顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻：附4例报告

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺造瘘顺行球囊扩张治疗移植肾输尿管梗阻的安全性和疗效。方法回顾分析2002年以来本院4例接受顺行球囊扩张治疗的移植肾输尿管梗阻的患者资料,3例先行经皮肾穿刺造瘘,待肌酐降至正常,经造瘘口行输尿管镜术,1例直接行经皮肾穿刺造痿输尿管镜术,证实梗阻系输尿管或输尿管膀胱吻合口狭窄所致,顺行球囊扩张,成功后留置双J管。结果4例患者均1次扩张成功,术后输尿管梗阻症状缓解,尿量恢复至梗阻前水平,随访6～24个月,肾功能稳定,无梗阻复发。结论顺行球囊扩张治疗移植。肾输尿管梗阻是可行的。     

移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的腔内手术处理

目的　探讨微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术治疗移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的可行性与疗效。方法　对移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻的16例患者,采用微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术对吻合口狭窄或闭锁进行内切开与扩张,放置输尿管内支架管内引流,并观察患者肾功能的改善情况。结果　1 例患者经尿道逆行插入输尿管镜,行气囊扩张后,放置输尿管内支架管内引流;13 例患者经皮肾穿刺顺行插入输尿管镜,行梗阻段内切开与扩张,放置输尿管内支架管内引流;2例因吻合口闭锁长度超过1 cm,改开放手术。术后随访1~24 个月,13 例引流通畅,肾功能恢复正常,血肌酐为45~113μmol/L;3 例肾功能恢复较差,血肌酐为158~315μmol/L。结论　微创性经皮肾穿刺顺行输尿管镜技术和经尿道逆行输尿管镜技术处理移植肾输尿管膀胱吻合口梗阻,疗效较好,操作简便、安全。     

输尿管外科手术后狭窄的腔内球囊扩张治疗20例报告

目的探讨对外科手术后输尿管狭窄行腔内球囊扩张治疗的临床疗效。方法对20例外科手术后输尿管狭窄的患者采用腔内球囊扩张治疗,5例采用一期经皮肾造瘘术,2周后,二期采用顺行法腔内球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄;15例采用逆行法。结果顺行法治疗的5例均穿刺成功,扩张顺利,逆行法治疗的15例中14例扩张顺利,1例因扩张导管不能通过狭窄段而治疗失败,结论腔内球囊扩张治疗输尿管外科手术后狭窄安全有效。     

经皮顺行球囊扩张治疗输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄

目的：评价经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗尿流改道术或原位膀胱术后输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄治疗效果。方法：对15例尿流改道术或原位膀胱术后患者,共25处输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄,采用经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张,并置入输尿管支架管6周进行引流治疗。结果：本组15例中,2例双侧和1例单侧狭窄患者因导丝不能通过狭窄处,扩张失败。其余8例双侧狭窄、4例单侧狭窄患者均成功完成扩张,其中9例拔除支架管后症状好转,血肌酐下降及肾积水保持稳定,随访时间3～29个月（平均13个月）,有效率60％;另3例拔除支架管后1～3个月,血肌酐进行性上升,予以再次留置输尿管内支架管并定期更换。结论：经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张治疗输尿管-肠吻合口狭窄,创伤小,操作简单,可替代开放手术作为首选治疗方案。     

两镜联合治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄应用总结

目的评价两镜联合治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄的安全性和有效性。方法通过肾造瘘通道和经尿道通道顺行和逆行两个方向分别置镜,以斑马导丝为引导,通过球囊扩张、冷刀切开、钬激光切开等手段处理狭窄,术后经导丝放置双J管,留置肾造瘘管。结果42例患者手术中无中转开放手术及大出血,术后无尿外渗并发症发生,术后8周拔双J管,顺行肾盂输尿管造影显示原狭窄段得到解除,拔肾造瘘管后随访24～36个月,平均30个月,40例患者行IVP检查,结果见患侧肾及输尿管显影良好、原狭窄段通畅无梗阻,均达到临床治愈,2例患者再次出现狭窄,行二期两镜联合手术后狭窄解除。结论两镜联合治疗肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄术式安全,疗效可靠。     

