再生育的妊娠期糖尿病孕妇产后糖代谢紊乱影响因素的队列研究

目的:探讨再生育时并发妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的孕妇产后发生糖代谢紊乱的相关危险因素。方法:采用队列研究方法,选择信息资料完整的再生育GDM孕妇270例,追踪其妊娠结局且在产后6～12周复查75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),以OGTT结果为分组依据分为产后糖代谢正常组及产后糖代谢异常组。采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析再生育GDM孕妇产后发生糖代谢紊乱的相关危险因素。结果:(1)270例患者中产后糖代谢正常197例;产后糖代谢异常73例,其中糖耐量受损62例,糖尿病11例,糖代谢紊乱的发生率为27.04%。(2)单因素分析结果显示:产后糖代谢异常组GDM病史≥2次的比例、产后血糖不稳定率、孕晚期甘油三酯(TG)、OGTT 0小时、OGTT 1小时、OGTT 2小时血糖的均值均高于产后糖代谢正常组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)Logistic回归分析显示:GDM病史≥2次、产后血糖不稳定、孕晚期TG≥3.6 mmol/L、OGTT 0小时血糖≥5.24 mmol/L、OGTT 1小时血糖≥10.77 mmol/L、OGTT 2小时血糖≥9.38 mmol/L均是再生育GDM孕妇产后发生糖代谢紊乱的独立危险因素(OR1,P0.05),其中GDM病史≥2次发生糖代谢的风险最大(OR 4.531,95%CI 1.907～10.766)。结论:对再生育的GDM孕妇临床上应高度重视其产后6～12周发生糖代谢紊乱的可能,尤其是既往GDM病史超过2次的孕妇,同时,孕期应注意控制TG及血糖水平,哺乳期间应加强维持血糖的稳定性。     

妊娠期糖筛查异常患者血糖表现分析

目的探讨不同时点妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)患者血糖代谢是否存在不同。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2008年3月在贵阳医学院附属医院和贵阳医学院附属妇产儿童医院住院分娩的孕妇,将50g糖筛查异常(GCT)的286例患者作为研究对象,每例患者均经过口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),确诊妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)123例,GIGT121例(1h GIGT88例,2h GIGT30例,3h GIGT3例),糖代谢正常孕妇(NGT)42例。绘制并分析各组OGTT试验的血糖图;比较各组空腹血糖(FBG)、50g GCT结果、血糖曲线下面积(AUCG);比较各组孕妇妊娠期高血压疾病、胎膜早破发病率和剖宫产率;并比较新生儿结局。结果各组血糖图形态不同。GDM组FBG较其他3组明显增高(P<0.05);50g GCT GDM组与1h GIGT组、2h GIGT组及NGT组类似(P>0.05),其他各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);AUCG各组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。妊娠期高血压疾病发病率由GDM组至NGT组依次降低,但仅GDM组与NGT组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。胎膜早破、剖宫产率和早产、新生儿黄疸、新生儿窒息发生率及新生儿出生体重4组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。巨大儿和新生儿低血糖发生率GDM组和1h GIGT组较2h GIGT组和NGT组明显增高(P<0.05)。结论不同时点妊娠期糖耐量受损孕妇血糖代谢表型及预后不同,按国际妊娠合并糖尿病研究组推荐的GDM新诊断标准,1h GIGT和2h GIGT虽均被纳入GDM,但仍有必要对其进行区别管理。     

口服葡萄糖耐量试验中空腹血糖水平在妊娠期糖尿病诊断中的作用

目的 探讨妊娠24～28周间口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)中空腹血糖值在诊断妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)中的作用. 方法 对2010年1月1日至12月31日间,于首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院产前检查,妊娠早期空腹血糖正常(＜7.0 mmol/L),妊娠24～28周50 g葡萄糖负荷试验≥7.8 mmol/L并行75 g OGTT的6516例孕妇的OGTT结果进行分组分析.采用卡方检验,了解按OGTT空腹血糖水平分组后GDM的诊断情况. 结果 按国际糖尿病与妊娠研究组(International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups,IADPSG)的GDM诊断标准,单纯依据OGTT空腹血糖升高(≥5.1 mmol/L)可诊断15.0％(980/6516)的GDM患者,剔除这部分患者后,余OGTT空腹血糖＜5.1 mmol/L的5536例孕妇纳入分组分析.以OGTT中空腹血糖值每升高0.1 mmol/L为1个分界进行第1次分组,结果显示,随着空腹血糖水平的升高,GDM的诊断率逐渐增加(X2=282.175,P=0.000).按照空腹血糖在4.0～4.8 mmol/L间每升高0.2 mmol/L为1个分界进行第2次分组分析,显示随着空腹血糖水平的升高,各组GDM诊断率仍呈现升高趋势(X2=274.364,P=0.000).两种分组结果均显示,当OGTT中空腹血糖水平＜4.2 mmol/L(1226/5536,占22.1％)时,GDM诊断率为3.6％(44/1226),可以考虑对该部分患者暂时不行OGTT检测;当OGTT中空腹血糖水平≥4.8 mmol/L时,GDM诊断率明显增加,为26.2％(298/1138),故应提高警惕. 结论 妊娠24～28周行OGTT前建议先行空腹血糖筛查,空腹血糖≤4.2 mmol/L的低危孕妇可免于OGTT检测.     

