甲状旁腺肿瘤致原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进的的影像学诊断

目的 总结８例甲状旁腺肿瘤及并发症的影像学特征。材料与方法 全组病例术前局部及肾区均行Ｂ超检查和骨骼Ｘ线摄片检查。术前局部彩超、ＣＴ平扫各５例，ＣＴ强化４例。结果 腺瘤７例，６例位于甲状腺下极。Ｂ超示边界清楚，包膜完整的低回声结节。２例瘤体内可见无回声区，其中１例有点状钙化；彩超检查瘤体内与外周均见丰富血流信号，并见动脉血流进入瘤体内；ＣＴ平扫为边界清楚的低密度灶，具均匀强化。腺癌１例，Ｂ超和ＣＴ     

甲状旁腺机能亢进

甲状旁腺机能亢进 (ｈｙｐｅｒｐａｒａｔｈｙｒｏｉｄｉｓｍ)是由于甲状旁腺素(ｐａｒａｔｈｏｒｍｏｎｅ ,ＰＴＨ)分泌过多 ,而引起钙、磷代谢紊乱。通常表现为高血钙、低血磷 ,尿钙、尿磷排出增多。按其病因可分为原发性和继发性两大类 ,以原发性常见 (占 80 %以上 )。原发性以主细胞腺瘤最多见 ,其次为弥漫性甲状旁腺增生 ;继发性甲状旁腺机能亢进 ,则是由于肾脏疾病或其他疾病 ,引起血钙过低或血磷过高 ,因而刺激甲状旁腺 ,引起继发性甲状旁腺机能亢进。后者常见于慢性肾脏疾病、肾小管性酸中毒、佝偻病和范可尼综合征 (Ｆａｎｃｏｎｉ…     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进的骨骼MRI表现及诊断实验研究

目的:探讨原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进(Primary hyperparathyroidism, PHPT)骨骼病变的MRI特征性表现及其诊断价值.材料和方法: 健康成年中国白兔80只,随机分成两组.对照组40只,以正常饮食(Ca:P=1:0.7)喂养,实验组40只,以高磷饮食(Ca:P=1:7)喂养建立原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进动物模型.在第3～6个月采用高场MR骨扫描分析影像学特征,并对甲状旁腺及骨骼行病理学检查,评价影像诊断的准确性.结果:甲状旁腺明显增生.骨骼均存在骨质疏松表现,MRI(T1WI)表现为局限性低信号改变,T2WI早期表现为局限性低信号或高低混杂信号改变,相应螺旋CT扫描依次为阴性,可疑,骨质疏松,骨膜下皮质吸收表现.结论: 高场MR诊断早期PHPT骨骼病变的敏感性明显优于X线平片和CT, 是研究早期PHPT骨骼病变的可靠手段.     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进并发全身重度骨破坏一例

甲状旁腺机能亢进 (以下简称甲旁亢 )患者常以骨骼症状就诊 ,但易误诊。笔者将一例误诊十几年的患者报道如下。男 ,49岁。全身疼痛乏力伴右前臂肿痛十几年 ,因穿衣时疼痛加剧出现畸形就诊。Ｘ线片示右侧尺桡骨中部可见囊状骨质破坏伴骨折。患者既往曾行右髌骨骨折 ,右股骨及左胫骨骨折 ,右胫骨“骨巨细胞瘤”手术及肾结石手术。查体可见全身多处骨骼畸形 ,精神差。加照身体其它部位Ｘ光片示 :胸腰椎骨质疏松软化呈“双凹征” ,胸廓塌陷 ,双侧胫腓骨及尺桡骨骨质疏松软化、变形 ,并见囊状骨破坏区 ,牙槽骨等处骨质明显破坏(图 1～ 3)。图 1　…     

肾功能衰竭继发甲状旁腺机能亢进的核素甲状旁腺显像诊断

应用９９ｍＴｃ－甲氧基异丁基异腈（ＭＩＢＩ）和１３１Ｉ甲状旁腺显像对２０例慢性肾功能衰竭病人和１５例健康者进行了检查，并测量其血清甲状旁腺素（ＰＴＨ）浓度．结果：２０例肾衰患者均显示甲状旁腺增大；ＰＴＨ浓度肾衰组为８００．４７±６６５．２５ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ，对照组为８２．８１±１３．７９ｐｍｏｌ／Ｌ．结果提示甲状旁腺显像和ＰＴＨＲＩＡ可为继发性甲状旁腺机能亢进的诊断提供有价值的资料．     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症7例误诊临床分析

