组织切片病理申请单HBsAg和HBV-DNA检测初步探讨

目的 :了解传染病医院病理科的组织切片 ,病理申请单是否受到 HBV污染和是否具有传染性。方法 :随机采集传染病医院组织切片、病理申请单各 5 0张 ,用标准固体表面 HBV采样法取样 ,EL ISA法检测 HBs Ag,斑点杂交法检测HBV- DNA。结果 :组织切片 HBs Ag ( ) 15例 (30 % ) ,病理申请单 HBs Ag ( ) 14例 (2 8% ) ;组织切片、病理申请单HBV- DNA检测均为阴性。结论 :传染病医院的组织切片、病理申请单有相当数量被 HBV污染 ,但传染性较小。     

检测HBV DNA评价感染HBV饮食服务人员的传染性

目的　检测饮食服务人群HBV感染状况 ,研究HBVDNA阳性者的家庭聚集性 ,探讨其传染性 ,为修订相应法规提供依据。方法　用反向间接血凝法检测HBsAg ,用赖氏法检测ALT ,酶联免疫吸附试验检测HBVM ,聚合酶链反应 微孔杂交法和荧光定量PCR法检测HBVDNA。对HBVDNA阳性者的家庭聚集性进行对照研究。结果　在 14 4 92名饮食服务人员中检出HBsAg阳性 4 96人 ,阳性率 3.4 2 %。其中HBsAg≥ 1∶5 12或ALT >4 0者 137人 ,占阳性者的 2 7.6 2 %。ALT <4 0 ,HBsAg <1∶5 12 ,且HBeAg阳性者 5 5人 ,占 15 .32 %。在HBsAg <1∶5 12、ALT <4 0、且HBeAg阴性的 30 4人中检出HBVDNA阳性者 113人 ,阳性率 34.6 7%。HBVDNA阳性者的家庭聚集率为 86 .4 9% ,家庭成员HBV感染率为 6 4 .38% ,相对危险性 6 .5 8。HBVDNA阳性者的家庭成员HBV感染呈家庭聚集性。结论　血清学检验结果同时表现为HBsAg <1∶5 12、ALT <4 0、HBeAg阴性、符合现行法规要求 ,但HBVDNA阳性的在岗饮食服务人员是HBV的危险传染源。     

医院口腔诊疗器械和环境乙型肝炎病毒污染状况调查

目的调查不同级别医院口腔诊疗器械和环境的HBV污染状况,探讨敏感监测方法。方法用无菌棉拭子沾采样液反复涂抹采集的样品进行高速(6000r/min)和超速(45000r/min)两次离心,分别取其上清液和底部下层液体;用ELISA法检测HBsAg,巢式PCR法检测HBV DNA。结果一级医疗机构口腔诊疗器械、诊疗环境样品167份,HBsAg阳性率为3.59%;HBsAg阳性样品中HBV DNA全部阳性,并且在31份HBsAg阴性样品中HBV DNA检测阳性率为6.45%;二、三级医疗机构口腔诊疗器械、诊疗环境样品52份样品均阴性。结论口腔诊疗器械和环境的HBV污染应引起重视,巢式PCR法检测HBVDNA较ELISA法检测HBsAg敏感,可试行推广应用。     

原发性肝癌110例HBV感染分析

110例 pHC住院患者采用ELISA法检测HBsAg、抗HBs、抗HBc( >1∶10 0 )、抗HBc -IgM、HBeAg、抗HBe ,RIA法检测HBcAg及血清AFP。结果为HBV总感染率 91% ;按HBV复制状况 ,可见 ,HBV活动性复制呈强传染性占2 0 % ,HBV活动性复制呈弱传染性占 5 8% ,无HBV活动性复制或无HBV感染占 2 2 % ;HBsAg( )及HBsAg( -)组血清AFP阳性率分别 92 2 %和 35 % ,两组对比差异有显著性 (P <0 0 1)。血清AFP测定对HBsAg( )PHC的诊断和监测具有更重要意义     

检测HBV DNA评价在岗饮服人员HBV感染者的传染性

目的　检测感染HBV饮服人群的HBVDNA ,研究HBVDNA阳性者的家庭聚集性 ,探讨其传染性 ,为修订有关法规提供依据。　方法　用反向间接血凝法检测HBsAg ,用赖氏法检测ALT ,酶联免疫吸附试验检测HBVM ,聚合酶联反应 -微孔杂交法和荧光定量PCR法检测HBVDNA。对HBVDNA阳性者的家庭聚集性进行对照研究。　结果　在 4110 5名饮食服务人员中检出HBsAg阳性 14 82人 ,阳性率 3 .61%。在HBsAg <1:5 12、ALT <40、且HBeAg阴性的90 0人中检出HBVDNA阳性者 3 12人 ,阳性率 3 4.67%。HBVDNA阳性者的家庭聚集率为 86.49% ,家庭成员HBV感染率为 64 .3 8% ,相对危险性 6.5 8。HBVDNA阳性者的家庭成员HBV感染呈家庭聚集性。　结论　血清学检验结果同时表现为HBsAg <1:5 12、ALT <40、HBeAg阴性、但HBVDNA阳性的在岗饮食服务人员是HBV的危险传染源。     

