湖南省某县2009-2012年鲍曼不动杆菌感染分布特征及耐药性变迁

目的了解医院感染鲍曼不动杆菌(ABA)临床分布特点及耐药性变化的趋势,为临床治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染提供依据。方法回顾性调查分析2009年1月-2012年9月慈利县人民医院临床标本中分离的370株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床资料及15种抗生素的药物敏感性实验检测结果。结果 2009年1月-2012年9月共检出370株ABA,其中2009-2012年分别检出73、84、116、97株,检出率分别为9.2%、10.3%、12.5%、14.6%;主要分离于呼吸道标本(80.9%),临床分布以ICU病房、呼吸科和神经外科为主(61.2%);鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素耐药率低于10%,对头孢吡肟、美罗培南的耐药率低于50%,对其余11种抗生素耐药率均高于50%,且呈逐年升高趋势。370株ABA有18株为全耐药菌株。结论鲍曼不动杆菌检出率逐年增加,对15种常用抗生素有不同程度的耐药,且耐药性逐年增加,应加强医院的耐药性监测,合理使用抗菌药物,以减少耐药株的产生。     

鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的耐药性分析

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布和检出情况以及对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法对某院临床分离的142株鲍曼不动杆菌,从标本来源、临床分布以及19种抗菌药物的耐药性进行分析。结果 142株鲍曼不动杆菌主要分离于呼吸道标本,占72.6%;主要分布在ICU(40.8%)和呼吸内科(14.8%);多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌72株,泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌24株,检出率分别为50.7%和16.9%;其中多粘菌素B的耐药性为0.0%,美罗培南的耐药性为36.6%,亚胺培南的耐药性为34.5%,其他抗菌药物的耐药性在67.3%~94.5%之间。结论多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌检出率较高,多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌是临床呼吸道感染的重要致病菌。     

鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的分析鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的分布情况和16种抗菌药物的耐药性,为耐药菌的抗菌药物选择提供依据。方法随机收集105株不重复鲍曼氏不动杆菌,采用K-B法对鲍曼氏不动杆菌进行药物敏感试验。结果 105株鲍曼不动杆菌主要分离自ICU,神经内科和神经外科,标本主要来源于痰标本(95.2%)。药敏结果提示鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦最为敏感,耐药率仅为9.5%,其次对亚胺培南,耐药率为32.4%;而对其余抗菌药物的耐药率在54.3%～75.2%之间。结论临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗生素的耐药率高,且呈多重耐药。必须加强对鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗生素,防止出现严重的医院感染。     

医院内鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布、流行状况及耐药性分析

目的 了解医院内鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布、耐药性及其在医院中的流行状况,指导临床及时合理地使用抗菌药物,采取有效的预防感染措施以预防院内感染的发生.方法 对2007年6月至2009年10月临床送检标本中分离的359株鲍曼不动杆菌的分布及耐药性进行回顾性分析.结果 359株鲍曼不动杆菌检出科室分布以ICU构成比最高(81.3%,292/359),其次为呼吸内科(11.7%,42/359);主要来源于痰液标本,占92.2%(331/359).医院内检出的鲍曼不动杆菌对各种抗生素的耐药率极高,常表现为多重耐药性,体外药敏试验最敏感的药物是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,其他抗生素耐药率都在85%以上.结论 鲍曼不动杆菌已成为院内感染的主要非发酵菌,并且耐药情况十分严重,应引起临床尤其是ICU和呼吸内科病房的高度重视.     

129株鲍曼不动杆菌所致医院感染的耐药性分析

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌在医院感染中的流行及药敏特征,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据。方法对2004年从我院临床送检标本所分离129株鲍曼不动杆菌的分布及药敏结果进行回顾性分析。结果鲍曼不动杆菌在重症监护病房(ICU)检出率最高为31.8%,其次为移植科(23.3%);感染部位以呼吸道和手术切口为主,分别占50.4%和40.3%;该菌对左氟沙星耐药率最低(8.53%),其次为磷霉素、美罗培南和头胞哌酮/舒巴坦,分别为10.1%、17.1%;耐药率最高的为呋喃妥因(92.2%),其次依次为头胞唑林(83.7%)、环丙沙星(75.2%)、氨卞西林(72.1%)和头胞呋肟(71.3%),其他抗生素也有不同程度的耐药。结论鲍曼不动杆菌是目前医院感染重要的条件致病菌,其抗生素耐药率呈逐步升高趋势,且耐药机制复杂,多重耐药率高,应引起临床的高度重视。     