恶性肿瘤致输尿管梗阻治疗方法的选择及疗效观察

目的 探讨恶性肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻治疗方法的选择并观察其疗效.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月至2013年12月中山大学附属第六医院泌尿外科收治的因恶性肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻患者32例,行逆/顺行输尿管金属支架置入术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,分析治疗过程的临床资料.结果 32例患者均先行逆行输尿管金属支架置入手术,成功17例（53.1％）,失败15例（46.9％）,失败15例患者再行顺行输尿管金属支架置入手术,成功10例（66.7％）,失败5例（33.3％）,失败5例患者最后行经皮肾穿刺造瘘术,全部成功.所有患者治疗后临床症状明显改善,肌酐（Cr）,血尿素氮（BUN）及肾盂分离值三种指标均较治疗前有显著性改善（P＜0.05）.经皮肾穿刺造瘘术患者慢性疼痛发生率显著高于输尿管金属支架置入术患者（P＜0.05）.所有患者均无严重并发症.结论 输尿管金属支架逆/顺行置入术或经皮肾穿刺造瘘术治疗恶性肿瘤引起的输尿管梗阻临床疗效满意,可根据不同情况灵活选择术式.     

经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张术治疗肾盂成型术后肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄

目的 探讨经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张术治疗肾盂成型术后肾孟输尿管连接部狭窄(UPJO)的疗效.方法 采用经皮肾穿刺顺行球囊扩张术治疗肾盂成型术后UPJO 18例,男10例,女8例,年龄15 -42岁,平均年龄30岁;腹腔镜肾盂成型术后再狭窄12例;开放性肾盂成型术后再狭窄6例.结果 18例患者手术成功,无大出血、肾周感染等并发症.手术时间40～110 min,平均75 min.手术失血量35 -80 ml,平均50 ml.随访12个月,治愈12例,好转4例,无效2例,有效率达88.9％.结论采用经皮肾穿刺顺行法球囊扩张术治疗肾盂成型术后UPJO创伤小、安全、疗效好,易于被病人接受.     

电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄

目的探讨电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄的安全性和疗效。方法回顾性分析2007年5月至2016年3月我院应用电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄469例的临床资料,术中通过逆行、顺行或者逆行+顺行三种途径置入安全导丝后,先使用电刀内切开输尿管狭窄段全层,再使用21 F球囊扩张器扩张,留置双J管,定期复查随访评估手术效果。结果 469例中采用逆行途径370例,顺行途径50例,顺行+逆行途径49例。术中1例因移植肾输尿管膀胱连接部内切开大出血中转开放手术,止血成功,现长期更换支架管治疗。肾盂输尿管连接部狭窄电刀切开术后出血5例,保守治疗成功。术后1年获随访381例,275例(72.2%)一次手术治愈;106例出现狭窄复发,其中57例行2~5次腔镜下狭窄段扩张后治愈,5例改作开放手术治愈,13例改用金属网状支架植入术治愈,17例长期定期更换双J管,8例长期留置肾造瘘管,6例行患肾切除术。结论电刀内切开联合球囊扩张治疗输尿管狭窄是安全、可靠、有效的,特别对于狭窄段较短、程度较轻和患肾功能较好的病例可作为首选治疗方案。     

同侧肾、输尿管多段多发结石的微创治疗

目的 探讨同侧肾、输尿管多段多发结石的微创治疗方法。方法 2005年1～10月我院对21例肾、输尿管多段多发结石采用输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术（ureteroscopic lithotripsy，URSL）联合微创经皮肾穿刺取石术（minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy，MPCNL）治疗。结果 2例合并肾积脓先行经皮肾造瘘，感染控制后行结石处理。余19例输尿管结石一期取净；一期取净肾结石13例，二期经皮肾造瘘结石取净3例，三期经皮肾造瘘取净结石2例，1例患侧输尿管口狭窄，URSL失败改行开放手术。结论 URSL联合MPCNL治疗肾、输尿管多段多发结石有效，具有损伤小、恢复快、并发症少的优点。     