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进症（简称甲旁亢）的实际发病率不详。甲状旁腺一般有４枚,常位于甲状腺二侧后壁,平均总重量约１２０ｇ。分泌的激素叫甲状旁腺激素（简称ＰＴＨ）。此激素在腺体内合成和分泌。血清钙离子浓度是调节甲状旁腺机能的主要因素。血钙过低时可刺激甲状旁腺促进ＰＴＨ合成和分泌,血钙过高可抑制ＰＴＨ合成和分泌,使钙向骨骼转移而降低血钙水平。我院内分泌科每年收治此病人例数不足１０例,在一些中小医院对本病认识更不够。现将我院１９９５年１月－１９９７年６月间收洽误诊的甲旁亢７例,报告如下：１　临床资料１…     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进影像诊断的评价

目的比较Ｂ超、ＣＴ、９９ｍＴｃ甲氧基异丁基异腈（ＭＩＢＩ）对于高功能甲状旁腺病灶定位诊断的价值。方法经临床诊断为原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进（简称原发甲旁亢）的２３例患者均做了Ｂ超检查，２０例做了ＣＴ扫描，２１例进行了９９ｍＴｃＭＩＢＩ核素显像。结果２３例患者共摘除２３枚腺瘤和２枚增生腺体，均经病理诊断证实。Ｂ超、ＣＴ、９９ｍＴｃＭＩＢＩ的灵敏度分别为６０％、６８％和９１％，特异性为９７％、９７％和１００％，准确性为８９％、９１％和９８％。Ｂ超与ＣＴ无明显差异，９９ｍＴｃＭＩＢＩ在灵敏度和准确性方面优于Ｂ超和ＣＴ，但特异性三者近似。结论９９ｍＴｃＭＩＢＩ双时相法对于甲状旁腺腺瘤的定位诊断很有帮助，原发甲旁亢患者首次探查术前进行无创影像定位检查是必要的     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进性骨病的影像学诊断

目的:探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进性骨病的影像学诊断。方法:对病理证实的14例甲状旁腺腺瘤患者多个骨骼部位的影像资料进行回顾性分析,包括14例平片,5例局部CT片、1例骨盆MRI。结果:骨质疏松14例(100%)、骨膜下骨吸收12例(85.7%);纤维囊性骨炎11例(78.5%);病理性骨折8例(57.1%);软骨下骨吸收7例(50.0%);骨骼畸形5例(41.6%);所有病例均为多骨受累。结论:甲状旁腺功能亢进性骨病的早期表现为骨质疏松,骨膜下骨吸收为进展期特征性征象,是诊断PHPT骨病的可靠征象。     

原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进的骨骼X线表现(附16例报告)

目的：分析原发性甲状旁腺机能高进（甲旁亢）的骨骼X线改变。方法：收集了病理证实甲状旁腺腺瘤12例,腺体增生3例,腺癌1例,其中伴有尿路结石13例,并伴有高血钙低血磷,均行头颅,胸部,骨盆,股骨,双手X线检查,结果：甲旁亢除引起全身骨质稀疏外,认为骨膜下骨质吸收为特征性征象。纤维囊样骨炎和颅盖骨磨砂玻璃样变对诊断有重要价值。结论：全身骨质普遍稀疏伴有尿路结石可提示有甲旁亢可能,根据其X线特征与临床结合可作出甲旁亢的诊断。     

影像学对原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进骨病的诊断价值

目的研究原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进所致骨骼改变的特殊影像学征象（如好发骨骼影像学改变,特殊的病理学特征,性别差异）,旨在提高对本病影像的诊断。方法对8例患者经手术病理证实为原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进所致骨改变的影像资料进行回顾性分析。结果所有患者均有广泛性骨质疏松改变,多部位受累及多种影像表现共存。其中骨质疏松8例,骨质破坏吸收6例,骨质软化2例,纤维囊性骨炎3例,软组织钙化1例,病理性骨折2例。结论中年女性患原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进机率高;骨质疏松多为发病早期的表现,骨膜下吸收为原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进进展期所特有,棕色瘤的出现标志着该病变已进人中晚期;从影像学角度分析其特有表现有利于正确诊断该病,并进一步确定病变程度,从而减少误诊,提高诊断率,明确病变程度,为临床医生提供正确的治疗方案提供影像学依据。     

Differential Findings of Tc-99m Sestamibi Dual-Phase Parathyroid Scintigraphy Between Benign and Malignant Parathyroid Lesions in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the differential findings in clinical and biochemical features, and Tc-99m sestamibi (MIBI) dual-phase parathyroid scintigraphy for malignant and benign parathyroid lesions in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Methods

Subjects were 102 parathyroid lesions from 91 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. Scintigraphic findings included radioactivity grade, uptake pattern, uptake contour, lesion size on early and delayed images, and degree of washout. Clinical and biochemical features were also evaluated. Histopathology confirmed the final diagnosis for all the patients.

