A new technique for reduction mammaplasty

A new surgical technique for reduction mammaplasty is described. Incisions are chosen according to Strömbeck's procedure and deepithelialization of the major part of the skin in the resection area is carried out. The upper part of the breast with the total skin for the planned breast is separated from the lower part with the dermis flap and the nipple and the desired resections are carried out from the lower part. A dermis cone or tube is then created with the mammilla at its apex and the skin is closed around the dermis cone.     

The advantages of a lower central breast segment in reduction mammaplasty

A method is described, which achieves reduction in the size of the breast and allows determination of breast shape, without the distortion of breast tissue and the production of unfavorable postoperative connective tissue tensions, inherent in most currently used techniques. Aesthetically pleasing breasts can be produced more consistently by a sculptural rather than an origami-like approach.     

改良双环法乳房缩小术

目的探索一种简单可靠的乳房缩小成形手术。方法用双环形切口，保留乳头乳晕深动脉和乳房下限的组织，对肥大的乳房进行缩小和重新塑形。结果23例惠者的乳头乳晕均无坏死，感觉良好，乳房形态自然。结论本手术设计简单，操作容易，术后瘢痕隐蔽，效果稳定，是修复各种肥大或下垂乳房的较好方法。     

Personal refinements in the single pedicle skoog technique for reduction mammaplasty

A review of the Skoog technique for reduction mammaplasty is presented. A laterally based single pedicle is used for transposition of the nipple-areola flap, deriving its blood supply from a cutaneous vasculature. From our experience using this procedure in a majority of patients, we have developed specific refinements starting with the preoperative planning and including various modifications in the operative technique. The advantages of these refinements are discussed as well as their contribution to the final aesthetic result.     

The use of a combined technique in reduction mammaplasty (inferior pyramidal and superior glandular techniques)

The management of mammary hypertrophy is a developing process. The common surgical options for reduction mammaplasty include amputation with free nipple graft as well as the bipedicled, inferior pedicle and vertical pedicle techniques. All techniques are used widely. Disadvantages of these procedures include nipple areola necrosis, insensitivity, hypopigmentation, and poor breast projection. Even with the standard modifications of the original techniques, the resultant breast and nipple may be wide and flat. The purpose of this study was to assess whether combined inferior pyramidal pedicle and superior glandular pedicle reduction mammaplasty can optimize nipple and breast projection. Attention will focus on the viability and sensation of the nipple areola complex. Nine patients with mammary hypertrophy were studied. The change in nipple position ranged from 7 to 13 cm. The amount of tissue removed from each breast ranged from 500 to 1150 g. Nipple/areola sensation was retained in all cases with the exception of one breast. Nipple/areola necrosis or hypopigmentation were not observed. Optimal central breast projection was maintained in all patients, and postoperative evaluation was carried out at 12 and 22 months. The patient satisfaction was very high.     

双环中央蒂乳房缩小成形术的加网或外侧附加切口技术并发症的特点和适应证

目的 比较双环中央蒂乳房缩小成形术中加网和外侧附加切口的并发症，分析其产生的原因，以避免或减少并发症的发生。方法 回顾2003年8月至2006年5月收治的58例乳房缩小成形术，比较两种方法发生的并发症，包括：感染、血肿、脂肪液化、乳头乳晕血运障碍、皮肤坏死、切口愈合不良、切口瘢痕明显、网片折叠、双侧乳房不对称、缩小程度不足等。结果 加网组19例，发生并发症者6例，其中4例早期并发症患者平均切除腺体重276g；无网也无外侧附加切口3例，无并发症。附加切口组36例，发生并发症者7例（19．4％），其中5例早期并发症患者平均切除腺体重1008g。结论 加网组的并发症主要与网片有关，而附加切口组的并发症与乳房过大、切除腺体多、影响保留的腺体血供有关，改进网片材质和编织工艺、调整网片张力、避免用于表面皮肤过薄的患者，可以减少加网组的并发症。巨大乳房不宜选用双环中央蒂乳房缩小成形术的附加切口法或双环法。     

巨乳缩小术后的再次修复

目的 探讨巨乳缩小术后继发畸形再次修复的较为安全的手术方法。方法 自1998年3月至2004年1月我们应用乳晕周围环形切口或原手术切口行下外侧楔形腺体切除再次乳房缩小术11例。结果 11例中10例获满意效果，1例术后因瘢痕明显半年后行第3次手术，术后1年因瘢痕挛缩仍对外形不满。结论 无论第1次巨乳缩小整形术采用何种术式，再次手术时应用乳晕周围环形切口或原切口、下外侧楔形腺体切除是较安全可行的一种手术方法。     

