S-100 protein immunostaining in cells of dendritic morphology within reactive germinal centers by ABC immunoperoxidase method

Summary The dendritic and the interdigitating (IRC) reticulum cells are commonly reported to have different topographical distribution in the human lymphoid tissue and some peculiar cytochemical and immunohistochemical features. These include the detection of S-100 protein by PAP (peroxidase anti-peroxidase) method only in IRC located in the thymus-dependent areas. In 15 reactive lymphoid tissue specimens (11 lymph nodes, 3 tonsils, and 1 adenoid) the presence of S-100 protein was tested by ABC (avidin-biotin complex) immunoperoxidase method. IRC were constantly positive. Other positive cells were located within the follicular germinal centers; these immunostained cells appeared as a striking network composed of dendritic-shaped processes displaying a finely granular positivity for S-100 protein. It is suggested that by using this very sensitive technique, S-100 protein can also be detected in intrafollicular cells of dendritic morphology.This study was in part supported by Grant n.84.00525.44 from Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Progetto Finalizzato Oncologia Roma     

Electroencephalographic effects of intracentral injection of antibodies against brain-specific S-100 antigen

The effects of intracentral injection of antibodies against brain-specific S-100 antigen (S-100 protein) were studied by an electroencephalographic method with estimation of the power of the EEG rhythms by analog computer. Intracerebral injections of antibodies against S-100 protein caused an increase in power of the principal EEG rhythms in the hippocampus, caudate nucleus, and mesencephalic reticular formation, followed by the development of epileptiform activity in these same structures.Laboratory of Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Adaptation, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Siberian Branch, Novosibirsk. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. P. Kaznacheev.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 84, No. 8, pp. 158–160, August, 1977.     

Increased S-100 protein-immunoreactivity of Kupffer cells is associated with lymphohematological malignancy

The distribution of S-100 protein in normal tissue has been studied extensively. However, little is known about its expression in pathologic states. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of S100 protein in diseased human liver, especially in Kupffer cells. One hundred cases of autopsy livers originating from patients with various diseases were examined. Increased S-100-immunoreactivity of Kupffer cells was observed in six cases. Of the six cases, four were derived from a lymphohematologic malignancy, such as B cell lymphoma, B cell lymphoblastic leukemia, muitiple myeloma and chronic myelogenous leukemia with lymphoblastic crisis. Lymphohematologic malignancy accounted for 16 out of the 100 cases examined. Thus, increased S-100-positive Kupffer cells was significantly associated with lymphohematologic malignancy (P<0.01); 25% (4/16) in cases with lymphohematologic malignancy versus 2.4% (2/84) in the remaining cases. Moreover, some of these S-100-positive Kupffer cells were positive for S-100 β-subunit, which is not normally expressed by Kupffer cells. Although the reason for this increased S-100-immunoreactivity is speculative, the authors' hypothesis is that tumor cells may produce some factor(s) that induce the expression of S-100 protein in Kupffer cells.     

Immunocytochemical localization of S-100 protein in interstitial cells of the monkey Macaca irus pineal gland

Pineal interstitial cells of the monkey Macaca irus were shown to react with an anti-human S-100 protein antibody, using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique on sections of paraplast-embedded pineal glands. Immunoreactivity was seen in the cytoplasm of the cells, stellate in shape and intermingled with pinealocytes; the latter did not stain with the antiserum against S-100 protein. Immunoreactivity was also present in the nuclei, as was reported in various other cell types immunostained with anti-S-100 protein antibodies. The present results support the view that interstitial cells of the monkey Macaca irus pineal gland may be of astroglial origin.     

Involvement of the serotoninergic system in the mechanism of action of ultralow dose antibodies to S-100 protein

The involvement of the serotoninergic system in the realization of anxiolytic and anti-depressant activities of antibodies to S-100 protein in ultralow doses is proven. Administration of ultralow-dose antibodies to S-100 protein in combination with serotoninergic agents (ketanserin and 5-hydroxytryptophan) reduced the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of antibodies. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 143, No. 5, pp. 535–537, May, 2007     

Immunohistochemical demonstration of S-100 protein in salivary gland neoplasms

A peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique for S-100 protein has been applied to 68 salivary glands. These included 17 pleomorphic adenomas, seven adenoid cystic carcinomas, 23 adenolymphomas and a number of other neoplasms. In addition, five specimens of myoepithelial sialadenitis ('benign lymphoepithelial lesion') and five normal parotid glands were included. Consistent results were obtained, myoepithelial cells and cells in myxoid and chondroid areas in pleomorphic adenomas staining intensely. In adenoid cystic carcinoma, on the other hand, there was no staining. The adenolymphomas possessed intensely S-100 protein-positive cells in the interfollicular lymphoid areas; these were probably interdigitating reticulum cells. In addition, branching structures, probably corresponding to Langerhans' cells, were observed in the epithelium of adenolymphomas.     

