乳腺癌保留乳房术后影响乳房形态的多因素分析

目的探讨乳腺癌保乳术后影响乳房形态的因素及提高保乳术后乳房美学效果的方法。方法由整形外科医师和患者分别对67例乳腺癌保乳术后的美学效果做出各自独立的评价，单因素分析采用Mann-Whitney U检验，而多因素分析则应用Logistic回归的方法。结果医师对保乳术后乳房形态的满意率为65．7％。单元素分析中，年龄（P=0．003）、体重指数（P=0．002）、绝经状况（P=0．002）、放疗剂量（P=0．022）、肿物位于外上象限时的切口数量（P=0．036）、切除次数（P=0．036）、纤维化（P=0．002）、手术方式（P=0．002）对保乳术后乳房形态具有明显的影响。多元素分析中，纤维化、手术方式、放疗剂量对术后乳房形态具有明显影响（P=0．009、0．001、0．019）。患者对保乳术后乳房形态的满意率为76．1％。单元素分析中，手术方式（P=0．001）和纤维化（P=0．045）对乳房形态影响明显，差异具有统计学意义。多元素分析中，手术方式对术后乳房形态影响明显（P=0．005）。结论患者和医师的满意率具有正相关性（R=0．701，P〈O．01）。在可能影响乳房美学的27项因素中，年龄、体重指数、绝经状况、放疗剂量、肿物位于外上象限时的切口数量、切除次数、纤维化、手术方式对术后乳房形态影响明显。     

腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫与传统腋窝淋巴结清扫对保乳手术美容效果影响的比较

目的探讨腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫在乳腺癌保乳手术中的美容效果。方法2007年1月-2009年12月保乳手术中行腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术29例（EALND组）,并与同期33例传统腋窝淋巴结清扫（CALND组）进行比较,根据调查问卷和术后6个月以上站立位乳房照片评价术后乳房的美容效果。结果EALND组无中转开放手术,未发生意外损伤、皮下气肿、脂肪栓塞等并发症。EALND组清扫腋窝淋巴结（18．2±5．9）枚,显著多于CALND组（14．9±3．6）枚（t=2．694,P=0．009）。平均随访时间49．2月（36—69个月）。EALND组主观满意度优良率89．7％（26／29）,明显高于CALND组69．7％（23／33;Z=-2．509,P=0．012）;EALND组美容效果客观评分优良率86．2％（25／29）,明显高于CALND组75．8％（25／33;Z=-2．295,P=0．022）。结论腔镜腋窝淋巴结清扫术不仅能够达到传统腋窝淋巴清扫的治疗效果,而且具有缩小手术切口、改善保乳手术后乳房美容效果等优点。     

乳腺癌保留乳腺手术后肿瘤复发及转移的相关因素

目的　探讨乳腺癌保留乳腺手术后局部复发及远处转移的相关因素。　方法　回顾性分析保乳治疗原发性女性乳腺癌 174例 ,随访 12～ 196个月 ,随访率 97 13% ( 16 9/ 174)。　结果局部复发9例 ,3年复发率 3 79% ( 5 / 132 ) ;远处转移 14例 ,5年转移率 10 99% ( 10 / 91) ;5年生存率92 31% ( 84/ 91)。保乳手术无放疗组 3年复发率 ( 12 12 % )显著高于手术加放疗组 ( 1 0 1% ) ,( χ2 =5 6 1,P <0 0 5 )。腋窝淋巴结阳性患者中保乳手术未化疗组 5年远处转移率 ( 44 4 4% )高于手术加化疗组 ( 6 6 7% ,P <0 0 5 )。切缘阳性与局部复发有关 (P <0 0 1)。乳腺癌诊断时年龄≤ 40岁、淋巴结阳性、组织学Ⅲ级与远处转移有关 (P <0 0 5 )。　结论　保乳术后应放疗 ;切缘阳性者应再切除至阴性或全乳切除术 ;年轻、淋巴结阳性、组织学分级Ⅲ级者应辅助化疗。     

早期乳腺癌的术后放射治疗研究

<正>乳腺癌术后放疗是早期乳腺癌综合治疗的重要环节。本文主要从保乳术后单纯乳房放疗、区域淋巴结放疗(regional nodal irradiation,RNI)、个体化放疗决策及Ⅰ期重建(immediate breast reconstruction,IBR)术后放疗靶区的勾画更新4个方面来阐述。保乳术后单纯乳房放疗一、保乳术后全乳大分割放疗保乳术后全乳放疗(whole breast irradiation,     

