高效液相色谱法同时测定市售消毒产品中的对氯间二甲苯酚和三氯羟基二苯醚

目的建立同时测定市售消毒产品中对氯间二甲苯酚和三氯羟基二苯醚的高效液相色谱法。方法通过采用XDB C18柱,以V乙腈∶V水=70∶30(用冰醋酸调节pH值3.1)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,用二极管阵列检测器于波长280nm处检测。结果被测的两个组分在浓度为10～1 000mg/L时,浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r>0.999 8);加标回收率为96.5%～104.6%,相对标准偏差为1.1%～2.7%;对氯间二甲苯酚和三氯羟基二苯醚的检出限分别为2.5、2.0mg/L。结论高效液相色谱法测定操作简便,快速,灵敏度高,适用于含对氯间二甲苯酚、三氯羟基二苯醚的消毒产品检测。     

ESBL阳性多重耐药大肠埃希菌对消毒剂的抗性研究

摘要:目的　研究临床分离的28株产ESBL多重耐药大肠埃希菌对抗生素的耐药情况和对3种消毒剂的MICs与MBCs,分析其耐药性与消毒剂抗力的关系。方法　收集某医院临床分离出的产ESBL多重耐药大肠埃希菌,进行药敏试验,并测定其对氯己定、苯扎溴铵、2,4,4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚的MICs和MBCs,并与大肠埃希菌ATCC25922相比较。结果　28株试验菌呈现25种耐药谱,有21种抗生素出现耐药现象。分别有35.7%、89.3%、96.4%的菌株对氯己定、苯扎溴铵、2,4,4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚的MICs和MBCs均高于标准株。结论　临床分离的产ESBL多重耐药大肠埃希菌对抗生素有较高耐药性,同时亦对苯扎溴铵和2,4,4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚呈现出MIC和MBC升高;各种来源菌株的耐药性与消毒剂抗性无明显相关性。     

三氯新的研究进展

三氯新（化学名为2，4，4-三氯-2-羟基二苯醚）是目前国际流行的广谱高效环保型抗菌剂，对革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、真菌、酵母菌等均具有高效的杀灭和抑制作用。三氯新分子中的氯原子具有特殊的稳定性，不会释放出任何游离氯，因此，不会导致过敏反应，对人体无毒无害。它进入人体后，不经过肝肾代谢，直接通过消化道排于粪便中，最终被排除体外。     

纺织品中残留氯酚的毛细管气相色谱测定法

采用稀硫酸浸温样品，正己烷提取，乙酸酐衍生后以毛细管气相色谱分离测定的方法首次对纺织品中五氯酚、三氯酚残留量进行了同时测定，探讨了提取、净化及色谱分析条件。方法回收率范围：三氯酚84.8-98.1％，五氯酚88.0-100.2%。相对标准偏差：三氯酚1.54-2.33％，五氯酚3.48%。方法的检出限分别为2，4，6－三氯酚：1.0ng/g,2,4,5-三氯酚：5.0ng/g，五氯酚2.0ng/g。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱测定自来水中氯代酚

目的：为自来水中氯代酚的监测提供灵敏而可靠的分析方法。方法：水样经D101大孔树脂富集和乙腈洗脱，在碱性环境浓缩洗脱液，反相高效液相色谱法测定。结果：本法对自来水的加标回收率在85％-114％之间，5份平行样品测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）为2．5％-6．8％范围内，苯酚和4种氯代酚相关系数均〉0．999，检出限在0．014-0．033μg／ml范围之间。结论：所建立的方法快速、简便、准确，能满足自来水中氯代酚类物质定量测定的要求。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定消毒剂中三氯羟基二苯醚

三氯生,化学名为2,4,4'-三氯-2'-羟基二苯醚,是目前最为广泛应用的广谱高效消毒剂,具有广谱杀菌、持久抗菌、有效抑制各种传染病病原入侵的功能,并具有滋润皮肤、清洁皮肤的作用.     

复合对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂消毒效果研究

目的观察复合对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂对细菌繁殖体的杀灭效果,为其消毒应用提供科学依据。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验方法进行消毒相关性能观察。结果用含900 mg/L对氯间二甲苯酚的消毒剂作用1.5 min,对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌和铜绿假单胞菌平均杀灭率对数值〉5.00;作用3 min,对悬液内白色念珠菌平均杀灭率对数值〉4.00;用含对氯间二甲苯酚2 200 mg/L的消毒液擦拭消毒3 min,对手臂上自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为1.76,对木质油漆表面上的自然菌平均杀灭对数值为1.71,浸泡消毒3 min,对棉质白平纹布上自然菌的平均杀灭对数值为1.28;浸泡4种金属片72 h,对不锈钢、铝为基本无腐蚀,对铜、碳钢为轻度腐蚀。结论对氯间二甲苯酚与乙醇复配的消毒剂具有良好的杀菌效果,可用于物体表面及衣物等的消毒。     

低浓度对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂卫生安全性评价

目的观察低浓度（320mg／L）对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂的杀菌效果及其毒性,并进行卫生安全性评价。方法采用悬液定量杀菌试验和动物试验方法,对低浓度（320mg／L）对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂进行杀菌效果及其相关性能观察。结果含320mg／L对氯间二甲苯酚的消毒液作用7．5min,对悬液内金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌杀灭对数值均〉5．00;作用15min对织物上人工污染的大肠埃希茵的平均杀灭对数值为3．29;浸泡4种金属片72h,对不锈钢、铝为基本无腐蚀,对铜、碳铜为轻度腐蚀;对小鼠急性经口LD50〉5000mg／kg（体重）,属实际无毒级;急性皮肤刺激试验为无刺激性;对白色豚鼠的致敏强度为未见皮肤变态反应;对小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞未发现致微核作用。结论低浓度对氯间二甲苯酚消毒剂具有良好的杀菌效果;对实验动物皮肤无刺激性,无致微核作用,可用于家居、衣物消毒使用。     

对圣洁医生牌免洗手消毒凝胶毒性的试验观察

圣洁医生牌免洗手消毒凝胶是以三氯羟基二苯醚为主要杀菌成分,配以乙醇制备而成的消毒剂。该消毒剂为无色透明胶体,三氯羟基二苯醚含量为(0 2±0 0 1) % ,乙醇含量为(5 5±5 ) %。该消毒剂涂擦消毒可杀灭大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和白色念珠菌,可用于医生、护士术前的外科手消毒。为了解该消毒剂的毒性,在实验室内进行了小鼠急性经口毒性试验和蓄积毒性试验研究,现将结果报告如下。1　毒性试验1 1　急性经口毒性试验1 1 1　受试物配制　准确称取样品5 0 0 0mg ,加蒸馏水至2 0ml ,配制成浓度为2 5 0mg/ml的试液。1 1 2　实验动物　昆明种…     

反相液相色谱法测定消毒剂中的对氯间二甲苯酚

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定消毒剂中对氯问二甲苯酚含量的方法。方法：实验采用Kromasil C18柱，以水＋甲醇（30＋70）为流动相，用紫外检测器于280nm处检测。结果：被测组分在浓度为50～800μg／ml时，浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0．9999）；加标回收率为86．4％～91．9％；方法检出限0．5μg／ml；相对标准偏差（RSD）小于1％。结论：方法快速、简便、准确。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.