基于微信平台的健教对妊娠期糖尿病新生儿体重影响因素的研究

目的:利用微信平台对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇进行医学健康教育,密切监测其血糖控制情况,分析影响新生儿出生体重的危险因素。方法:建立GDM微信管理平台,选取2016年3月到2016年8月在暨南大学附属第一医院妇产科规律产检并住院分娩的107例GDM孕妇,按知情同意原则分为微信平台组(57例)和常规干预组(50例)。微信平台组:实时营养干预,记录每日各时点血糖值。常规干预组:按妊娠期糖尿病处理规范给予常规门诊产检及健康教育指导。微信平台组、常规干预组分别记录了10406次和231次血糖值。分析两组干预后记录的血糖值、年龄、孕产次、OGTT三时点血糖值、孕期血糖监测次数、分娩孕龄、孕期是否出现妊娠期高血压疾病、尿酮体阳性和胎膜早破及分娩方式与胎儿体重之间关系。对以上单因素分析中有统计学意义的指标进行多因素分析。结果:微信平台组控制后空腹血糖和餐后2h血糖值明显低于常规干预组,血糖监测次数明显多于常规干预组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组控制后餐后1h血糖值差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。单因素分析结果显示,分娩孕龄、妊娠期高血压疾病、OGTT FBG、控制后FBG和控制后1h PBG与新生儿出生体重有关(P0.05);而血糖监测次数、OGTT 1h、OGTT 2h和餐后2h血糖值与胎儿体重无关(P0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,控制后空腹血糖、分娩孕周和OGTT空腹血糖为新生儿出生体重的高危影响因素(P0.05)。结论:对于控制饮食后FPG和OGTT FPG高的孕妇,临床上应加强对胎儿体重的监控。增加血糖监测次数尚不能降低餐后1h血糖,胎儿体重不受血糖监测次数影响。     

