Fura—2荧光测定眼镜蛇心脏毒引起细胞胞浆Ca~(2+)浓度的变化

用Fura—2荧光技术直接测定眼镜蛇心脏毒(CTX)对大鼠泪腺细胞胞浆Ca~(2+)浓度的影响。在无Ca~(2+)的介液下,CTX可使胞浆Ca~(2+)浓度升高;随之加入1mmol/L CaCl_2可使胞浆Ca~(2+)浓度进一步升高。表明CTX能引起胞内Ca~(2+)释放和胞外Ca~(2+)内流。8mmol/L CaCl_2能阻断CTX升高胞浆Ca~(2+)浓度的作用。     

前胡丙素对培养大鼠心肌细胞内游离Ca~(2+)的影响

用Fura-2/AM技术直接观察前胡丙素(Pra-C)对培养大鼠心室肌细胞内游离钙的影响。结果显示Pra-C浓度为0.1～1.0μmol·L~(-1)可明显抑制CaCl_2,高K~+和Bay K 8644引起[Ca~(2+)]i增加,并且有剂量—效应关系,对ouabain引起的[Ca~(2+)]i增加无明显作用。结果提示Pra-C降低心肌细胞[Ca~(2+)]i的作用与抑制电压依赖性钙通道有关。     

应用Fura-2测Ca~(2+)时应注意的问题

<正> Ca~(2+)的荧光络合剂Fura—2,是目前最常使用的细胞内Ca~(2+)指示剂,它较Q-uin—2具有用量少,灵敏度高等优点,但其使用也存在一些实际问题。Fura-2不能透过细胞膜,所以常用其乙酰甲基酯Fura-2/AM,Fura—2/AM不溶于水,溶于二甲亚砜(DMSO)。     

左旋千金藤定碱对培养牛主动脉血管平滑肌细胞胞内游离Ca~(2+)的影响

目的：研究左旋千金藤定碱（ｌ－ｓｔｅｐｈｏｌｉｄｉｎｅ，ＳＰＤ）对血管平滑肌的作用。方法：采用Ｆｕｒａ－２和ＡＲ－ＣＭ－ＭＩＣ阳离子测定系统测定培养牛主动脉血管平滑肌细胞内游离钙。结果：ＳＰＤ１～１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１不影响静息［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ，但可剂量依赖地抑制高Ｋ＋引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ增高，其ＩＣ５０为３９．６（９５％可信限２３．４～６７．１）μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１，但其作用弱于尼群地平；ＳＰＤ１～１００μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１对去甲肾上腺素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、５－ＨＴ、ＡＴＰ引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ增高也有明显的抑制作用；高浓度ＳＰＤ对无外钙时去甲肾上腺素引起的［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ增高也有一定的抑制作用。结论：左旋千金藤定碱对培养血管平滑肌细胞电压依赖性钙通道和受体调控性钙通道均有抑制作用；其对电压依赖性钙通道的抑制作用弱于尼群地平。     

应用Fura-2/AM检测分离的神经细胞内游离钙及其变化

本文以酶法制备新生大鼠脑细胞悬液,运用近年来发展起来的Fura-2技术,检测此神经细胞内游离钙(以下简写为[Ca²⁺]i)及其变化。结果表明:在静息状态下,其[Ca²⁺]i为240±5nmol/L。高钾去极化可使[Ca²⁺]i成倍增加.钙拮抗剂verapamil和Ilifedipinc能阻断高钾升高[Ca²⁺]i的作用。实验结果证明了所制备的神经细胞悬液的可用性及建立的Fura-2测定[Ca²⁺]i方法的可靠性。     

组织和细胞中Ca~(2+)浓度测定方法的研究进展

组织和细胞内的Ca2+与信号传导以及生理病理应答反应具有重要的联系,因此测定其含量及动态变化具有重要的研究意义。近年来Ca2+的测定技术和相关机制研究在国内外发展迅速,包括45Ca跨膜流动测定方法、X射线微区分析方法、离子选择微电极方法、核磁共振波谱方法、原子吸收分光光度法测定方法、荧光探针方法等,该文就相关方面介绍这些方法的特点和主要应用情况。     