手术治疗上尿路结石并发急性肾功能衰竭46例报告

对４６例上尿路结石并发急性肾功能衰竭患者根据结石部位及病人当时情况分别采取输尿管插管引流，经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流，肾输尿管切开取石，一侧输尿管切开取石对侧经皮肾穿刺造瘘引流及急症输尿管镜取石等不同方法进行治疗，结果除３例术扣发生尿瘘外，均治愈，表明：及时手术治疗解除梗阻有利于此类患者康复。文中还讨论了各种治疗方法的适应证。     

Antegrade percutaneous dilation of ureteral strictures after kidney transplantation

Ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation is due mostly to retroperitoneal fibrosis in the area of surgical dissection, and pyeloureterostomy is the treatment of choice for such an obstruction. For confined strictures, especially at the site of the ureteroneocystostomy, endoscopic dilation may be a good alternative. Antegrade percutaneous dilation was used to treat six patients with ureteral stricture after kidney transplantation. Four patients had stricture at the ureterovesical junction, one a confined midureteral stricture, and one a secondary stricture at the site of pyeloureterostomy. Percutaneous antegrade dilation of the stricture to 14 Fr with semirigid fascial dilators and external ureteral stenting with a 12-Fr silicon splint for 6 weeks was successful in the four patients with ureterovesical junction obstruction but not in the two other patients. Results were judged on the basis of serum creatinine concentration, renal ultrasonography, and intravenous urography (IVU). The follow-up period was 12–20 months (mean 15 months). None of the six patients died and perioperative morbidity was minimal.     

Reconstruction of late‐onset transplant ureteral stricture disease

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Most of the published literature reporting on ureteral obstruction after renal transplantation details the outcomes of management when performed within a few months post‐transplantation. The present study attempts to document the management and outcomes of patients who develop delayed ureteral strictures after renal transplant.

OBJECTIVE

? To describe our experience with surgical management of transplant ureteral strictures over a 6‐year period.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? The present study identified patients who underwent open reconstruction for transplant ureteral strictures between March 2002 and May 2008 after kidney or kidney–pancreas transplantation. ? Baseline clinical characteristics were documented, including age at transplantation and reconstruction, serum creatinine levels, immunosuppressive drug regimen, and comorbidities. ? Postoperative complications were noted, including urinary tract infections, stricture recurrence and graft failure. ? Successful reconstructions were defined as stable allograft function with unobstructed outflow not requiring repeat dilation, ureterotomy or stent placement.

RESULTS

? Median age at the time of reconstruction was 51 years and the mean time from transplantation was 62 months. ? Seven of the 13 patients had failed previous balloon dilation. ? The patients were followed for a median of 41 months and a successful repair was achieved in 10 of 13 patients. ? Ureteral strictures recurred in two patients who received ureteroneocystostomies, which were subsequently managed with chronic stent exchanges. ? Another recurrence involved a 1.5‐cm anastomotic stricture 6 months postoperatively, which was balloon‐dilated and has remained recurrence‐free for 16 months.

CONCLUSIONS

? Patients who present >6 months after renal transplantation with ureteral strictures that are recalcitrant to endoscopic management can safely undergo open surgical ureteral reconstruction without subsequent renal or graft failure. ? Further investigation involving a larger patient cohort is required to confirm these initial results.     

Transplant ureter stricture: Acucise endoureterotomy and balloon dilation are effective

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight patients with ureteral stricture after renal transplantation underwent minimally invasive treatment with Acucise incision or balloon dilation. Acucise endoureterotomy was used to treat four patients with strictures at the ureterovesical anastomosis, and balloon dilation was used to treat four patients with a ureteroureterostomy stricture. Success was defined as an acceptable serum creatinine concentration in the absence of hydronephrosis with at least 1 year of follow-up. RESULTS: Acucise endoureterotomy for ureterovesical anastomosis stricture was successful in two of three patients (67%) with a mean follow-up of 20 months. One patient had an indeterminate outcome. Balloon dilation of strictured ureteroureterostomy was successful in three of four patients (75%) with a mean follow-up of 23.7 months. Three of the four patients with previously failed open revision were treated successfully with endourologic techniques. The two patients in whom treatment failed had strictures >/=1.5 cm and manifested comorbidities including diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: As our results are comparable to those of other published series, endourologic management of transplant ureteral stenosis is a reasonable strategy.     