乳腺癌保乳手术的治疗及预后

目的探讨乳腺癌保乳手术的方式和预后。方法回顾性分析笔者所在2所医院10年间保乳治疗69例原发性乳腺癌患者的临床资料，包括保乳术不放疗和保乳术加放疗、化疗和激素治疗。随访12～140个月。结果保乳手术未放疗组3年复发率11．54％（3／26），显著高于手术加放疗组3．03％（1／33）（P〈0．05）。腋窝淋巴结阳性的保乳手术未化疗者，其5年远处转移率（50．0％）高于手术加化疗组（11．1％）（P〈0．05）。结论保乳术后应进行放疗；年轻、淋巴结阳 性、组织学分级Ⅲ级者应辅助化疗。     

乳腺癌保留皮肤全乳切除一期乳房重建129例临床分析

目的 探讨乳腺癌保留皮肤全乳切除(SSM)联合一期乳房重建(IBR)的安全性、适应证、美容效果及其对辅助治疗的影响.方法 对1999年10月至2007年5月共129例接受SSM+IBR手术的乳腺癌患者进行回顾性分析.采用背阔肌或背阔肌联合假体、带蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣等方法行乳房重建.结果 平均住院18.6 d,术后首次化疗开始时间平均为术后第5.2天.假体包囊挛缩11例(11/63,17.5%),背部供区血清肿24例(24/99,24.2%),腹直肌肌皮瓣或腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣部分坏死或硬结9例(9/28,32.1%).未接受放疗患者对重建乳房外观的可接受度为89.7%,高于接受放疗患者的68.2%(P<0.01).随访2-73个月,中位随访11个月.局部复发5例,远处转移7例.结论 SSM+IBR对于0～Ⅱa期乳腺癌患者是安全的,能同时满足肿瘤治疗及形体美容的要求.放疗对于重建乳房的外观有一定的负面影响,对于需要术后放疗的患者,可以考虑延期或者延期-即时乳房重建.     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术247例报告

目的：探讨早期乳腺癌保乳手术的技巧和近期疗效。方法：1995年-2004年收治女性乳腺癌2548例，选择临床0～Ⅱa期、非乳晕区单发肿瘤247例施行保乳手术。对肿瘤直径〈2cm者，行肿瘤局部扩大切除；对肿瘤直径2～3cm者则行象限切除，切缘行冰冻检查，常规腋淋巴结清扫。乳晕部残留腺体作阶梯状对缝。术后胸壁行50Gy放疗，瘤床追加10Gv放疗。腋窝淋巴结阳性及高危病人接受化疗；雌激素受体阳性者接受内分泌治疗。结果：247例手术全部成功，无并发症发生。总保乳率9．7％（247／2548），占同期乳腺癌保乳率22．6％，美容满意率达93．6％。平均随访69个月，随访率74．1％（183／247例）。局部复发率1．63％（3／183例），腋淋巴结复发率1．09％（2／183例），复发时间为术后3年2个月：远处转移率1．09％（2／183例），术后4年半1例肺转移，1例肝转移；随访期中，死亡3例，1例死因为心肌梗死，2例为肺、肝转移；5年无病生存率95．6％（175／183例），总生存率98．4％（180／183例）。结论：乳腺癌保乳手术近期总疗效属满意。     

早期乳腺癌保乳手术52例分析

目的评估早期乳腺癌保乳综合治疗的疗效。方法2000年3月～2005年9月，我院对52例Ⅰ期及部分Ⅱ期（肿瘤≤3cm，单发病灶）乳腺癌行局部广泛切除术，全腋窝淋巴结清扫术联合术后放疗，并辅以化疗（CMF或CEF方案）、内分泌治疗（口服三苯氧胺）。结果术后病理提示个切缘无癌细胞浸润。美容效果优良率达86．5％（45／52）。50例随访10～36个月（中位时间16个月），未见局部复发与远处转移。结论选择部分Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌病例行保乳手术治疗，乳房外形及临床疗效满意，而且可以提高生活质量。     

隐匿性乳腺癌36例诊治分析

目的探讨隐匿性乳腺癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法对36例隐匿性乳腺癌患者分别采用乳房X线、MRI检查,对肿块切除活检病理免疫组化检查;治疗采用乳腺癌根治术、改良根治术或保乳术后加放疗。结果乳腺钼靶的阳性率45．8％（11／24）,MRI的阳性率70％（7／10）;免疫组化检查阳性率62％（18／29）;乳腺癌根治术、改良根治术和保乳术后加放疗的5年生存率分别73．9％、77．8％（P〉0．05）。结论乳腺钼靶和MRI有重要诊断价值,切检和免疫组化检查有助于确诊;乳腺癌根治术或改良根治和保乳术后放疗的5年生存率相同。     

