宝咳宁颗粒质量标准的研究

目的：制订宝咳宁颗粒鉴别及含量测定方法。方法：采有薄层色谱法鉴别胆酸及高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果：胆酸薄层色谱斑点清晰；黄芩苷在0.048-0.240цg线性关系良好，平均回收率为101.21%，RSD为1.44%。结论：鉴别及含量测定方法均简便易行，重现性好。     

宫宁颗粒质量标准研究

目的:建立宫宁颗粒的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对宫宁颗粒中的黄芩苷进行定性鉴别;以高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量。结果:供试品薄层色谱中,在与黄芩苷对照品相应的位置上显相同颜色的斑点;黄芩苷检测浓度在20～100μg/ml范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.71%(RSD=1.23%)。结论:所建质量标准可用于本品的质量控制。     

感宁颗粒的质量标准提高研究

目的提高感宁颗粒的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱(TLC)法对感宁颗粒中连翘及黄芩进行定性鉴别并优化栀子的鉴别方法,用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)法同时测定黄芩苷、栀子苷、绿原酸的含量,色谱柱为Agilent Hypersil ODS(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈(A)-0.1%磷酸溶液(B),进行梯度洗脱,柱温:25℃,检测波长为238 nm;流速:1.0 m L/min。结果 TLC法定性鉴别重复性好,阴性无干扰;黄芩苷、栀子苷、绿原酸分别在12~120μg/m L(r=0.999 9)、9.6~96μg/m L(r=0.999 7)、14.4~144μg/m L(r=0.999 7)浓度范围内线性关系良好,平均回收率分别为99.32%、98.90%、99.14%。结论提高后的质量标准方法简便可行,专属性强,重复性好,能有效地控制感宁颗粒的质量。     

黄连上清片的质量标准

目的提高黄连上清片的质量标准.方法用薄层色谱法鉴别片中的大黄、栀子、黄芩;用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷含量.结果在薄层色谱中可以检出大黄、栀子、黄芩;黄芩苷在4.8～484.8 μ·ml-1范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为100.8%,RSD为1.6%(n=9).结论方法简便,准确,专属性强,可以更有效地控制黄连上清片的质量.     

高效液相色谱法测定小儿退热合剂中栀子苷的含量

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定小儿退热合剂中栀子苷含量的方法。方法用高效液相色谱法对小儿退热合剂中栀子苷进行定量分析。色谱柱:Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18色谱柱(4.6mm×250mm,5μm);检测波长:238nm;流动相:甲醇-水(20∶80);流速:1.0mL/min;柱温:25℃;进样量:10μL。结果栀子苷在0.1005~0.6030μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999;平均加样回收率为99.9%,RSD为0.55%(n=6)。结论该方法准确、简单、重复性好,可用于测定小儿退热合剂中栀子苷的含量。     

炎热清胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立炎热清胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱对炎热清胶囊中薄荷脑、黄芩、龙胆、栀子、知母进行定性鉴别,以高效液相色谱法对方中君药黄芩中主要成分黄芩苷进行含量测定。结果在薄层色谱中均能检出薄荷脑、黄芩、龙胆、栀子、知母,黄芩苷在0.101～1.01μg范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好(r=0.9996)。结论方法简便、准确、灵敏、重现性好,可用于其质量控制。     

色谱法在小儿解感颗粒质量检测中的应用

目的了解色谱法在小儿解感颗粒质量标准研究中的应用。方法采用薄层色谱法对小儿解感颗粒中的荆芥、桔梗、甘草进行了定性鉴别,采用高效液相色谱法对本品中黄芩苷进行定量分析。结果中供试品溶液色谱中,在与黄芩苷对照品色谱峰相应位置上有相应峰,经计算得回归方程为Y=2077864．08X-36347．60,相关系数r=0．9999,黄芩苷进样量在0．0412-0．206ug范围内与峰面积积分值成良好线性关系。批号20080501样品黄芩苷含量17．96mg／g,批号20080502样品黄芩苷含量18．54mg／g,批号20080503样品黄芩苷含量20．36mg／g。结论色谱法简单可控,可有效地控制小儿解感颗粒的质量,保证临床疗效。     

炎热清胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立炎热清胶囊的质量标准。方法用薄层色谱（TLC）法鉴别黄芩和栀子;用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定黄芩的主要成分黄芩苷的含量。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰,阴性无干扰;黄芩苷对照品质量浓度在0.057～0.133 g/L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好（r=0.999 86）,平均加样回收率为99.79%,RSD为1.03%（n=6）。结论定性定量方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于炎热清胶囊的质量控制。     

小儿早熟抗胶囊质量标准研究

目的建立小儿早熟抗胶囊的质量标准。方法采用薄层色谱法对制剂中黄柏、栀子、当归、牡丹皮进行定性鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定栀子中栀子苷的含量。结果薄层色谱斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰;栀子苷在3.625~580.0μg.mL-1（r=1.0000;n=7）范围内线性关系良好;平均回收率为97.97%（RSD=1.3）。结论该方法简便、准确,重复性好,可用于控制小儿早熟抗胶囊的质量。     

双芩清解颗粒的质量标准研究

目的：建立双芩清解颗粒的质量标准。方法：采用薄层色谱法对方中的黄芩、知母、板蓝根3味药材进行鉴别;采用高效液相色谱法测定黄芩苷的含量：色谱柱为Syncronis C18（250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm）;流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸（44∶56）;流速1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长为278 nm;柱温35℃;进样量为10μl。结果：黄芩、知母、板蓝根薄层色谱斑点清晰、分离度好、专属性强。黄芩苷在0.062~2.184μg（r=0.9999）范围内线性关系良好,平均加样回收率为101.34%,RSD为1.10%（n=5）。结论：所建立的质量标准简便可行、重复性好,可用于双芩清解颗粒的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.