Early experience with Lejour vertical scar reduction mammaplasty technique

The study contains 163 patients who underwent a reduction mammaplasty at the Karolinska Hospital during 1991–1992. Seventy patients were operated on using the Lejour short scar technique (superovertical pedicle) and 93 using the Strömbeck method (medial pedicle). The aim of this study was to compare the results of these two different methods with regard to scar formation, position and sensation in the nipple areola complex, postoperative complications, healing conditions, shape and volume symmetry of the breasts and patient satisfaction. An objective method [20] was used for assessment of postoperative breast asymmetry. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are presented. The incidence of early complications was low in both groups, compared with the data presented in the literature, but Strömbeck's method was found to be superior in some respects because of fewer early postoperative complications, shorter healing period and better breast symmetry postoperatively.     

Pyoderma gangrenosum following reduction mammaplasty

The failure of a postoperative local infection to resolve after appropriate antibiotic therapy should prompt consideration of other diagnoses. Reported here is a case of pyoderma gangrenosum, a rare necrotizing disorder, occurring after reduction mammaplasty. The clinical presentation was one of progressive wound deterioration with associated erythema and intense pain. After failure of antibiotic therapy and local wound care, tissue biopsy of the enlarging wound edge confirmed the diagnosis, which then responded rapidly to systemic steroid treatment. Given that the treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum is at odds with the standard treatment for an infection (steroids versus antibiotics), differentiating between the two diagnoses is vital to providing resolution of the process and limiting any untoward scarring resulting from the advancing open wounds that can develop. With this in mind, the physical signs and symptoms that characterize this condition and thus allow early diagnosis are presented, and treatment options discussed.     

乳房神经血管解剖学研究及在乳房缩小成形术中的意义

目的　探讨乳房的血供模式和神经支配走向 ,寻找适合各型乳房肥大的短小瘢痕乳房缩小成形术术式。方法　应用血管铸型、标本透明技术和大体解剖对 12具成年女性尸体的胸壁乳房血供模式和乳房的神经支配进行研究 ,并设计出改良的双环形切口乳房缩小成形术 ,用于 2 8例乳房肥大患者。结果　成年女性前胸壁软组织乳房或为两层血管构筑或为三层血管构筑 ,各层间均通过垂直穿支形成吻合并首先在胸肌筋膜表面形成致密的血管网 ,这些垂直穿支在乳房下部粗大 ,上部细小。乳头乳晕的神经支配以第 4肋间神经外侧皮支的深支为主 ,在下垂乳房于腺体内呈S形走行。 2 8例患者行乳房缩小成形术后外形满意 ,乳头乳晕完全成活 ,仅 1只乳房感觉减退或消失。结论　改良的双环形切口乳房缩小成形术是较为理想的术式 ,除具有原术式瘢痕不明显、乳房突出度好、效果持久等优点外 ,还最大限度地保留了剩余腺体的血供和乳头乳晕的神经支配     

Various dermal flaps with L-shaped sture line in reduction mammaplasty

We review our experience in reduction mammaplasty with L-shaped suture line which we have practiced for more than 7 years. The advantages, disadvantages, and specific indications of three variations of the technique, all of them leading to an L-shaped scar, are discussed.Presented at the IV Congress Mexico City.     

The role of reduction mammaplasty in oncology

Background: A procedure to achieve symmetry is required in almost 50% of the cases of breast reconstruction and provides an opportunity to explore the second breast and eventually to remove any area which is suspect. The various techniques available for the symmetry procedure should be discussed according to the breast exploration required. This study analyzes the different types of reduction mammaplasty (RM) techniques, the histology and localization of contralateral tumors which allow the plastic surgeon to diagnose occult breast cancer more accurately.Method: From 1978 to 1993, 1814 patients with breast cancer underwent a mastectomy with breast reconstruction at the Gustave-Roussy Institute. A contralateral RM to achieve symmetry was performed in 440 patients.Results: Twenty (4.5%) clinically and radiologically occult breast cancers were found among the contralateral RM specimens. The relationship between the type of RM technique and incidence of occult breast cancer was not significant: 16 cases of occult breast carcinomas in 305 RM with supra-areolar pedicle and four cases from 135 RM with infra-areolar pedicle (Fisher exactp=0.21).Conclusion: Close collaboration between plastic surgeon and oncologist is required while performing a breast reconstruction in order to take advantage of the surgery of the second breast to explore the gland and to remove occult carcinomas in approximately 5% of cases. The choice of RM procedure depends usually on the shape of the breast and often the personal preference of the surgeon but this should also be planned according to the glandular area to be explored. There results underline the absolute necessity of histological examination of all the specimens removed in all kinds of breast reduction also when it is performed for purely aesthetic reasons.     