Immunohistochemical study of neuron specific enolase and S-100 protein in Hirschsprung's disease

Summary The distribution of whole differentiated neurons in the intestines from 15 children with Hirschsprung's disease was investigated using neuron specific enolase (NSE) and the perineuronal elements were studied using S-100 protein immunostaining.In aganglionic segments, NSE immunoreactive ganglion cells and S-100 positive satellite cells were absent, but the hypertrophic nerve trunks did show a markedly positive NSE and S-100 immunoreactivity.Two different forms of aganglionic segment were present. One was the middle aganglionic segment of long segment aganglionosis which was almost completely dennervated. In the other type, there were several NSE positive nerve fibers in the muscularis propria of both the aganglionic segment of short segment aganglionosis and the distal aganglionic segment of long segment aganglionosis. These latter two aganglionic segments seemed to be innervated by extrinsic nerves.     

Absence of S-100 protein in prostatic glands

In eight cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia, two of which also contained well-differentiated prostatic adenocarcinoma, staining for S-100 protein was negative. These findings support the view that the outer layer of cells in prostatic acini is not myoepithelial in nature.     

S-100 protein is a differentiation marker in thyroid carcinoma of follicular cell origin: An immunohistochemical study

S-100 protein, a dimer of S-100α and S-100β subunits (S-100α and S-100β), is widely distributed in human tissue, and several papers describing S-100 protein expression in follicular cells of the thyroid have been published. in the present study, 105 cases of thyroid carcinoma (of which 96 were papillary, four follicular, two undifferentiated, and three meduilary) were analyzed immunohistochemically for the expression of S-100 protein, S-100α, S-100β, and thyroglobulin. in papillary carcinoma, 188 lesions were studled and classified into well differentiated types (56 papillary, 45 follicular) and poorly differentiated types (41 trabecular, four solid, eight squamoid, three tall, and one insular), because the histological structure of each tumor was heterogeneous. The percentage of lesions which expressed positively for 5–100 protein and S-100α, respectively, according to type were: papillary, 96 and 99%; foillcular, 96 and 100%; trabecular, 95 and 100%; solid, 50 and 50%; squamoid, 50 and 757%; and tall, 33 and 100%. The insular type was negative for both. For papillary carcinoma, well differentiated lesions showed stronger S-100α expression than poorly differentiated lesions. S-100α expression was weaker In follicular and undifferentiated carcinoma than in papillary carcinoma. Meduliary carcinoma also expressed S-100α. S-100β was positive in lesions that expressed S-100α strongly. Expression of S-100 protein and S-100α protein correlated with thyroglobulin synthesis in the follicular cells. It was concluded that S-100 protein, mainly S 100α. exists in thyroid follicular cells, that it exists In higher quantity in most of the well differentiated lesions but in lower quantity in poorly differentiated or Undifferentiated lesions, and that 5100 protein, especially S-100α, is a differentiation marker in carcinoma of thyroid follicular cell origin.     

Comparison of effects of antibodies to S-100 protein and ouabain onHelix pomatia neurons

Laboratory of Functional Synaptology, Brain Institute, All-Union Mental Health Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. V. Snezhnevskii.^*) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 106, No. 10, pp. 393–395, October, 1988.     

Expression of S-100 protein in renal cell neoplasms

Polyclonal antibody to S-100 protein has been routinely applied for initial screening of various types of tumors, including, melanocytic tumors and neurogenic tumors. S-100 protein has been shown to have a broad distribution in human tissues, including renal tubules. The potential utility of S-100 protein in renal cell neoplasms has not been extensively investigated. Using an EnVision-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP; Dako, Carpinteria, Calif) kit, we evaluated the diagnostic value of S-100 protein on tissue microarray sections from 175 cases of renal epithelial neoplasm (145 primary renal neoplasms and 30 metastatic renal cell carcinomas) and 24 non-neoplastic renal tissues. Immunohistochemical stains for pancytokeratin, HMB-45, and Mart-1 were also performed. Western blot using the same antibody (anti-S-100 protein) was performed on 10 cases of renal cell neoplasm. The results demonstrated that nuclear and cytoplasmic staining pattern for S-100 protein was observed in 56 (69%) of 81 conventional (clear cell) renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), 10 (30%) of 33 papillary RCCs, 1 (6%) of 16 ChRCCs, and 13 (87%) of 15 oncocytomas. Among the 81 cases of CRCC, positivity for S-100 protein was seen in 41 (71%) of 58 and 15 (65%) of 23 cases with Furhman nuclear grade I/II and III/IV, respectively. Focal immunostaining was present in 22 (92%) of 24 normal renal tubules. Similar staining pattern was observed in 21 (70%) of 30 metastatic RCCs. Western blotting demonstrated the S-100 protein expression in both renal cell neoplasm and normal renal tissue. Overexpression of S-100 in oncocytomas compared with ChRCCs was confirmed by the data of Western blot and cDNA microarray analysis. Importantly, 14.8% (12/81) of clear cell RCC and 13.3% (4/30) of metastatic RCC revealed an immunostaining profile of pancytokeratin (-)/S-100 protein (+). These data indicate that caution should be taken in interpreting an unknown primary with S-100 positivity and cytokeratin negativity. In addition, it suggests that S-100 has a diagnostic value in differentiating oncocytoma from ChRCC.     