Results

Final diagnoses were 94 benign parathyroid lesions and 8 parathyroid carcinomas. The patients with parathyroid carcinoma were significantly older (p = 0.002) and had significantly higher serum parathyroid hormone concentrations than those with benign parathyroid lesions (p < 0.001). All malignant parathyroid lesions showed intense radioactivity similar to or greater than the submandibular gland activity on delayed images (p = 0.007), and little radioactivity difference between early and delayed images (p = 0.012). The cancer incidence for parathyroid lesions with both intense radioactivity and no washout was 17.0% (8/47). When parathyroid lesions with all of the above-mentioned findings were regarded as malignant, the cancer incidence significantly increased from 17.0% to 33.3% (8/24, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

For Tc-99m MIBI dual-phase parathyroid scintigraphy, uptake grade on delayed images and washout were significantly useful diagnostic criteria for differentiating benign from malignant parathyroid lesions, along with age and parathyroid hormone serum concentration.     

原发性甲旁亢的影像学诊断

目的：对原发性甲旁亢的影像学检查方法及诊断价值进行评估。材料和方法：对手术病理证实的５３例原发性甲旁亢病例的影像学资料进行回顾性分析。其中３５例作ＣＴ检查,Ｂ超检查４６例,核素检查５例。结果：５３例甲旁亢手术确诊甲旁腺腺瘤５１例,占９６．２３％。甲旁腺增生２例。ＣＴ检查有２７例诊断为甲旁腺腺瘤（２７／３５）,病灶８１．４８％位于甲状腺下极（２２／２７）,１８．５２％位于甲状腺上极（５／２７）;各病灶增强后通常有明显强化,比平扫时ＣＴ值上升约３０￣４０Ｈｕ。Ｂ超检查有３８例诊断为甲旁腺腺瘤（３８／４６）。核素检查中３例误诊为甲状腺腺瘤。结论：原发性甲旁亢的定性诊断主要依靠临床及生化检查,定位诊断依靠Ｂ超、ＣＴ及核素等影像学检查,Ｂ超和ＣＴ检查的原发笥甲旁亢的诊断中敏感性及特异性无显著差别,两者可互相补充,根据甲旁     

原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进性骨病的影像学表现

目的探讨原发性甲状旁腺功能亢进(PHPT)性骨病的影像学表现,以提高对其认识。资料与方法回顾性分析12例经病理及实验室检查证实的PHPT性骨病患者的影像学资料并进行总结。12例均行X线平片检查,6例局部CT扫描;3例行局部MRI检查。结果12例均为多骨受累,主要影像学表现为:(1)全身骨质密度减低10例(83.3%);(2)骨吸收10例(83.3%);(3)纤维囊性骨炎9例(75%),其中棕色瘤5例(41.6%);(4)颅骨胡椒盐改变5例(41.6%);(5)病理性骨折4例(33.3%);(6)关节病变3例;(7)软组织及软骨钙化各1例;(8)骨硬化1例。结论全身骨质密度减低为PHPT性骨病较为恒定的征象,平片未发现骨质密度减低,并不能排除PHPT性骨病的可能;骨膜下及皮质内骨吸收为其特征性表现;泛发性纤维囊性骨炎为其典型表现;多发的伴有液-液平面的囊性骨质破坏,对棕色瘤的诊断具有重要意义。     

多发棕色瘤X线、CT及MRI表现

目的 分析多发性棕色瘤的X线、CT和MRI表现,探讨其临床特点和鉴别诊断.方法 32例由原发性甲状旁腺机能亢进(PHPT)引起多发性棕色瘤患者,均经手术及病理证实,所有病例均行局部骨X线、CT和MRI检查,对其影像学表现进行对照分析.结果 32例PHPT患者均在全身不同部位出现棕色瘤病变,其中股骨病变15例、胫骨干15例、腓骨干12例、髂骨16例、椎体3例、肱骨3例、肋骨5例和指骨12例.结论 X线、CT和MRI从不同方面反映了多发性棕色瘤的病理改变,三种检查方法结合可更全面显示多发性棕色瘤的影像学特点,有利于定性和鉴别诊断.     