Ureteric obstruction in renal transplants: the role of percutaneous balloon dilatation.

With widespread use of balloon dilatation catheters outside the vascular system, percutaneous balloon dilatation has become an accepted alternative to surgery. Seventeen patients who developed ureteric stenosis following renal transplantation underwent 21 transrenal angioplastic balloon dilatations. Fifteen patients had lower ureteric strictures (2-22 mm long), and two had multiple strictures. The time interval between transplantation and obstruction ranged from 11 to 1370 days (median 71, mean 228.9 days). Nine patients were treated successfully (53%) with no stricture recurrence during the follow-up period, which ranged from 3 to 44 months (median 16, mean 17.8 months). In eight of nine patients in this group, the stricture impression on the inflation balloon was eliminated, and this appears to correlate best with a successful outcome. The eight patients who failed balloon dilatation and restenosed, did so within 7-42 days in seven patients; one patient had late stricturing at 238 days. Serious complications occurred in only one patient, who developed an A-V fistula not amenable to correction and necessitating transplant nephrectomy.     

A 4-year review of balloon dilation of ureteral strictures in renal allografts

BACKGROUND: Ureteral obstruction necessitating intervention occurs in 2% to 7.5% of all renal allograft recipients. Conventional management includes open surgical repair, although more recently, percutaneous ureteral dilation has been performed. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The management and outcome of all seven allograft ureteral strictures treated with balloon dilation in our unit over a 4-year period were reviewed. Half (55%) of these strictures occurred in the proximal ureter. RESULTS: Four strictures were dilated successfully with a requirement for five dilations in total. These patients have stable graft function with no evidence of obstruction. Five strictures persisted despite 11 dilations. There were no significant complications from balloon dilation. CONCLUSION: Definitive surgical management should be considered if obstruction persists after one attempt at ureteral dilation, as multiple dilations have a low success rate (25%).     

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗肝移植术后胆道狭窄30例

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的可行性及其效果.方法 对292例原位肝移植术后出现胆道狭窄的30例患者分别行胆道球囊扩张术、胆道引流术和胆道支架置入术.结果 3例胆道狭窄合并胆瘘患者和3例单纯吻合口狭窄患者,经气囊扩张术和胆道引流后痊愈.8例肝内外胆管多发狭窄患者,经气囊反复扩张胆道狭窄段后,7例狭窄纠正而获得痊愈;1例经气囊扩张治疗后出现肝内血肿,再次行肝移植.14例肝内外胆管多发狭窄合并胆泥的患者,经反复球囊导管扩张后,12例狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解;1例置入胆道支架,后因大量胆泥造成支架阻塞而再次行肝移植;1例治疗后狭窄仍存在,黄疸无缓解而再次行肝移植.2例T型管引流口段狭窄行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术后,狭窄明显减轻,黄疸缓解.结论 经皮肝穿刺胆道引流介入是治疗原位肝移植术后胆道狭窄的良好方法.     

Artificial ureters in renal transplantation

Ureteral strictures in transplanted renal units are initially managed by balloon dilation and indwelling stents. When endourologic management fails, ureteroneocystostomy or pyeloureteral anastomosis to the native ureter is the treatment of choice. Nevertheless, such procedures are not always successful. We present what we believe to be the first two North American cases of silicone-polyester artificial ureters (pyelovesical bypass graft) after failed endourologic or open management of ureteral strictures after renal transplantation. After 12 and 15 months of follow-up, the renal function was stable, with no evidence of obstruction. Long-term follow-up is needed to monitor the rate of late encrustation and obstruction.     