Counts of S-100 positive epidermal dendritic cells in Kveim test skin biopsies

S-100 positive epidermal dendritic cells were counted in skin biopsies from 48 Kveim tests and four known foreign-body reactions. Counts in histologically positive Kveim biopsies (mean 11.3 per 200 basal cells) were significantly higher than in either negative biopsies (5.1; P less than 0.001) or foreign-body reactions (4.7; P less than 0.05). A similar difference was found, irrespective of the histological appearances, between biopsies from patients diagnosed clinically as having sarcoidosis (10.5) and those in which another diagnosis had been made (4.1; P less than 0.001). In biopsies from patients with sarcoidosis 70% had a positive Kveim test, 70% had a raised epidermal dendritic cell count and one or the other was positive in 90%. All cases in which both the Kveim test was positive and the dendritic cell count was raised had a final clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Counts of S-100 positive epidermal dendritic cells are useful in differentiating positive reactions to Kveim suspension from non-specific reactions to foreign material and increase the diagnostic confidence of the Kveim test.     

B16黑色素瘤组织中上皮型钙黏附分子和S-100蛋白的表达及意义

目的:探讨B16黑色素瘤小鼠体内上皮型钙黏附分子与S-100蛋白的表达在肿瘤侵袭及转移过程中发挥的作用。方法:C57纯系小鼠分为12d和25d肿瘤组和正常对照组。肿瘤组将B16黑色素瘤细胞人工植入C57小鼠背部皮下,制荷瘤鼠模型,免疫组织化学法检测肿瘤病变中心区及交界区皮肤上皮型钙黏附分子和S-100的表达。结果:12d肿瘤组肿瘤组织中S-100蛋白表达的面密度和数密度明显增高,与正常对照组和25d肿瘤组比较差异有统计学意义;肿瘤组织中上皮型钙黏附分子表达的面密度和数密度较正常对照组明显降低。结论:上皮型钙黏附分子和S-100蛋白的异常表达在皮肤黑色素瘤的恶性进展过程中起重要作用,其表达程度可作为判断黑色素瘤恶性程度及预后的指标之一。     

The expression and distribution of S-100 protein and CD 83 in thyroid tissues of autoimmune thyroid diseases

To investigate the expression and distribution of S-100 protein and CD83 in the thyroid tissues of autoimmunethyroid diseases(ATDs),and to study the role of the dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of ATDs,immunohistochemical staining was used on pathological tissues of 20 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT)and 20 patients with Graves' disease(GD) to check the expression and distribution of S-100 protein and CD83.Compared with control group(20 cases of thyroid follicular adenoma,TFA),the higher expressions of S-100 inHT(139.38±5.92 vs 59.47±11.69) and GD(119.42±14.48 vs 59.47±11.69) were observed respectively(p<0.001).The increased positive expressions of CD83 which is known as a marker of mature and activated DCs inHT(22.58±13.96 vs 5.19±8.08) and GD(29.92±14.43 vs 5.19±8.08) were also found respectively(p<0.001).Serum TPO antibody(TPO-Ab,67.3±11.6%) and Tg antibody(Tg-Ab,59.8±10.1%) in HT were higher thanthose in GD(28.4±5.7%,23.1±4.9%) and TFA(6.1±3.4%,7.2±4.6%)(p<0.01).Serum TR-Ab in GD(16.3±5.6 U/L) was higher than those in HT(4.8±2.3 U/L) and TFA(2.5±1.2 U/L)(p<0.01).Our findings suggestthat the high expression of DCs' markers may be related to the pathogenesis of HT and GD.The upregulationof both the number and the matured functions of DCs,may lead to present more antigens and to produce moreauto-antibodies(such as Tg-Ab and TPO-Ab in HT,TR-Ab in GD),which may be involved in pathogenesis ofthe autoimmune thyroid diseases.Cellular & Molecular Immunology.2004;1(5):378-382.     

