外源性BDNF对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜EIK-1磷酸化的影响

为了研究脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)干预对急性高眼压(HIOP)后大鼠视网膜EIK-1磷酸化的影响,本实验将72只成年大鼠随机分为单纯高眼压组、BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组。BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组动物左眼于加压前2d分别给予BDNF预处理或溶媒,右眼设为正常对照。各组动物左眼眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图b波消失的临界眼压并维持60min,动物分别存活1、3、7、14d后处死,冰冻切片行p-EIK-1的免疫组织化学染色。结果显示:单纯高眼压组急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜节细胞层p-EIK-1阳性细胞数较正常对照组下调(P<0.05);溶媒预处理高眼压组实验结果与单纯急性高眼压组相似。BDNF预处理高眼压组急性高眼压后1、3、7d组大鼠视网膜节细胞层p-EIK-1阳性细胞数与正常对照组相似,14d组下调(P<0.05)。此结果提示外源性BDNF促进了急性高眼压后视网膜节细胞层EIK-1的活化,节细胞层EIK-1的磷酸化对受损的视网膜有保护作用。     

急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜葡萄糖转运因子-1的表达

目的:观察急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜葡萄糖转运因子-1(GLUT-1)的表达变化及其对视网膜损伤的影响.方法:利用急性高眼压大鼠模型,通过免疫组织化学和免疫印迹检测急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜GLUT-1蛋白的表达变化;Nissl染色观察视网膜神经细胞层次改变及节细胞数的变化.结果:正常视网膜血管内皮细胞有GLUT-1表达,急性高眼压后3h开始下调,6h达最低值,之后1d、3d、7d逐渐恢复至正常水平.Nissl染色结果显示急性高眼压后3h、6h和12 h视网膜节细胞数减少不明显,到1、3d,视网膜层次紊乱、变薄,节细胞数明显减少.结论:急性高眼压后早期大鼠视网膜GLUT-1表达下调,影响了视网膜葡萄糖的转运,这可能是视网膜结构紊乱,节细胞丢失的重要原因.     

脑源性神经营养因子对高眼压后视网膜节细胞的保护作用

目的　观察大鼠眼高压所致视网膜损伤及脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)对节细胞的保护作用。方法　以生理盐水加压注入Wistar大鼠眼前房至动物视网膜电图 (ERG)b波消失的临界压并维持 90min ,制成大鼠急性高眼压模型。实验组加压前 2d玻璃体内注射BDNF(3μg/kg ,0 1μg/ μl) ,实验对照组注射等量小牛白蛋白 ,加压后存活 3d复查ERG后处死 ,美蓝染色后光镜下观察节细胞的形态改变并作细胞计数分析 ,测量视网膜内核层 (INL)及内网层外缘至内界膜 (IPL ILM)的厚度。ABC免疫组化法检测谷氨酸的表达变化。结果　视网膜高眼压后IPL -ILM厚度小于正常对照组 ;节细胞数目减少 ,部分节细胞呈现坏死特征。BDNF处理后视网膜病理改变有明显改善 ,与实验对照组比较节细胞存活数增加 ,IPL ILM厚度大于实验对照组。高眼压后视网膜内可见谷氨酸免疫反应阳性双极细胞 ,BDNF处理后其免疫反应性类似于正常对照组。 3d后视网膜电图b波在BDNF处理组为正常的 75 3% ,而实验对照组仅为正常的 11 4 % (P <0 0 5 )。结论　大鼠眼高压可导致视网膜节细胞死亡 ,BDNF对高压后节细胞具有明显的保护作用。兴奋性氨基酸对高眼压后节细胞的损害可被BDNF改善     

持续高眼压对大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的损伤

目的 观察持续高眼压对大鼠视网膜神经节细胞（RGCs）的损害。方法 烙闭大鼠上巩膜静脉,制作大鼠持续性高眼压模型,分时点摘取眼球,光镜及TUNEL法观察大鼠视网膜各层厚度变化和RGCs凋亡率,电镜观察RGCs超微结构变化。结果 随着高眼压时间持续,视网膜神经节细胞及纤维层逐渐变薄,节细胞及轴突的超微结构呈进行性损害,神经节细胞的细胞凋亡率增加。结论 持续高眼压导致大鼠RGCs的病理改变过程及其结果符合青光眼视神经损伤的病理特点。     