Efficacy and Safety of Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Prospective Study

ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy and safety of ultrasound (US)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT).Materials and MethodsThis prospective study enrolled 39 participants (14 male, 25 female; mean age, 59.5 ± 15.3 [range, 18–87] years) between September 1, 2018, and January 31, 2021. All participants had parathyroid lesions causing PHPT, proven biochemically and through imaging. The imaging features of the PHPT nodules, including the shape, margin, size, composition, and location, were evaluated before treatment. Serum intact parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus levels; parathyroid nodule volume; and PHPT-related symptoms were recorded before and after treatment. We calculated the technical success, biochemical cure, and clinical cure rates for these patients. Complications were evaluated during and after the ablation.ResultsComplete ablation was achieved in 38 of the 39 nodules in the 39 enrolled participants. All the patients were treated in one session. The technical success rate was 97.4% (38/39). The mean follow-up duration was 13.2 ± 4.6 (range, 6.0–24.9) months. At 6 and 12 months post-RFA, the biochemical cure rates were 82.1% (32/39) and 84.4% (27/32), respectively, and the clinical cure rates were 100% (39/39) and 96.9% (31/32), respectively. Only 2.6% (1/39) of the patients had recurrent PHPT. At 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after technically successful RFA, 44.7% (17/38), 34.3% (12/35), 15.8% (6/38), and 12.5% (4/32) of participants, respectively, had elevated eucalcemic parathyroid hormone levels. Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in 5.1% (2/39) of the patients, who recovered spontaneously within 1–3 months.ConclusionUS-guided RFA was effective and safe for PHPT patients. RFA may be an alternative treatment tool for patients who cannot tolerate or refuse to undergo surgery.     

原发性甲状旁腺肿瘤的影像诊断

目的:分析原发性甲状旁腺肿瘤的US、CT、ECT表现,评估各种检查方法对原发性甲状旁腺肿瘤的诊断价值.方法:回顾性分析经手术病理证实的9例原发性甲状旁腺肿瘤患者的术前影像资料.结果:病变位于甲状腺区域5例,异位4例;B超检查9例发现病变8例,均表现为边界清晰之低回声肿块;CT检查5例发现4例,表现为软组织密度结节,有明显强化;ECT检查3例发现3例,均表现为病变区域结节状核素浓聚影.结论:US、CT、ECT对大部分原发性甲状旁腺肿瘤均能作出准确的定位定性诊断,多种检查方法联合应用可提高病变的检出率.     

Diagnostic performance of computed tomography for parathyroid adenoma localization; a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract purposeTo perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of CT for preoperative parathyroid localization in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), and subsequently compare the different protocols and their performance in different patient groups.Materials and methodsWe performed a search of the Embase, Pubmed and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies published between January 1, 2000 and March 31, 2016 investigating the diagnostic value of CT for parathyroid localization in patients with biochemical diagnosis of pHPT. Performance of CT was expressed in sensitivity and PPV with pooled proportion using a random-effects model. Factors that could have affected the diagnostic performance were investigated by subgroup analysis.ResultsThirty-four studies evaluating a total of 2563 patients with non-familial pHPT who underwent CT localization and surgical resection were included. Overall pooled sensitivity of CT for localization of the pathological parathyroid(s) to the correct quadrant was 73% (95% CI: 69–78%), which increased to 81% (95% CI: 75–87%) for lateralization to the correct side. Subgroup analysis based on the number of contrast phases showed that adding a second contrast phase raises sensitivity from 71% (95% CI: 61–80%) to 76% (95% CI: 71–87%), and that adding a third phase resulted in a more modest additional increase in performance with a sensitivity of 80% (95% CI: 74–86%).ConclusionCT performs well in localizing pathological glands in patients with pHPT. A protocol with two contrast phases seems to offer a good balance of acceptable performance with limitation of radiation exposure.     

肿瘤血管生成中VEGF/VEGFRs的分子影像进展

肿瘤的血管生成在肿瘤的生长、演进、转移过程中具有重要的调节作用.对新生血管生成过程进行分子影像学评价,有利于肿瘤的早期诊断、指导抗血管药物治疗、估计预后等作用.本文主要对血管内皮生长因子/受体在分子成像中的应用及进展进行综述.     

Brown Tumor of the Patella Caused by Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Case Report

It has been reported that the common sites of brown tumors are the jaw, pelvis, ribs, femurs and clavicles. We report our experience in a case of brown tumor of the patella caused by primary hyperparathyroidism. An initial radiograph and CT showed an osteolytic lesion and MR images showed a mixed solid and multiloculated cystic tumor in the right patella. One month after the parathyroidectomy, rapid bone formation was observed on both radiographs and CT images.     

原发性气管肿瘤的影像学诊断

报道１８例由病理证实的原发性气管肿瘤：腺瘤８例、鳞癌５例、纤维瘤３例、乳头状瘤和纤维血管瘤各１例。重点分析了良恶性气管肿瘤的ＣＴ表现并与Ｘ线表现比较，提出区分良恶性肿瘤的ＣＴ症像，还简要的讨论了本瘤的影像学鉴别诊断和检查方法的选择。