整形保乳术治疗乳腺癌的美容效果及预后分析

探讨整形保乳术治疗乳腺癌的美容效果及对预后的影响。选取我院拟实施保乳手术治疗的72例乳腺癌患者,采用随机数字表法分为整形组(行整形保乳术治疗)和常规组(行常规保乳手术治疗),每组各36例,对比两组手术时间、出血量、切除标本体积、切除标本最小手术切缘、切除标本最大手术切缘、乳房美容效果客观评分满意度、术后3年复发及转移情况。整形组出血量与常规组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);整形组手术时间、切除标本体积、切除标本最小手术切缘、切除标本最大手术切缘均大于常规组(P0.05);手术后6个月,整形组患者的乳房对称性、凹陷程度、手术瘢痕、乳头纵向移位距离、乳头横向移位距离、乳房顺应性差值评分均高于常规组(P0.05),整形组的乳房质地与弹性、皮肤弹性评分与常规组差异无统计学意义(P0.05);手术后3年,整形组患者肿瘤复发率、肿瘤转移率与常规组比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。整形保乳术治疗乳腺癌较常规保乳手术术后具有更好的美容效果,且不会增加肿瘤复发及转移的概率。     

Long-Term Results of Breast Conservation in Chinese Women with Breast Cancer

Abstract:  Between July 1989 and December 2002, 172 women with Stage I/II breast cancer were treated by breast conservation therapy (BCT). All underwent quadrantectomy and axillary node clearance. Minimum follow-up was 5 years and 79 (52%) were followed for >10 years. At 5 years, local relapse-free and overall survival rates were 98.3% and 98.3%. The 10-year rates were 95% and 94%, respectively. The 10-year local recurrence rate was higher in patients with involved margins (33.3% versus 2.7%, p = 0.0272). Furthermore 10-year death rates in margin positive patients were higher (18.2% versus 2.5%, p = 0.0486). Excellent or good cosmetic results were achieved in 54%. BCT is a reasonable option for early stage breast cancer in Chinese women but margin status is the most important determinant of local recurrence. Negative margins are required for optimal local control and minimization of distant metastasis.     

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??Objective:o compare the effects of breast conservative therapy (BCT) with modified radical mastectomy (MRM) in women with early stage breast cancer. Methods: matched retrospective cohort study using data on patients derived from a prospectively collected breast cancer database was conducted.The database included patients who received MRM or BCT from 1995 to 2002 in Cancer Hospital of Fudan University.The match was conducted according with four variables:age at diagnosis,axillary lymph node status,sexual hormone receptor status and the dimension of tumor.The match ratio was 1??2.Controls were patients who received MRM (n=254).Cases were patients who received BCT (n=127).Median follow??up for the controls and cases were 58 months and 49 months respectively.The differences of incidence of loco??regional recurrence,disease free survival and overall survival at 5 years were compared.There were no significant differences in incidence of loco??regional recurrence,DFS and OS at 5 years between the two groups of patients. Results:he incidence of loco??regional recurrence was 1.4% in MRM group and 3??39% in BCT group (P=0.5).The OS in MRM and BCT patient were 97.7% and 96.73% (P=0.66).The DFS in MRM and BCT patients were 91.57% and 86??04% (P=0.37). Conclusion:For appropriate breast cancer patients,classic lumpectomy plus axillary lymph node dissection and post??operative radiotherapy lead to excellent local control and good survival rate.The BCT can result in the same effects as MRM in breast cancer patients with better cosmetic appearances.     

Level of axillary involvement by lymph node metastases from breast cancer is not an independent predictor of survival

We examined the relationship of axillary level of lymph node metastases from clinical stage I and II breast cancer to overall survival and disease-free survival rates in 135 patients who underwent complete axillary lymph node dissection to determine if anatomic level of axillary involvement (I vs II vs III) is an independent prognostic factor. All patients underwent either modified radical mastectomy or lumpectomy with axillary dissection and whole breast radiotherapy for breast cancer. Median follow-up was 6.9 years. We found no difference in overall survival or disease-free survival between patients whose highest or only level of axillary involvement was level I compared with patients whose highest or only level was II. Although patients whose highest level of nodal involvement was III had significantly worse overall survival and disease-free survival rates than patients whose highest nodal involvement was I or II, when patients were stratified by the total number of positive nodes (one to three vs four or more), there was no difference in overall survival or disease-free survival rates between levels I, II, and III. These findings indicate that the level of axillary involvement for stage II breast cancer is not of independent prognostic significance.     