“L” Technique compared with others in mammaplasty reduction

With more than 20 years' experience with using my L method in reduction mammaplasty, I realize that very little has changed in my philosophy. With the L technique one can achieve a perfect shape with a minimal scar and avoid a medial scar toward the sternum. I use only the lower access with upper vascular protection, abandoning the inferior vascular base of the flap. This procedure has new competition including techniques that yield a simple vertical scar or only a periareolar scar. However, up to now it is not possible, with any technique, to achieve a satisfactory shape for exigent patients. When I explain to potential patients the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods, in most cases they choose the L technique.     

双环法缩乳技术的改进

目的：寻找一种设计简单、易于掌握且切口瘢痕较隐蔽的巨乳缩小整形手术方法。方法：将传统双环法缩乳术加以技术改进，使内外环的设计定位合理、简单。结果：临床应用此方法为32例63只乳房行巨乳缩小或乳房下垂矫正，仅1例部分切口学期愈合，无乳头乳晕坏死或乳头感觉受损等并发症发生，效果满意。结论：改良后的双环法缩乳术具有设计容易、效果理想的     

保留乳头感觉的改良McKissock乳房缩小术

为保留乳头感觉,用改良 McKissock 垂直双蒂法行乳房缩小术4例(7只乳房),改良重点在于保留主要支配乳头感觉的第4肋间神经外侧皮支。另对术前设计及手术操作作了一些改进,因而术后乳房切口平整,两侧对称,外形挺拔。     

保留乳头感觉的改良McKissock乳房缩小术

为保留乳头感觉，用改良ＭｃＫｉｓｓｏｃｋ垂直双蒂法行乳房缩小术４例（７只乳房），改良重点在于保留主要支配乳头感觉的第４肋间神经外侧皮支。另对术前设计及手术操作作了一些改进，因而术后乳房切口平整，两侧对称，外形挺拔。     

改良双环法乳房缩小整形术

目的：探讨双环法乳房缩小整形术的一些技术改进。方法：在双环法乳房缩小整形术的基础上,从设计、操作上加以技术改良。结果：本组17例33侧,术后乳房外形满意,手术切口瘢痕不显;乳头、乳晕血运良好,感觉正常。结论：本方法设计合理、操作便捷,切除乳腺量大,术后效果理想,不仅适用于轻中度乳房肥大症,也适用于较重度乳房肥大症。     

改良双环法巨乳缩小术

目的：探讨双环法缩乳术的技术改进。用双环形切口，切除外上象限适量乳腺组织对肥大乳房进行缩小和重塑，恢复乳房正常形态。结果：23例46侧术后瘢痕不明显，乳头乳晕无坏死，感觉良好，效果满意。结论：本术式设计简单，满意度高，是治疗巨乳的好方法，有更好的应用前景。     

双环形切口乳房缩小整形术

目的:探讨乳房缩小整形术中手术方法及术后效果影响因素。方法:应用改良双环法进行乳房缩小整形术85例,术中切除腺体组织150～1200g,将外上侧腺体组织楔形切除后,将乳头-乳晕-腺体组织瓣置于正常解剖位置,以乳头为中心向内侧适度旋转,并适当固定塑形使乳房的上极保持丰满;并对手术后效果进行初步评价。结果:80例患者接受随访,手术后74例患者双侧乳房形态及乳头乳晕对称,乳房上极较丰满,乳头乳晕感觉良好,患者满意,总满意率为92.5%。结论:改良双环法乳房缩小整形术手术后乳房形态良好,患者满意度高,简易调查表显示患者手术后关心的问题首先是乳房形态及乳头乳晕感觉。     

内上腺体蒂乳房缩小成形术

目的 探讨一种能够保持乳房功能和形成良好外观的乳房缩小成形术。方法 根据乳房肥大的程度设计不同类型的皮肤切口，采用内上腺体蒂技术，切除外上方和下方过多的乳腺组织，将保留的乳腺组织重新塑形，切除多余的皮肤后缝合切口。结果 本组36例72侧乳房术后形态良好，无并发症，乳头乳晕感觉良好，效果满意。结论 内上腺体蒂技术是一种安全、有效的手术方法，能获得持久的塑形效果，通过选择不同类型的皮肤切口可以适用于各种程度乳房肥大的矫治。