用荧光剂Fura-2连续测定大鼠泪腺细胞胞浆内Ca~(2+)浓度的变化

<正>普遍认为，激素及神经递质对细胞作用的机理涉及到胞内CA~(2+)浓度的改变，激活不同的细胞膜受体常常通过利用胞     

舒郁胶囊对大鼠海马原代培养神经元Ca~(2+)-CaM通路的作用

目的观察海马神经元内Ca2+浓度和CaM蛋白水平表达变化,探索复方舒郁胶囊治疗抑郁情绪的微观作用机制。方法采用孤养结合慢性温和刺激复制抑郁情绪大鼠模型,以调肝方药舒郁胶囊及其君药柴胡提取物进行干预,氟西汀作为阳性对照药,制备各组大鼠血清;运用原代无血清培养技术培养大鼠海马神经元,以制备的各组大鼠含药血清孵育神经元;采用荧光探针Fluo-3/AM染色和细胞免疫荧光技术,分别测定海马神经元胞内[Ca2+]i和CaM蛋白表达水平。结果与正常组相比,模型血清组细胞内[Ca2+]i和CaM蛋白表达水平明显降低(P<0.05);各含药血清组神经元胞内[Ca2+]i和CaM蛋白水平较模型血清组明显升高(P<0.05),与正常血清组差异无显著性。结论舒郁胶囊调控海马神经元胞内Ca2+-CaM体系的变化可能是其治疗抑郁情绪的作用机制之一。     

SDS增敏荧光光度法测定人血清中左氧氟沙星的残留量

目的 建立人血清中左氧氟沙星(LOX)残留量的快速测定方法.方法 采用十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)增敏荧光光度法.结果 用无水乙醇沉淀蛋白,对血清进行预处理,利用LOX-SDS体系测定,人血清中LOX在0.1～5.0 μg·ml-1时,荧光强度与浓度呈线性关系,其回归方程为:F＝5.552 40.019C(r＝0.9990),平均回收率为99.72%,RSD＝0.68%.结论 所建方法简便、准确、快速,可用于人血清中LOX的测定.     

小檗碱对培养大鼠心肌细胞胞内游离Ca2+的作用

利用Fura-2技术和AR-CM-MIC阳离子测定系统,直接观察了小檗碱对培养大鼠心肌细胞胞内[Ca²⁺]i的影响。结果显示:小檗碱可明显升高心肌细胞静息[Ca²⁺]i且具饱合性,维拉帕米和CoCl₂对其有一定的抑制作用;小檗碱与高K⁺,高Ca²⁺,去甲肾上腺素,哇巴因合用比单用上述激动剂更能明显增高[Ca²⁺]i;维拉帕米对其有抑制作用;在胞外无外Ca²⁺和无外Ca²⁺,外K⁺,外Na⁺时,小檗碱30～200μmol·L^-1仍能升高静息[Ca²⁺]i,维拉帕米只对前者有一定抑制作用。结果提示:小檗碱可能通过促胞外Ca²⁺内流和胞内Ca²⁺释放等途径有限度地增高心肌细胞内游离Ca²⁺浓度,显示强心作用。     

异丙酚对PC12细胞膜流动性及[Ca~(2+)]_i的影响

目的　研究异丙酚对PC12细胞膜流动性及 [Ca2 + ]i的影响。方法　以PC12细胞作为神经细胞模型 ,加入不同浓度的异丙酚 ,用荧光偏振法测定细胞膜微粘度 η的动态变化 ,用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜检测 [Ca2 + ]i 随时间变化曲线。结果　①异丙酚各剂量组的 η值均降低 ,并呈现剂量依赖性 ;② 30、10 0mg·L-1的异丙酚在加药后 2 0～ 30s使[Ca2 + ]i 短暂升高 ,[Ca2 + ]i的峰值分别比加药前增加了119%和 14 0 % ,但在 5 0s内均恢复到加药前水平。结论　异丙酚的全麻作用机制可能与细胞膜流动性增高有关     