非妊娠期糖尿病孕妇妊娠早期甲状腺激素对巨大儿预测的价值

目的探讨妊娠非糖尿病孕妇妊娠早期甲状腺激素对巨大儿发生的影响及预测价值。方法采用病例对照研究设计,回顾性纳入2015年1月至2015年8月于本院规律产前检查、符合入排标准的非妊娠糖尿病孕妇736例。其中出生新生儿为巨大儿作为巨大儿组,非巨大儿的作为对照组;对两组相关因素进行多因素logistic回归分析,建立logistic回归预测模型,ROC曲线评价预测模型,以曲线下面积(AUC)预测价值。结果①在非妊娠糖尿病孕妇中,与对照组比较,巨大儿组孕妇妊娠早期促甲状腺激素(TSH)更高中位数分别是2.23 U/L和1.54 U/L,P0.05,75g口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)中空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FPG)更高[(4.49±0.27)mmol/L,(4.36±0.32)mmol/L,P0.01]、妊娠期体质量增加更多[(16.99±4.45)kg,(14.66±4.86)kg,P0.01];②妊娠早期TSH(OR=1.445)、75 g OGTT中FPG(OR=5.250)、妊娠期体质量增加(OR=1.106)是非糖尿病孕妇中巨大儿的独立危险因素;③包括妊娠早期TSH、75g OGTT中FPG、妊娠期体质量增加的预测模型的AUC为0.726,模型中各指标预测发生巨大儿的界值分别为2.185 U/L、4.38 mmol/L、14.75 kg。结论①在非糖尿病孕妇中,随着妊娠早期TSH、75g OGTT中FPG、妊娠期体质量增加3项指标是其发生巨大儿的独立危险因素;②当妊娠早期TSH2.185 U/L、妊娠期体质量增加14.75 kg、75g OGTT空腹血糖4.38 mmol/L时,非妊娠糖尿病孕妇发生巨大儿的风险显著增加。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇羊水葡萄糖水平变化与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系。方法对255例足月、单胎孕妇,于孕24~28周行50g葡萄糖筛查试验(50gGCT),口服葡萄糖后1h血糖≥7·8mmol/L,且<10·6mmol/L者为葡萄糖筛查阳性,阳性者进一步行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(75gOGTT)。根据两项试验结果分为GDM组、妊娠期糖耐量低减(GIGT)组和正常妊娠组,每组85例。分别测定3组孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数、新生儿出生体重、孕妇空腹血糖、脐静脉血糖,并进行各指标间相关与回归的统计学分析。结果(1)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平为(1·30±0·71)mmol/L,明显高于GIGT组的(1·02±0·57)mmol/L和正常妊娠组的(0·90±0·58)mmol/L,分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0·01)。(2)GDM组羊水指数为(16·1±4·6)cm,稍高于GIGT组的(14·8±4·3)cm,差异无统计学意义(P>0·05);明显高于正常妊娠组的(12·7±3·2)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。(3)GDM组新生儿出生体重为(3612±510)g,低于GIGT组的(3694±490)g,高于正常妊娠组的(3487±458)g,但分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0·05)。(4)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平分别与羊水指数(r=0·330,P=0·002)、新生儿出生体重(r=0·347,P=0·001)、孕妇空腹血糖(r=0·589,P<0·01)、脐静脉血糖(r=0·218,P=0·045)呈正相关关系。GIGT组和正常妊娠组羊水葡萄糖水平仅与羊水指数呈正相关关系。(5)GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数及新生儿出生体重分别为(1·02±0·50)mmol/L、(13·9±4·2)cm及(3497±475)g,血糖控制不理想孕妇分别为(1·92±0·76)mmol/L、(16·4±4·4)cm及(3869±481)g,两者分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0·01、P<0·05、P<0·01)。GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的以上3项指标接近正常妊娠组(P>0·05)。结论GDM患者的羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量、新生儿出生体重有密切关系。血糖控制理想与否对GDM合并羊水过多、巨大儿等并发症起决定因素,而积极管理可极大地改善GDM患者的母儿预后。     

妊娠期葡萄糖耐量试验血糖值与新生儿出生体重的关系

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期特有疾病,指妊娠期发生或首次发现的不同程度的糖耐量异常,包含了一部分妊娠前已经患有糖尿病但妊娠期首次被诊断的患者.由于GDM的发病率逐年上升,且与巨大儿、剖宫产率增加、子痫前期等一系列不良妊娠结局的发生及母儿远期不良预后密切相关[1 2],故目前周内已广泛开展GDM的筛查工作.本研究对孕妇进行50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(glucose challenge test,GCT),对筛查异常的孕妇进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT),随访其妊娠结局,探讨OGTT各时点血糖值及OGTT结果的曲线下面积(area under the curve of the results of the oral glucose tolerance test,AUC-OGTT)与新生儿出生体重之间的关系.     