开放手术治疗肾移植术后输尿管梗阻的技术探讨

目的探讨肾移植术后移植肾输尿管狭窄的开放手术技巧与效果。方法首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院泌尿外科于2019年1月—2020年1月共行166例单肾移植,共发生5例肾移植术后输尿管狭窄,根据梗阻部位的不同采用了不同的开放手术术式进行治疗,回顾性分析这组患者的临床资料及预后。结果5例患者中,男性3例,女性2例,平均年龄42.6岁。其中2例患者原发病为Ⅱ型糖尿病,3例患者为肾小球肾炎。输尿管梗阻确诊的平均时间为肾移植术后143.8 d,行开放手术平均时间为肾移植术后209.8 d,确诊梗阻时平均血肌酐水平为271.94μmol/L。所有患者均因出现移植肾积水合并血肌酐进行性升高经影像学检查确诊,首先采取内支架或经皮肾造瘘紧急挽救肾功能。待肾功能恢复稳定后,根据梗阻段位置,3例患者行移植输尿管-膀胱再吻合术,1例患者行原输尿管-移植肾输尿管端端吻合术,1例患者行膀胱皮瓣翻转代输尿管术。5例患者开放手术平均时间为2.6 h,术中平均出血量为32 ml。开放手术后,5例患者均预后良好,开放手术后平均血清肌酐恢复至111.5μmol/L,尿量正常,无外科并发症发生。随访半年后,5例患者均未再发生输尿管梗阻。结论移植肾输尿管梗阻是肾移植术后常见外科并发症之一,腔内治疗中远期效果有限,根据不同梗阻部位选择不同术式进行开放手术,是治疗移植肾输尿管狭窄的有效方案。     

Endourologic management of malignant ureteral strictures

PURPOSE: This retrospective analysis assessed the efficacy of balloon dilatation, endoureterotomy, percutaneous ureteroneocystostomy with stenting, and insertion of Wallstents in the management of malignant ureteral strictures with an intact or compromised vascular supply. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A series of 127 patients with ureteral strictures secondary to malignancies were assessed after at least 2-year follow-up (range 2-5 years; mean 3.5 years). Balloon dilation (antegrade approach) was applied in 46 patients, endoureterotomy with temporary stenting in 37, percutaneous ureteroneocystostomy with stenting in 34, bougie and stents in 13, and Wallstents in 31. RESULTS: Balloon dilatation was successful in only two of four malignant midureteral stenoses with intact vascular supplies and was even less successful (10%) in midureteral strictures with a compromised vascular supply. Endoureterotomy failed in all cases to prevent ureteral obstruction. Percutaneous ureteroneocystostomy achieved patency in 11 of 34 patients (33%) having a compromised ureteral vascular supply. Wallstents were successful in 18 of 31 patients (58%) with stenoses of the pelvic ureter. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous ureteroneocystostomy with stenting meets the requirement for palliation in patients with obstruction secondary to pelvic neoplasms. Wallstents proved to be most successful when used in the pelvic ureter.     

Percutaneous management of benign ureteroileal anastomotic strictures after ileal conduit urinary diversion

We report our experience with the endourological treatment of 4 patients with 5 benign ureteroileal anastomotic strictures after ileal conduit urinary diversion. The treatment was successful in 4 of the 5 renal units without restenosis with a mean follow up of 10 months. The strictures were dilated by ureteral dilators and/or balloon dilation catheters using guide wires through percutaneous nephrostomies in an antegrade fashion. A 9 or 12 Fr. percutaneous splint catheter or a 12 Fr. double pig tail catheter was placed for 3-8 weeks after a successful dilation. Two renal units underwent repeated dilations. In 1 renal unit, a guide wire was hardly passed through the stricture and the treatment was unsuccessful. No serious complications were encountered. Percutaneous endourological managements of ureteroileal anastomotic strictures seemed to be quite versatile techniques which should be tried as the initial approach in many cases.