HBsAg阳性孕妇胎盘HBV感染状况及危险因素

目的　探讨HBsAg阳性孕妇胎盘乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)感染状况及其危险因素。 方法　采用ELISA检测孕妇血清HBeAg ;巢式PCR检测孕妇及新生儿血清HBVDNA ;免疫组化ABC法检测胎盘中的HBsAg ;非条件Lo gistic回归模型分析胎盘HBV感染的危险因素。 结果　受检的 2 0 5例胎盘中有 4 1例存在不同程度的HBV感染 ,并且蜕膜细胞 (DC)、滋养层细胞 (TC)、绒毛间质细胞 (VMC)和绒毛毛细血管内皮细胞 (VCEC)阳性率呈逐层下降趋势(趋势 χ2 =9 38,P <0 0 0 5 ) ,阳性率分别为 2 0 0 0 %(41 / 2 0 5 ) ,1 8 0 5 %(37/ 2 0 5 ) ,1 4 1 5 %(2 9/ 2 0 5 )和 1 0 2 4 %(2 1 /2 0 5 ) ;胎盘HBV感染的危险因素为产前注射高效价免疫球蛋白 (HBIG) 3次以上和母亲血清HBVDNA阳性 ,OR值分别为 0 2 1和 4 77。结论　HBV可感染胎盘各层细胞 ;HBV经胎盘及胎儿的主要途径是经血和 (或 )细胞传递方式实现 ;胎盘屏障在一定程度上对胎儿有保护作用 ;母亲血清HBVDNA阳性是胎盘感染的危险因素 ,产前注射HBIG可预防HBV胎盘感染 ,从而降低宫内感染的隐患。     

PCR法检测血清HBV DNA及与若干HBV免疫学指标关系

本文比较了PCR法检测血清HBVDNA与ELISA法检测HBsAg、HBeAg的结果。用血清加热-PCR法检测HBV549bp特异DNA片段，用ELISA法检测HBsAg和NBeAg。133份食品从业人员体检血清样品中．57份HBsAg（－），其中未检出HBVDNA；60份HBsAg（＋）、HBeAg（－），其中检出8份HBVDNA（＋），HBVDNA检出率为13.3％；16份HBsAg（＋）、HBeAg（＋），其中检出15份HBVDNA（＋），HBVDNA检出率为93．8％。PCR法检测HBVDNA能更直接地反映HBV传染性。结果初步提示正常人体检中．仅凭HBsAg（＋）、HDeAg（－）确定其无传染性是不够充分的。     

套式聚合酶链反应极量稀释法评价外科乙型肝炎表面抗原携带者血液的传染性

目的　评价外科乙型肝炎表面抗原 (HBsAg)携带者血液的传染性。 方法　以套式聚合酶链反应 (PCR)极量稀释法定量检测 15 6例外科HBsAg阳性患者的HBVDNA ,以HBV感染剂量为参比单位 ,评价其传染性。 结果　 2 6 .3% (4 1例 )的HBsAg携带者HBVDNA阴性。HBV传染性为 0～ 10 9感染剂量 /ml。随着血液稀释倍数的增加 ,有传染性的HBsAg携带者例数急骤减少 ,大于 10 4 感染剂量 /ml者只占HBsAg携带者的 1/ 5 ,其中HBeAg阳性者较阴性者比例更大 (83.9%与 2 .3% ) ,传染性更强 (10 5与 10 2 感染剂量 /ml)。结论　HBsAg携带者可分为高度、低度和无传染性 3个等级 ,只有前者可经围术期抟播 ,HBeAg是可能的监测指标     

HBsAg阳性孕妇血清乙肝病毒含量与HBV宫内感染关系的研究

目的探讨孕妇外周血中HBV含量与HBV宫内感染的关系。方法ELISA法检测孕妇及新生儿外周血HBsAg、HBeAg;FQ-PCR对血清HBVDNA定量检测。结果166例新生儿中有28例发生HBV宫内感染(16.87%);在HBV宫内感染组和非感染组孕妇HBVDNA暴露、各级病毒载量与HBV宫内感染趋势χ2检验差异为有统计学意义;HBVDNA?156copies/ml为HBV宫内感染最佳临界预测值,它的敏感度为81.80%,特异度为72.10%,阳性预测值为37.10%,阴性预测值为95.19%。结论孕妇外周血HBVDNA阳性不仅是HBV宫内感染的危险因素,且随着孕妇血中乙肝病毒含量的增高,其发生HBV宫内感染的危险性呈现增高趋势;孕妇血HBVDNA156copies/ml为HBV宫内感染最佳临界预测值,孕妇血清中HBVDNA水平对于预测新生儿HBV宫内感染较为重要。     

HBsAg阳性孕妇血清乙肝病毒含量与 HBV宫内感染关系的研究

目的探讨孕妇外周血中HBV含量与HBV宫内感染的关系。方法ELISA法检测孕妇及新生儿外周血HBsAg、HBeAg;FQ-PCR对血清HBVDNA定量检测。结果166例新生儿中有28例发生HBV宫内感染（16.87%）;在HBV宫内感染组和非感染组孕妇HBVDNA暴露、各级病毒载量与HBV宫内感染趋势χ2检验差异为有统计学意义;HBVDNA?156copies/ml为HBV宫内感染最佳临界预测值,它的敏感度为81.80%,特异度为72.10%,阳性预测值为37.10%,阴性预测值为95.19%。结论孕妇外周血HBVDNA阳性不仅是HBV宫内感染的危险因素,且随着孕妇血中乙肝病毒含量的增高,其发生HBV宫内感染的危险性呈现增高趋势;孕妇血HBVDNA156copies/ml为HBV宫内感染最佳临界预测值,孕妇血清中HBVDNA水平对于预测新生儿HBV宫内感染较为重要。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.