The spread of breast cancer and indications of breast preserving operation]

Pathological investigations for intramammary spread of breast cancer of 205 partially resected specimens were performed by making continuous section every 5 mm width of the whole specimen. The materials were 167 quadrantectomized and 38 lumpectomized specimens. The results showed that the margin of 15.6% of quadrantectomized and 28.9% of lumpectomized specimens were positive for cancer, main causes of which were intraductal spread of cancer occupying 65% of positive margin in quadrantectomy and 91% in lumpectomy, multiple cancer, interstitial spread of cancer and so on. Multiple cancers were found in eleven (6.6%) quadrantectomized and in one (2.6%) lumpectomized specimens. Second cancers were 11 noninvasive ductal and 3 invasive cancers, including two triple cancers. Fifteen cases of quadrantectomy and 4 of lumpectomy were changed to be mastectomized because of positive margin or nodal involvements. Radiotherapy was performed for 33 cases. The median 31 months follow-up results of 186 partially mastectomized breast in 184 patients were as follows; one local recurrence in lumpectomy, two new cancers in residual breast, two distant metastases and one death for other cause of death. Quadrantectomy plus axillary dissection without radiotherapy assured of pathological complete resection was safe enough at the present.     

Ipsilateral Breast Tumor Recurrence after Breast-conserving Therapy: A Comparison of Quadrantectomy versus Lumpectomy at a Single Institution

The aims of study were to compare the rates of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR), for patients treated with either quadrantectomy or lumpectomy at a single institution, and to identify predictors of IBTR after breast-conserving therapy (BCT). The database and medical records of 807 patients who underwent BCT for breast cancer between 1987 and 2002 were reviewed. The age of the patient, tumor size, lymph node status, extensive intraductal component (EIC), re-excision, final margin status, and the extent of surgery were examined in reference to IBTR rates. Of the total 807 patients, 456 (56.5%) had undergone quadrantectomy and 351 patients (43.5%) had lumpectomy. Apart from the higher re-excision rate in the lumpectomy group (p < 0.001), there were no significant differences in clinical and pathologic characteristics between the patients in the two groups. At the median follow-up time of 72 months, 28 cases of IBTR (3.4%) and 56 cases of systemic recurrence (6.9%) had developed in 72 patients (8.9%). On multivariate analysis, young age (≤ 35) (p = 0.041), positive lymph node (p <0.001), and the presence of EIC (p = 0.004) were independent predictors of IBTR. However, we could not find a significant difference in IBTR rate between the two groups (p = 0.546). Thus, the extent of breast surgery (quadrantectomy or lumpectomy) did not make a significant difference in IBTR if adequate surgical margins could be achieved.     

中央区乳腺癌切除乳头乳晕复合体的保乳治疗及中长期随访

目的 探讨中央区乳腺癌切除乳头乳晕复合体的保乳治疗的临床疗效.方法 2002年10月-2012年10月,对43例Ⅰ-Ⅱ期原发性中央区乳腺癌,行癌灶局部扩大切除并腋窝淋巴结清扫的保乳手术,同时切除乳头乳晕复合体.术后常规全乳放射治疗,并根据具体病理及免疫组织化学分析结果,接受化学治疗、内分泌治疗及靶向治疗.结果术后随访7-96个月（中位数38个月）,均无局部复发和远处转移,患侧乳房外形总体优良率86.0%（37/43）（优23例,良14例）.结论 在严格掌握手术指征的前提下,对Ⅰ-Ⅱ期原发性中央区乳腺癌实施切除乳头乳晕复合体的保乳治疗,近期疗效满意,远期效果有待长期随访观察.     

Primary radiotherapy after tumour excision as an alternative to mastectomy for early breast cancer. Rationale and preliminary results of a prospective study

A conservative approach to the management of breast cancer is gaining acceptance. The evidence from many retrospective and prospective studies indicates that breast-preserving surgery and radiation therapy give results equal to those of mastectomy. Relapse affecting the breast alone has been shown not to be detrimental to survival, while the psychological benefits to the patients have been gratifying. A prospective study of early breast cancer treated by conservative surgery and radiation was commenced at the Johannesburg Hospital in 1980. The results in 57 patients are reported. So far there have been 2 cases of local recurrence. In the majority of cases satisfactory cosmetic results were achieved. It is considered that lumpectomy with axillary dissection to establish nodal status followed by irradiation is the treatment of choice for stage I and II carcinoma of the breast.     

Patients with N1 breast cancer: Who could benefit from supraclavicular fossa radiotherapy?