Effects of econazole on Ca2+ levels in and the growth of human prostate cancer PC3 cells

1. Econazole is used clinically as an antifungal drug with many different in vitro effects. However, the effects of econazole on prostate cancer cells are unknown. The effects of econazole on intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in and the proliferation of human PC3 prostate cancer cells was explored in the present study using fura-2 and tetrazolium as fluorescent dyes. 2. At a concentration of 0.1 micromol/L, econazole started to increase [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent manner. The econazole-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was reduced by 48% by removal of extracellular Ca2+, suggesting that the econazole-induced increase in [Ca2+]i was composed of extracellular Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+. 3. This econazole-induced Ca2+ influx was via an L-type Ca2+ channel-like pathway. In Ca2+-free medium, 1 micromol/L thapsigargin, an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, caused a monophasic increase in [Ca2+]i, after which the effect of econazole to increase [Ca2+]i was substantially inhibited. Conversely, pretreatment with 5 micromol/L econazole to deplete intracellular Ca2+ stores totally prevented thapsigargin from releasing more Ca2+. 4. The phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor U73122 (2 micromol/L) abolished the increase in [Ca2+]i induced by 10 micromol/L ATP (a Ca2+ mobilizer that needs inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate). 5. Overnight incubation with 1-30 micromol/L econazole inhibited proliferation of PC3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. 6. These findings suggest that, in PC3 cells, econazole increases [Ca2+]i by stimulating Ca2+ influx into cells and Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum via a PLC-independent mechanism. Econazole is cytotoxic at submicromolar concentrations.     

Multiple effects of caffeine on contraction and cytosolic free Ca2+ levels in vascular smooth muscle of rat aorta

Summary 1. Effects of caffeine on cytosolic Ca²⁺ level ([Ca²⁺]_cyt), measured simultaneously with muscle tension using fura-2-Ca²⁺ fluorescence, were examined in isolated smooth muscle of rat aorta. 2. Caffeine (20 mmol/l) induced a large transient increase in [Ca²⁺]_cyt followed by a plateau which was higher than resting level. However, muscle tension showed a transient increase followed by a decrease to or below the resting level. In Ca²⁺-free solution, caffeine induced only a transient increase in both [Ca²⁺]_cyt, and muscle tension. 3. At low temperature (22°C), high K⁺ (72.7 mmol/l) induced sustained increase in both [Ca²⁺]_cyt and muscle tension which were smaller than those observed at 37°C. At 22°C, however, caffeine-induced transient changes were greater than those observed at 37°C. 4. Ryanodine (10 mol/l) inhibited the transient changes due to caffeine but showed little effects on the sustained changes due to high K⁺. 5. During the sustained increase in [Ca²⁺]_cyt induced by noradrenaline (10 gmmol/l) or high K⁺ (140 mmol/l), addition of caffeine transiently increased [Ca²⁺]_cyt followed by a decrease to a level slightly lower than that before the addition of caffeine. In contrast to this, muscle tension transiently increased and then decreased to or below the resting level. 6. These results suggest that caffeine-induced contraction is due to the release of Ca²⁺ from cellular store. Caffeine also has an inhibitory effect which is partly attributable to decrease in [Ca²⁺ _cyt, and partly to the decrease in the sensitivity to Ca²⁺ of the contractile elements.Send offprint requests to H. Ozaki at the above address     