脑源性神经营养因子对实验性大鼠高眼压视网膜节细胞EIK-1磷酸化水平的作用

目的:观察脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)干预对急性高眼压(HIOP)后大鼠视网膜EIK-1磷酸化水平的影响,以了解BDNF抗高眼压损伤的机制。方法:成年大鼠72只随机分为HIOP组、BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组(n=24),每组又根据4个时间点细分为4个亚组(n=6)。BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组大鼠左眼于加压前2 d分别给予BDNF预处理或等量溶媒剂,右眼作为正常对照。用生理盐水升高各组大鼠左侧眼压,至眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图b波消失的临界眼压时停止注射,并维持60 min。大鼠分别存活1、3、7、14 d后处死,冰冻切片行p-EIK-1的免疫组织化学染色。结果:与正常对照比较,急性高眼压后,HIOP和溶媒预处理高眼压视网膜节细胞层p-EIK-1阳性细胞数明显减少(P0.01);BDNF预处理高眼压组急性高眼压后1d和3d节细胞层p-EIK-1阳性细胞数与正常对照组相似,7d和14 d时有轻度减少(P0.05)。结论:外源性BDNF可以促进实验大鼠急性高眼压后视网膜节细胞层EIK-1活化,提示节细胞层EIK-1的磷酸化介导了BDNF对受损的视网膜的保护作用。     

脑源性神经营养因子对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜Mueller细胞的影响

目的：检测脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）干预急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜Mueller细胞谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和谷氨酸／天冬氨酸转运体（GLAST）表达的变化，探讨BDNF保护节细胞（RGCs）的可能机制。方法：成年大鼠分为3个BDNF干预组和3个溶媒对照组并进行玻璃体内注射。2d后将预处理动物左眼眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图b波消失的临界眼压且维持缺血60min。实验动物分别存活1、3或7d后通过免疫组织化学检测大鼠视网膜GS和GLAST的表达变化。结果：与正常对照组比较，溶媒对照组GS和GLAST在存活1d和3d时表达上调，7d时下降；BDNF干预组未出现表达明显变化。结论：BDNF可能不是通过Mueller细胞上调GS和GLAST，降低胞外Glu来保护RGCs。     

脑源性神经营养因子对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜Müller细胞的影响

目的：检测脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)干预急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜 Müller 细胞谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS) 和谷氨酸/天冬氨酸转运体(GLAST)表达的变化,探讨 BDNF 保护节细胞(RGCs)的可能机制。方法：成年大鼠分为3个 BDNF 干预组和3个溶媒对照组并进行玻璃体内注射。2 d 后将预处理动物左眼眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图 b 波消失的临界眼压且维持缺血60 min。实验动物分别存活1、3或7 d 后通过免疫组织化学检测大鼠视网膜 GS 和 GLAST 的表达变化。结果：与正常对照组比较,溶媒对照组 GS 和 GLAST 在存活1 d 和3 d 时表达上调,7d 时下降;BDNF 干预组未出现表达明显变化。结论：BDNF 可能不是通过 Müller 细胞上调 GS 和 GLAST,降低胞外 Glu 来保护 RGCs。     

糖尿病早期大鼠视网膜视细胞超微结构改变与醛糖还原酶的相关性及氨基胍的保护作用

目的 :探讨糖尿病早期大鼠视网膜视细胞超微结构改变与醛糖还原酶 (Aldosereductase ,AR)含量变化的相关性及氨基胍 (Aminoguanidine,AG)的保护作用。方法 :选择健康成年雄性SD大鼠 ,随机分成正常对照组、糖尿病组和糖尿病AG治疗组。一次性腹腔注射链脲佐菌素 (Streptozotin ,STZ)诱发糖尿病模型 ,分别于第 3 0天和第 90天测定视网膜组织AR含量 ;并在第 90天时取视网膜行透射电镜观察视细胞超微结构。结果 :糖尿病早期大鼠视网膜AR含量随糖尿病时间的增长而增多 ;糖尿病 90天大鼠视网膜的视细胞外节膜盘排列紊乱 ,间隙扩大 ,内节线粒体水肿 ,有的空泡化 ;AG治疗组大鼠视网膜AR含量明显低于糖尿病未治疗组 ,糖尿病 90天大鼠视网膜视细胞外节膜盘少量排列紊乱 ,内节线粒体正常。结论 :糖尿病早期视网膜视细胞超微结构改变与AR含量变化有关 ,AG可通过抑制AR活性而保护视细胞     

脑源性神经营养因子预处理后急性高眼压下大鼠视网膜TrkB的表达变化

目的：检测脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)干预后大鼠视网膜TrkB的表达变化。为受损后视网膜节细胞的保护及外源性BDNF的应用提供一定的理论基础。方法：大鼠左眼分为急性眼高压及BDNF预处理组。使左眼眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图b波消失的临界眼压并维持60 min,分别存活1～14 d后处死,冰冻切片行尼氏染色及TrkB的免疫组织化学。结果：急性高眼压组各时间点节细胞层细胞数目均显著少于BDNF预处理组;1、3 d时TrkB的表达明显增加,7、14 d时则明显减少;BDNF预处理组在存活1、3 d时TrkB的表达明显增加,7 d时则下降至正常对照组水平,14 d时再次明显增加。结论：急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜内TrkB的表达存在时空变化,TrkB表达的上调提示视网膜对BDNF的需求增加。     