妊娠早期甲状腺功能减退与妊娠期糖尿病及糖代谢指标的关系

目的探究妊娠早期甲状腺功能减退与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)及糖代谢指标的关系。方法抽取妊娠9～13~(+6)周常规产检正常(正常组)、甲状腺功能减退(甲减组)妊娠早期孕妇各80例,于妊娠中期行口服75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)及糖代谢指标检测,记录GDM发生情况及妊娠结局。结果甲减组GDM发生率明显高于正常组(P0.05),甲减组GDM孕妇剖宫产率、并发症发生率均显著高于无GDM孕妇(P0.05)。与正常组相比,甲减组娠中期OGTT各时相血糖、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2 h血糖(2 h PG)及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)均显著高(P0.05)。妊娠早期血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)与妊娠中期OGTT各时相血糖、FBG、2 h PG及HbAlc明显相关(P0.05)。孕前体质量指数(BMI)27.2 kg/m~2、TSH上升2.2 μIU/ml、FT4下降1.8 pmol/L是GDM的危险因素(P0.05)。结论妊娠早期甲状腺功能减退可增加GDM发生风险,且与妊娠中期糖代谢指标变化相关。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠晚期血脂水平变化与新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病患者妊娠晚期血脂水平变化与新生儿出生体重的关系。方法采用酶法测定40例妊娠期糖尿病孕妇(妊娠期糖尿病组)、30例1型糖尿病孕妇(1型糖尿病组)、30例2型糖尿病孕妇(2型糖尿病组)及30例正常孕妇(正常妊娠组)妊娠晚期血脂水平。同时测定4组孕妇所分娩的新生儿出生体重。结果(1)妊娠期糖尿病组、1型糖尿病组、2型糖尿病组及正常妊娠组血清甘油三酯水平分别为(40±14)mmol/L、(29±08)mmol/L、(41±25)mmol/L及(27±09)mmol/L;总胆固醇水平分别为(65±30)mmol/L、(62±28)mmol/L、(64±32)mmol/L及(60±31)mmol/L;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平分别为(33±13)mmol/L、(32±13)mmol/L、(33±11)mmol/L及(32±10)mmol/L;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平分别为(16±05)mmol/L、(14±05)mmol/L、(15±04)mmol/L及(16±04)mmol/L。妊娠期糖尿病组及2型糖尿病组甘油三酯水平明显高于正常妊娠组及1型糖尿病组(P<001)。(2)妊娠期糖尿病组、1型糖尿病组、2型糖尿病组及正常妊娠组的新生儿出生体重分别为(4108±544)g、(3323±457)g、(4111±263)g及(3463±516)g。(3)妊娠期糖尿病组、1型糖尿病组、2型糖尿病组新生儿出生体重,与血清甘油三酯水平呈明显的正相关(r=039,P<001)。结论妊娠期糖尿病及2型糖尿病孕妇     

妊娠期糖尿病筛查与诊断的进展

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)是常见的产科并发症,其发生率为1%～13.9%,不良的妊娠结局与血糖水平相关,GDM的筛查时间应在妊娠18周前,筛查对象为普查或选择性筛查,以空腹血糖(FBG)代替糖负荷试验(GCT),以FBG≥5.6mmol/L为阈值,进行口服糖耐量试验(OGTT)检查,能够取得理想的敏感度和特异度,诊断方法分为一步法和两步法,测血浆血糖优于测全血血糖,Carpenter标准更适用于GDM的临床诊断.     

Reassessing the labor curve in nulliparous women

OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to examine the pattern of labor progression in nulliparous parturients in contemporary obstetric practice. STUDY DESIGN: We extracted detailed labor data from 1329 nulliparous parturients with a term, singleton, vertex fetus of normal birth weight after spontaneous onset of labor. Cesarean deliveries were excluded. We used a repeated-measures regression with a 10th-order polynomial function to discover the average labor curve under contemporary practice. With use of an interval-censored regression with a log normal distribution, we also computed the expected time interval of the cervix to reach the next centimeter, the expected rate of cervical dilation at each phase of labor, and the duration of labor for fetal descent at various stations. RESULTS: Our average labor curve differs markedly from the Friedman curve. The cervix dilated substantially slower in the active phase. It took approximately 5.5 hours from 4 cm to 10 cm, compared with 2.5 hours under the Friedman curve. We observed no deceleration phase. Before 7 cm, no perceivable change in cervical dilation for more than 2 hour was not uncommon. The 5th percentiles of rate of cervical dilation were all below 1 cm per hour. The 95th percentile of time interval for fetal descent from station +1/3 to +2/3 was 3 hours at the second stage. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the pattern of labor progression in contemporary practice differs significantly from the Friedman curve. The diagnostic criteria for protraction and arrest disorders of labor may be too stringent in nulliparous women.     

Effect of meconium on the hemoglobin-oxygen association curve

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the effect of meconium-stained amniotic fluid on the hemoglobin-oxygen association curve of maternal whole blood. METHODS: Whole blood was obtained from term gravidas in active labor. Hemoglobin-oxygen association curves were generated for blood incubated with meconium vs. controls. Oxygen association curves were determined at pH 7.4 and 37 degrees C utilizing an automated device consisting of a spectrophotometer cuvette fitted with a magnetic stirrer, gas exchange line, and a Clark oxygen electrode. The samples were deoxygenated with nitrogen and association curves recorded while reoxygenating. Data was analyzed with Sigma Plot and Sigma Stat software. Analysis included log transformation, linear regression, and paired t-test. RESULTS: Twenty-eight hemoglobin oxygen association curves were generated. In all 14 pairs, meconium shifted the hemoglobin-oxygen association curve to the right. Partial pressures of oxygen required for various degrees of hemoglobin saturation were higher in meconium-exposed samples; P50 (30.1+/-0.6 vs. 27.8+/-0.4 mmHg, P < 0.01); P75 (46.9+/-0.6 vs. 43.1+/-0.5 mmHg, P < .001); P90 (69.2+/-1 vs. 63.3+/-1 mmHg, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Meconium-stained amniotic fluid causes a statistically significant, but clinically small, right shift in the hemoglobin-oxygen association curve.     