铅对小鼠海马[Ca2+]的影响及L型钙通道的作用

目的　探讨铅对分离的小鼠海马细胞内游离钙的影响及其及L型钙通道的作用。方法　采用低浓度胰蛋白酶消化法分离小鼠海马细胞 ,并以莹光指标剂 (Fura 2 )作Ca2 荧光探针 ,用双波长荧光法测定海马细胞 [Ca2 ] i。结果　铅可致分离的小鼠海马细胞 [Ca2 ] i 升高 [由静息时的 (2 0 3 4± 10 86)nmol L升至 (4 2 3 3± 19 2 6)nmol L] ,而不论胞外是否有钙 ;铅可抑制钾诱发海马细胞 [Ca2 ] i 升高 ,尼莫地平可加强这种抑制作用 ,而BayK864 4则可部分消除这种抑制作用。结论　铅可致分离的小鼠海马细胞 [Ca2 ] i 升高作用与胞内钙库释放有关 ;铅的抑制钾诱发海马细胞 [Ca2 ] i 升高作用与其抑制L型钙通道有关。     

Evidence for SNARE zippering during Ca2+-triggered exocytosis in PC12 cells

SNAREs (soluble NSF attachment protein receptors) are membrane proteins that catalyze membrane fusion. SNAREs are defined by a characteristic 70 residue sequence called the SNARE motif. During synaptic vesicle fusion, the single SNARE motif of the synaptic vesicle SNARE protein synaptobrevin/VAMP associates into a four-helical bundle with SNARE motifs from the plasma membrane SNARE proteins syntaxin 1 and SNAP-25. The four SNARE motifs (one each from synaptobrevin and syntaxin, and two from SNAP-25) assume a parallel orientation in the complex, suggesting that formation of the complex initiates fusion by forcing the membranes containing the SNAREs into close proximity. It has been proposed that SNARE complexes assemble in an N- to C-terminal progression, a process referred to as zippering, but little direct evidence for zippering exists. Furthermore, the SM protein Munc18-1, which binds to syntaxin 1 and is essential for synaptic fusion, is thought to prepare SNAREs for complex formation by an unknown mechanism, possibly by nucleating zippering. We now show that fragments containing the N- and C-terminal regions of the SNARE motif from syntaxin 1A bind SNAP-25 similarly. However, in permeabilized PC12 cells which are used as a biochemical model system to study synaptic fusion, only fragments containing the N-terminal region are powerful inhibitors of fusion. Furthermore, mutations in the N-terminal part of the Syntaxin SNARE motif have only a moderate effect on SNAP-25 binding but abolish the inhibitory activity of the SNARE motif. Finally, larger fragments of syntaxin 1A that strongly bind to Munc18-1 but do not readily assemble into SNARE complexes had no effect on exocytosis in permeabilized PC12 cells. Together these results suggest that Munc18-1 acts before SNARE complex assembly, and is no longer required at the stage of fusion assayed in permeabilized PC12 cells. The selective effect of the N-terminal half of the syntaxin 1A SNARE motif on PC12 cell exocytosis shows that the SNARE motif is functionally polarized, and supports the notion that SNARE complexes assemble in an N- to C-terminal zippering reaction during fusion without a stable, partially assembled intermediate.     

神经生长因子对新生大鼠脑细胞内游离钙浓度的影响

目的观察神经生长因子(NGF)对分离的新生大鼠脑细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca2 ]i)的影响。方法以Fura -2/AM为细胞内钙离子的荧光指示剂 ,测定谷氨酸(Glu)及过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导的新生大鼠脑细胞内[Ca2 ]i,观察NGF对此影响。结果新生大鼠脑细胞内静息[Ca2 ]i208±22nmol/L,NGF对神经细胞静息[Ca2 ]i无明显影响 ,NGF1～100μg/L能剂量依赖地抑制Glu和H2O2 引起的[Ca2 ] i升高 ,其IC50 分别为42 5和27 3μg/L。结论NGF通过降低[Ca2 ]i的水平来保护大脑皮质神经元抗谷氨酸毒性及过氧化氢损伤     

