature was raised to 43.5°C, then tissue damage occurred Knowledge gained in these. Extremities was utilized in the treatment of 371 patients with malignancies of the extremities, and an extremely low complication rate was observed.     

Study of kidney and liver viability in the rat after exclusive aortic perfusion using intracellular ATP measurement

Summary To find whether the liver can be procured after exclusive aortic perfusion, three organ perfusion models were used in three groups of donor rats. Group 1 underwent liver wash-out via the portal vein; in group 2, the kidneys alone were perfused via the aorta; and group 3 underwent simultancous aortic perfusion of liver and kidneys. All perfusion flow rates in the three groups were adjusted to physiological values. Harvested organs were transplanted and recipient animals were killed 4h after transplantation to study liver and kidney viability by using intracellular ATP measurement. Liver ATP was lower (P< 0.005) in the portal perfusion group (group 1: 1.396±0.412) than in the aortic perfusion group (group 3: 2.181±0.061). Kidney ATP was comparable in groups 2 and 3: 1.066±0.09 vs 1.059±0.273 (mol/g) tissue. Liver cooling was quicker with portal perfusion than with the aortic flush (20°C in 20 s vs 15°C in 60 s). Aortic perfusion at a physiologic flow rate has no detrimental effect on renal viability studied by intracellular ATP measurement. We conclude that liver cooding via the aortic route only is a good alternative to portal perfusion and seems to give good preservation. Application of this observation to emergency procurement in humans is still the subject of controversy.     

An automated and portable low-flow pulsatile perfusion system for organ preservation

While machine preservation reduces the incidence of delayed graft function in renal transplant recipients, it is only used in 10% of kidney transplantations. The performance of our portable, lowflow-pulsatile organ perfusion system was examined in a canine kidney autotransplantation model. Grafts were stored for 72 h by simple cold preservation in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution, or by high or low-flow machine preservation. After preservation, the grafts were autotransplanted and the animals were followed for 15 days. Graft function was better in machine-preserved kidneys. Tissue biochemistry indicated that machine preservation resulted in higher levels of adenine nucleotides and better histological integrity than the cold storage. While histology and biochemistry of machine-preserved groups were similar, electromicroscopy of high-flow grafts showed mild accumulation of intravenous debris and endothelial swelling. This study shows that a simplified machine perfusion technique is effective for organ preservation.     

Perfusate lactate dehydrogenase level and intrarenal resistance could not be adequate markers of perfusion quality during isolated kidney perfusion

The main goal of this work was to study the influence of perfusion pressure and flow waveform during kidney perfusion, and the relationship between renal vascular resistance (RVR) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration in the perfusate. Simultaneous constant pressure kidney perfusions were performed with either pulsatile or continuous flow at either 30 or 80 mm Hg of constant perfusion pressure. Mean flow, pressure, and RVR were displayed online during perfusion. Perfusate samples for LDH, creatine phosphatase kinase (CPK), and alkaline phosphatase (AP) determinations were taken. At the end of the perfusion, 2 ml of Evans blue was injected into the circuit to obtain images of perfusate distribution, and the kidneys were weighed. Also, hematoxylin/eosine studies were performed, showing more Bowman's space and tubular dilation in kidneys perfused with high pressure. We did not find differences in RVR between kidneys perfused at 30 and 80 mm Hg; nevertheless, perfusate distribution was better in the 80 mm Hg perfusions. We did not find any correlation between enzyme release and RVR in kidneys perfused with different mean pressures. These findings suggest that vascular resistance and LDH concentration cannot be independently considered as adequate markers of perfusate distribution.