Total laparoscopic hysterectomy: the Brisbane learning curve

BACKGROUND: Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) is becoming more commonly used for gynaecological malignancies. AIMS: To describe our experience with TLH since its introduction to our tertiary referral centre for gynaecological cancer in 2003. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the first 120 consecutive cases of TLH performed at our gynaecological cancer centre. Patients were divided into the first, second and third group of 40 patients. Operating time, estimated blood loss, hospital stay, conversion to laparotomy and intra- and postoperative morbidity were evaluated. Results: The three groups were similar with regard to baseline characteristics. For the entire group the mean hospital stay was 2.4 +/- 1.4 days and eight of 120 patients (6.6%) required conversion to laparotomy. Operating time, estimated blood loss and intraoperative morbidity were similar among the three groups. Postoperative morbidity was highest (25%) in the middle one-third of the patients (P = 0.022). The percentage of pelvic lymph node dissections increased from 2.5% in the first one-third of patients to 27.5% in the final one-third of patients (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: TLH can be established safely in a tertiary gynaecological cancer referral centre.     

Characterisation of the learning curve of caesarean section

Introduction

Caesarean section is one of the common operations in medicine. As almost all interventions, the quality of the operation depends on the training and skills of the surgeon. This study aims at characterising the learning curve of caesarean section.

Material and methods

All patients with a singleton pregnancy who underwent a caesarean section between 2000 and 2009 in our university hospital were identified. We analysed datasets from beginners (no experience at all) and experienced surgeons (>300 caesarean sections, consultant) comparing the parameter incision?Csuture time (I?CS time), incision?Cdelivery time (I?CD time), maternal blood loss, umbilical artery pH (ua-pH), APGAR score after 1, 5 and 10?min, mean time in hospital and postoperative complications. In addition, the first 100 caesarean sections of each beginner surgeon were divided in groups of 10 (1?C10, 11?C20, etc.) and analysed using the above-mentioned parameters. The learning curves were calculated.

Results

2,515 of 3,844 operations were carried out by 23 experienced surgeons versus 1,329 operations by 22 beginners. The I?CS time and I?CD time was significantly higher in the beginners group than in the experienced surgeon??s group (45.9 vs. 41.3?min, p?p?p?Conclusion The learning curve for the total operation time and incision?Cdelivery time reaches a flatter part after 10?C15 caesarean sections. However, the learning process is highly individualised and difficult to predict, so that supervision and evaluation of the trainee by an experienced surgeon is important.     

The descent curve of the grand multiparous woman

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the descent curves and second-stage length among grand multiparous, nulliparous, and lower parity multiparous women. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohorts of spontaneously laboring, vertex-presenting, term, grand multiparous women (parity >or=5) from two medical centers over 5.5 years were matched randomly to nulliparous women and lower parity multiparous women controlled for age, hospital, and year of delivery. Descent curves were modeled from serial cervical examination data by the estimation of the probability of a given station occurring at a given time before delivery with the use of ordinal logistic regression. Curves were compared by Wald tests and adjusted for possible confounders. Second-stage lengths were compared by a Cox proportional hazards model. A probability value of <.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Grand multiparous women and lower parity multiparous women maintain a high station up to 1.5 hour before delivery and then rapidly transition to delivery. Nulliparous women transition to lower stations at a more gradual rate throughout the first and second stages. Descent curves differ among parity groups, with grand multiparous women maintaining a higher station for a longer time compared with either lower parity multiparous women or nulliparous women (P<.001). Once full dilation is reached, the median length of the second stage is 0.75, 0.85, and 1.75 hours for grand multiparous women, lower parity multiparous women, and nulliparous women, respectively (hazard ratios were 0.39 for nulliparous women vs grand multiparous women and 0.9 for lower parity multiparous women vs grand multiparous women). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with lower parity multiparous women or nulliparous women, grand multiparous women maintain a higher station for a longer time before delivery but transition rapidly to delivery once full dilation is reached.