视神经切断联合高眼压增高大鼠视网膜内P75NTR和Sortilin的蛋白表达水平

目的 观察视神经切断联合高眼压状态下,视网膜内p75NTR和Sortilin蛋白表达水平的变化.方法 60只健康雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为对照(control,n=6)、假手术(sham,n=6)、单纯视神经切断(NT,n=24)和视神经切断联合高眼压(NP,n=24)4组.NT和NP模型组,进一步分为术后第1、3、7和14天组(均n=6).用Western blot法,检测各组大鼠视网膜内P75NTR和Sortilin蛋白表达.结果 NP组大鼠视网膜内,P75NTR及Sortilin蛋白表达量在术后第3、7和14天明显高于对照组、假手术组及单纯视神经切断组(P<0.05).结论 高眼压可使大鼠视网膜内RGC本身合成的Sortilin和P75NTR蛋白量增高,60/50 ku的P75NTR及90 ku成熟Sortilin蛋白可能参与了高眼压所致大鼠视网膜神经节细胞的损伤.     

外源性BDNF对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜ERK1/2磷酸化的影响

为研究脑源性神经生长因子(BDNF)干预对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜磷酸化的细胞外信号调节激酶(p-ERK1/2)表达变化的影响,本实验将成年大鼠随机分为单纯高眼压组、BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组,BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组动物左眼于加压前2d分别给予BDNF或溶媒预处理,右眼设为正常对照。各组动物左眼眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图b波消失的临界眼压并维持60min,动物分别存活1、3、7、14d后处死,冰冻切片行p-ERK的免疫组织化学染色。结果显示与正常对照相比,单纯高眼压组急性高眼压后p-ERK表达下调(P<0.05),1、3、7d组内核层出现p-ERK阳性细胞;溶媒预处理高眼压组实验结果与单纯急性高眼压组相似;BDNF预处理高眼压组急性高眼压后1、3、7d时p-ERK的表达与正常对照组相似,7d和14d出现了重新分布。此结果提示外源性BDNF可能通过促进急性高眼压后视网膜ERK1/2的活化对受损的视网膜起保护作用。     

急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜BDNF和TrkB的表达变化

研究急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜BDNF及其高亲和力受体TrkB的表达变化规律,为视网膜损伤后的治疗提供理论依据。本实验采用急性高眼压大鼠模型(成年SD大鼠左眼眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图b波消失的临界眼压并维持60min,分别存活1、3、7、14d后处死),运用免疫组织化学染色方法观察了急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜BDNF及TrkB的表达情况。结果显示急性眼高后1d、3d视网膜BDNF的表达变化不明显,TrkB的表达增强,7d、14d时BDNF、TrkB的表达均明显减少。这种急性高眼压后早期大鼠视网膜内BDNF和TrkB表达变化存在的时空差异提示促进内源性BDNF表达或补充外源性BNDF有可能缓解急性高眼压早期视网膜的损伤。     

外源性脑源性神经营养因子对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜磷酸化TrkB表达的影响

目的:检测脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)干预对急性高眼压后大鼠视网膜磷酸化TrkB(p-TrkB)表达变化的影响。方法:成年大鼠随机分为单纯高眼压组、BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组,BDNF预处理高眼压组和溶媒预处理高眼压组动物左眼于加压前2d分别给予BDNF预处理或溶媒,右眼设为正常对照。各组动物左眼眼压升高至闪光视网膜电图b波消失的临界眼压并维持60min,动物分别存活1、3、7、14d后处死,冷冻切片行p-TrkB的免疫组织化学显色。结果:单纯高眼压组急性高眼压后p-TrkB的表达显著下调;溶媒预处理高眼压组实验结果与单纯急性高眼压组相似;BDNF预处理高眼压组p-TrkB的表达随再灌时间的延长进行性下调,但在各时间点的表达均显著高于单纯高眼压组。结论:外源性BDNF干预部分缓解了急性高眼压后视网膜p-TrkB表达的下调,对急性高眼压后的大鼠视网膜起到一定的保护作用。     

Synaptophysin Expression in Rat Retina Following Acute High Intraocular Pressure

In response to injury, synapse alteration may occur earlier than the changes in the cell body of neurons. Although retinal ganglion cell death and thinning of the inner part of retina were found after acute high intraocular pressure (HIOP), the structural and functional changes of synapses in the retina remain unknown. In the present study, we investigated the protein and mRNA expression of synaptophysin (SYN), an important molecule closely related to synaptic activities, synaptogenesis and synaptic plasticity. In addition, we also studied the ultrastructural changes of the retinal synapses. We found that (1) synaptophysin was upregulated transiently at both protein and mRNA level following HIOP; (2) broadened distribution of synaptophysin protein was present within the outer nuclear layer at the early stage following HIOP; (3) in the outer nuclear layer bouton-like vesicle-containing structures were observed by electron microscopy. This data suggested that, besides degeneration, synapses in rat retina may undergo regenerative events following HIOP.     