E—4031通过反向钠钙交换增加正常和心肌肥厚大鼠心肌细胞钙瞬变和收缩

目的:观察I_K阻断剂E-4031对正常和心肌肥厚大鼠钙瞬变和细胞收缩的影响.方法:应用带CCD Cam-era的离子影象分析系统(Ion Imaging System)测定离体大鼠心肌细胞钙瞬变和细胞长度.结果:E-4031(10 μmol/L)分别使正常组钙瞬变和细胞缩短从对照组的(210±49)和(3.0±0.8)μm增加到(245±47)和(3.6±1.0)μm(P<0.05),使心肌肥厚组钙瞬变和细胞缩短分别从对照组的(196±54)和(3.0±1.3)μm增加到(240±49)和(3.6±1.3)μm(P<0.05),而对钙敏感性无显著影响.KB-R7943可完全阻断正常组和肥厚组心肌细胞由E-4031诱导的激动作用.尼卡地平不能阻断E-4031的增加作用.结论:E-4031可通过刺激反向钠钙交换增加正常和心肌肥厚大鼠心肌细胞钙瞬变和细胞收缩,同时并不影响钙敏感性.且对肥厚心肌细胞的影响大于正常心肌细胞.     

A Novel Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Correction Method for Mitochondrial Ca2+ Measurement with FURA-2-FF in Single Permeabilized Ventricular Myocytes of Rat

Fura-2 analogs are ratiometric fluoroprobes that are widely used for the quantitative measurement of [Ca²⁺]. However, the dye usage is intrinsically limited, as the dyes require ultraviolet (UV) excitation, which can also generate great interference, mainly from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) autofluorescence. Specifically, this limitation causes serious problems for the quantitative measurement of mitochondrial [Ca²⁺], as no available ratiometric dyes are excited in the visible range. Thus, NADH interference cannot be avoided during quantitative measurement of [Ca²⁺] because the majority of NADH is located in the mitochondria. The emission intensity ratio of two different excitation wavelengths must be constant when the fluorescent dye concentration is the same. In accordance with this principle, we developed a novel online method that corrected NADH and Fura-2-FF interference. We simultaneously measured multiple parameters, including NADH, [Ca²⁺], and pH/mitochondrial membrane potential; Fura-2-FF for mitochondrial [Ca²⁺] and TMRE for Ψ_m or carboxy-SNARF-1 for pH were used. With this novel method, we found that the resting mitochondrial [Ca²⁺] concentration was 1.03 µM. This 1 µM cytosolic Ca²⁺ could theoretically increase to more than 100 mM in mitochondria. However, the mitochondrial [Ca²⁺] increase was limited to ~30 µM in the presence of 1 µM cytosolic Ca²⁺. Our method solved the problem of NADH signal contamination during the use of Fura-2 analogs, and therefore the method may be useful when NADH interference is expected.     

Ca(2+)-activated K+ current induced by external ATP in PC12 cells

1. The effect of external ATP on the membrane current was investigated in PC12 cells by whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. 2. Lower concentrations of ATP (1 or 10 mumol/L) induced only an inward current at 1 mmol/L EGTA in the K+ pipette solution, while higher concentrations of ATP (100 mumol/L and 1 mmol/L) induced an outward current following the inward current. 3. Lowering the EGTA concentration in the pipette solution induced a larger outward current following ATP application. The membrane potential at which the outward current crossed with the control before ATP application was more negative at lower concentrations of EGTA in the pipette. 4. The development of the outward current was blocked by a Ca(2+)-free external solution, 5 mmol/L tetraethylammonium and a Cs+ pipette solution instead of K+, indicating that the outward current was a Ca(2+)-activated K+ current. 5. Charybdotoxin (0.1 mumol/L) and iberiotoxin (0.1 mumol/L), but not apamin (0.2 mumol/L) blocked the development of the outward current, indicating the ATP-induced outward current is a BK-type Ca(2+)-activated K+ channel current and not the SK type. 6. UTP had no effect on the membrane current, indicating that the ATP-induced current change was not mediated by P2u but by P2x purinoceptor. 7. In conclusion, stimulation of P2x purinoceptors by ATP induces a Ca(2+)-permeable inward current that results in increases in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations and activation of a BK-type Ca(2+)-activated K+ current in PC12 cells.