PurposeTo find a high-risk group of supraclavicular fossa recurrence (SCFR) in N1 breast cancer treated with breast conservative therapy without supraclavicular radiation therapy (SCFRT).Methods and materialsWe designed a retrospective review of 767 patients with N1 breast cancer. All patients included in this study underwent to lumpectomy or quadrantectomy with axillary lymph node dissection, followed by whole breast irradiation. All patients received radiotherapy with two tangencial fields, after a median dose of 50.4 Gy on the whole breast; an additional boost (10–16 Gy) to the tumor bed was administered. A analysis by the cox method was performed to identify prognostic factors for SCFR and a risk group for SCFR was build.ResultsWith a median follow-up of 76 months (12–142 months), 81 patients (10.5%) had SCFR. With the exception of T stage, all other prognostic factors (lymphovascular invasion, extracapsular extension, the number of involved axillary nodes, estrogen receptor, T stage and nuclear grade) maintaned a statistical significance in the multivariate analysis. The risk group build consisted of patients with 1 or none prognostic factor, 2 and 3 or more prognostic factors. In the analysis of 5-years SCFR free survival, patients with ≥ 3 factors showed a significant higher recurrence rate than patients with 2 and 1 or none factors 44.1%, 91.1% and 97.7%, (p < 0.0001) respectively.ConclusionsExtracapsular extension, lymphovascular invasion, high nuclear grade, negative hormone receptor and the number of involved axillary nodes were important prognostic factors associated with SCFR.     

Oncoplastic breast conserving surgery: a renaissance of anatomically-based surgical technique

Using oncoplastic surgical techniques for breast preservation, breast surgeons can achieve widened surgical margins at the same time that the shape and appearance of the breast is preserved and sometimes rejuvenated. Oncoplastic surgical resection is designed to follow the cancer's contour, which generally follows the segmental anatomy of the breast, which has been well understood since the mid 19th century because of pioneering anatomic studies performed by Sir Astley Paston Cooper. The quadrantectomy, developed by Veronesi and colleagues in the 1970's, follows these same anatomic principles of wide segmental resection. The more surgically narrow lumpectomy as popularized in the U.S. uses a smaller, scoop-like non-anatomic resection of cancer. With negative surgical margins, the lumpectomy is equivalent to the quadrantectomy in achieving the goals of breast conservation as measured by local recurrence and survival. However, the lumpectomy is less versatile for resection of larger cancers, and can be more prone to creating suboptimal cosmetic defects. Cancers with large in situ components can be particularly problematic for resection with the standard lumpectomy, when they extend both centrally toward the nipple and peripherally to distal terminal ductulo-lobular units, which typically occur in a pie-shaped segmental distribution. Ductal segments, each of which ultimately drains to a single major lactiferous sinus at the nipple, vary in size and depth in the breast. Breast surgeons should carefully evaluate the cancer distribution and extent in the breast before operation. A combination of imaging methods (mammography with magnification views, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], or all) may yield the best estimates of overall tumor extent. Multiple bracketing wires afford the greater help to complete surgical excision. Those tumors with segmental spreading are best excised by oncoplastic resections according to their distribution.     

The influence of additional surgical margins on the total specimen volume excised and the reoperative rate after breast-conserving surgery

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether the additional removal of breast tissue during breast-conserving therapy (BCT) for breast cancer beyond the standard lumpectomy reduces the incidence of inadequate microscopic margins found at pathological examination and subsequent reoperation. This study compares the reoperative rates after initial BCT in 3 groups of patients who underwent lumpectomy with complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins, lumpectomy with selective resection of 1 to 3 additional margins, or standard lumpectomy. METHODS: Retrospective data were reviewed from 171 selected cases of BCT, from May 2000 to February 2006. Forty-five cases involved lumpectomy with complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins; 77 involved lumpectomy with selective resection of 1 to 3 additional margins, whereas 49 involved standard lumpectomy. All samples underwent pathologic analysis of inked resection margins by permanent section. The 3 groups were compared for patient demographics, tumor size and histologic subtype, tumor stage, margin status, excised specimen volume, and eventual subsequent reoperation. Adequate surgical margin was defined as any negative margin greater than 2 mm. RESULTS: The group with complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins had a subsequent reoperation rate of 17.7%, whereas the group with selective resection of 1 to 3 additional margins and the standard lumpectomy group had a subsequent reoperation rate of 32.5% and 38.7%, respectively, because of inadequate margins. The mean total excised specimen volume in the 3 groups was 129.19, 46.04, and 37.44 cm3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The complete resection of 4 to 6 additional margins during the initial BCT resulted in the lowest subsequent reoperation rate, and the largest total volume specimen excised among the 3 techniques studied.