Subepithelial neuroendocrine cells and carcinoid tumours of the human small intestine and appendix. A comparative immunohistochemical study with regard to serotonin, neuron-specific enolase and S-100 protein reactivity

A comparative immunocytochemical study was performed of subepithelial neuroendocrine cells of the human small intestine and appendix and carcinoid tumours of these sites, using a monoclonal antibody to serotonin and polyclonal antisera against neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein. Subepithelial neuroendocrine cells were easily identified in the lamina propria of the appendix. These cells, which sometimes occurred in aggregates, displayed serotonin and NSE immunoreactivity and were surrounded by S-100 protein immunoreactive cells, presumably of Schwann cell origin. In the appendix scattered cells with corresponding morphological features and immunoreactivity were also observed deep in the submucosa. In addition, subepithelial neuroendocrine cells were sparsely present in the lamina propria of the small intestine, occurring only as single cells in the deeper part of the mucosa below or between the epithelial crypts. Most appendiceal carcinoid tumours (11 of 12 examined cases) were biphasic and consisted of neuroendocrine tumour cells with intermingled S-100 protein immunoreactive cells (Schwann cells) with long cytoplasmic extensions. However, small intestinal (11 cases) and caecal (10 cases) carcinoids lacked S-100 protein immunoreactive cells as an integral component. The results indicate that the appendiceal carcinoids are mostly closely related structurally to the subepithelial neuroendocrine and Schwann cell aggregates of the lamina propria and are thus presumed to be histogenetically related to this cell system, while the histogenesis of small-intestinal and caecal carcinoids remains less clear.     

脑梗死患者体液S-100b蛋白含量测定及其临床意义

目的　为了观察急性和恢复期脑梗死患者血液和脑脊液的S 10 0b蛋白含量变化 ,探讨其与神经功能缺损程度、脑梗死体积以及患者年龄等方面的相关性。方法　将 4 6例脑梗死住院患者作为观察组 ,2 5例与观察组相匹配的骨折、阑尾或胆囊摘除手术病人以及健康体检者作为对照组 ;采用双抗体夹心ELISA法 ,检测其血液及脑脊液S 10 0b蛋白的含量 ;并应用SPSS10 .0统计软件包进行统计学分析。结果　急性脑梗死 (ACI)患者血液和脑脊液S 10 0b蛋白显著高于恢复期患者和对照组 (P <0 .0 1) ;血液和脑脊液S 10 0b蛋白含量与梗死体积均呈显著正相关 (P <0 .0 1) ;与出院时神经功能缺损程度呈显著正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　脑脊液或血清中的S 10 0b蛋白浓度 ,反映了神经胶质细胞的损害程度 ,也是脑组织破坏后较合适的生化标记物 ,有助于判断脑梗死病人梗死范围、监测病情变化、疗效观察。     

胚胎小肠S-100+树突状细胞的组织分布

目的：观察人胚胎小肠树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)的组织分布。方法：应用SABC免疫组织化学法对人胚胎小肠DC的出现时间、分布部位、形态以及数量等进行研究。结果：(1)人胚胎小肠各段S-100^ DC于第9～11W相继出现,主要分布于粘膜固有层,外形不规则,第24W以后,其突起相连逐渐在固有层形成网状结构。(2)回肠集合淋巴小结S-100^ DC以滤泡问区数量最多,其外形相对规则。结论：人胚胎小肠S-100^ DC主要分布于固有层,其数量随胎龄的增加而逐渐增加,而回肠集合淋巴小结S-100DC呈区域性分布,它们与固有层S-DC在形状、大小和数量上有所不同。     

Neurospecific S-100 protein in synaptosomes of the rat cerebral cortex

A nonspecific S-100 protein was found in the composition of low-molecular-weight acid proteins from synaptosomes of the rat cerebral cortex by capillary microdisc electrophoresis in 15% polyacrylamide gel with 0.1% sodium dodecysulfate and with the aid of a highly purified marker protein. The S-100 protein accounted for 15–20% of the lowmolecular-weight acid synaptosomal proteins.Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR V. S. Il'in). Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 164–166, February, 1976.     

Involvement of the GABA-B system in the mechanism of action of ultralow-dose antibodies to S-100 protein

The involvement of the GABA-B neurotransmitter system in the realization of anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of ultralow-dose antibodies to S-100 protein is demonstrated. Simultaneous injection of ultralow-dose antibodies to S-100 protein and GABA-B receptor agonist baclofen reduced the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of the drug, while GABA-B receptor antagonist faclofen stimulated the anxiolytic and reduced the antidepressant effect of ultralow-dose antibodies to S-100 protein. The effect of ultralow-dose antibodies to S-100 protein on the GABA-B-ergic system differs from that of benzodiazepine anxiolytics (diazepam) and tricyclic antidepressants (amitryptiline) not affecting this transmitter system. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 5, pp. 552–554, May, 2008