2011—2013年某院鲍曼不动杆菌临床分布与耐药性分析

目的了解2011—2013年某院鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布与耐药性变化趋势,为指导临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对该院2011年1月—2013年12月分离的鲍曼不动杆菌来源和药敏试验结果进行统计分析。结果 2011—2013年共分离细菌14 705株,其中鲍曼不动杆菌1 999株(13.59%),3年鲍曼不动杆菌分别占分离病原菌的12.74%、13.05%、14.85%,呈逐年上升趋势(χ2=9.458,P=0.002)。标本来源主要为痰(1 541株,77.09%),分离科室以呼吸内科、外科重症监护室(SICU)和急诊重症监护室(EICU)为主,分别占21.71%、16.26%和8.26%。鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药率均逐年升高(均P0.05);多重耐药和泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌分离率亦呈逐年上升趋势(均P0.001),差异有统计学意义。结论医院鲍曼不动杆菌的分离率及耐药率均逐年上升,多重耐药及泛耐药现象较明显,临床科室应引起重视。     

411株鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布与耐药分析

目的分析鲍曼不动杆菌感染的临床分布及耐药谱变化。方法采用全自动细菌鉴定分析仪对我院411株鲍曼不动杆菌进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感实验,并对结果进行统计学分析。结果 411株鲍曼不动杆菌分离标本中,痰标本占86.1%。科室分布中,以ICU所占比最高,为53.8%。儿科重症监护室呈上升趋势。药敏实验结果：411株分离标本中,亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星和妥布霉素的耐药率相对较低,分别平均为43.5%、38.0%和43.8%。一、二代头孢耐药率极高,三、四代头孢耐药率逐年上升。其它类型抗生素则差异性较大,但普遍呈逐年上升趋势。结论鲍曼不动杆菌的多重耐药性日趋严重,应重视感染及耐药性检测,合理应用抗生素并做好院内防护,加强手卫生及消毒隔离,减少耐药菌株的产生和传播。     

鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的分析鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株的分布情况和16种抗菌药物的耐药性,为耐药菌的抗菌药物选择提供依据。方法随机收集105株不重复鲍曼氏不动杆菌,采用K—B法对鲍曼氏不动杆菌进行药物敏感试验。结果105株鲍曼不动杆菌主要分离自ICU,神经内科和神经外科,标本主要来源于痰标本（95．2％）。药敏结果提示鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦最为敏感。耐药率仅为9．5％,其次对亚胺培南,耐药率为32．4％;而对其余抗菌药物的耐药率在54．3％～75-2％之间。结论临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗生素的耐药率高,且呈多重耐药。必须加强对鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性监测,指导临床合理使用抗生素。防止出现严重的医院感染。     

重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌感染及耐药性分析

[目的]探讨重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌耐药分布及耐药的新动向,以指导临床抗生素的合理使用.[方法]统计2006年1月～2009年7月重症监护病房各种临床标本中分离得到的243株鲍曼不动杆菌进行耐药分析.[结果]鲍曼不动杆菌最常出现于痰标本中,占60.09%,其次是分泌物标本;鲍曼不动杆菌感染以院内为主.该菌耐药率最低的抗生素是亚胺培南.[结论]鲍曼不动杆菌有较高的耐药性,应合理选择和使用抗菌药物,降低其耐药性,防止该菌引起的医院感染.     

鲍曼不动杆菌的临床分布与耐药性分析

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌的分布特点及耐药情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法采用回顾性方法,统计分析280株鲍曼不动杆菌的来源,感染科室及耐药情况。结果鲍曼不动杆菌以痰标本和支气管吸出物最多,其次是分泌物和血液,感染科室以ICU（重症监护室）和呼吸内科最多,鲍曼不动杆菌对美洛培南敏感性最高,敏感率为95%,其次为亚胺培南。结论鲍曼不动杆菌是医院感染的重要致病菌,耐药率高且呈多重耐药,所以临床应合理使用抗生素,减少耐药菌株的产生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.