Expression of Glutamate and GABA during the Process of Rat Retinal Synaptic Plasticity Induced by Acute High Intraocular Pressure

Acute high intraocular pressure (HIOP) can induce plastic changes of retinal synapses during which the expression of the presynaptic marker synaptophysin (SYN) has a distinct spatiotemporal pattern from the inner plexiform layer to the outer plexiform layer. We identified the types of neurotransmitters in the retina that participated in this process and determined the response of these neurotransmitters to HIOP induction. The model of acute HIOP was established by injecting normal saline into the anterior chamber of the rat eye. We found that the number of glutamate-positive cells increased successively from the inner part to the outer part of the retina (from the ganglion cell layer to the inner nuclear layer to the outer nuclear layer) after HIOP, which was similar to the spatiotemporal pattern of SYN expression (internally to externally) following HIOP. However, the distribution and intensity of GABA immunoreactivity in the retina did not change significantly at different survival time post injury and had no direct correlation with SYN expression. Our results suggested that the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate might participate in the plastic process of retinal synapses following acute HIOP, but no evidence was found for the role of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.     

Differential roles of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/akt pathway in retinal ganglion cell survival in rats with or without acute ocular hypertension

Intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation has often been used as an experimental model to study mechanisms underlying retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death associated with ocular ischemic injury and glaucoma. The aim of the present study, using both in vitro and in vivo approaches, was to investigate the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/akt pathway in RGC viability in normal rats and rats following transient IOP elevation. For in vivo studies, pathway inhibitors were administered intravitreally on days 3, 9, and 15 post-2-h IOP elevation at 110 mm Hg. Toward the end of the 3-week examination period, the fluorescent dye Fluorogold was used to retrogradely label surviving RGCs. In order to examine the role of macrophages that were recruited into the eye following the pathway inhibition, clodronate liposomes were used to deplete phagocytic cells in the eye. PI3K/akt pathway activity and location in the retina were examined using Western blot and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Here we showed that PI3K/akt inhibitors 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-1(4H)-benzopyran-4-one hydrochloride (LY294002) and KY12420 at low concentrations (2 microM or 20 microM) did not influence RGC survival but caused RGC loss at high concentration (200 muM) in retinal explants derived from intact rats. In contrast, both LY294002 and KY12420 at 20 microM led to RGC loss in retinal explants derived from IOP-elevated eyes. A detrimental action of phagocytic cells on RGC survival was also seen in these retinas. In vivo results confirmed the detrimental actions of PI3K/akt inhibition and macrophages on RGC survival in IOP-elevated, but not intact eyes even with high concentration of LY294002. Low level of PI3K/akt activity was detected in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) in intact retina. Acute IOP elevation activated PI3K/akt pathway in the inner nuclear layer and GCL including RGCs. This study thus demonstrates that PI3K/akt pathway mediates RGC survival after IOP elevation but not under normal condition.     

川芎嗪对缺血再灌注损伤心肌重要呼吸酶的影响

目的:观察川芎嗪对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌线粒体中琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)和细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)的影响及可能机制。方法:结扎冠状动脉30 min后再灌20 min,复制缺血再灌注模型。测定心肌线粒体中SDH、CCO、SOD和GSH·PX活力及MDA和细胞色素含量。结果:缺血再灌组(IR)SDH和CCO活力显著低于假手术对照组;缺血再灌加川芎嗪组(IR+L)的SDH和CCO活力显著高于缺血再灌组(P＜0.01),MDA含量明显降低,SOD及GSH·PX活力也明显升高。结论:川芎嗪对缺血再灌注损伤心肌中SDH和CCO活力降低有显著的拮抗作用,其机理可能是通过提高对氧自由基的清除及抑制脂质过氧化     

Localization of aspartate aminotransferase and cytochrome oxidase in the cat retina

Using immunohistochemical techniques, we demonstrate aspartate aminotransferase (AAT)-like immunoreactivity in cone pedicles and ganglion cells of the cat retina. An identical pattern was seen when we stained for cytochrome oxidase activity, a marker for neurons which have a high metabolic activity. Tetrodotoxin selectively blocked the cytochrome oxidase labeling of ganglion cells. AAT is a key enzyme in the metabolism of aspartate and glutamate and has been proposed as a marker for neurons which use aspartate/glutamate as a neurotransmitter. Due to the close correlation between AAT-like immunoreactivity and cytochrome oxidase activity, we suggest that, at least in the retina, AAT-like immunoreactivity in fact labels cells which have a high metabolic activity.