天津地区儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒病原检测分析

目的:了解天津地区儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒的病原学情况.方法:采用直接免疫荧光法对2010年1月-2011年6月天津市儿童医院收治的5 954例7h～12岁因急性呼吸道感染住院儿童鼻咽分泌物标本进行呼吸道7种病毒检测.结果:本组检测出7项病毒阳性626例(10.51％),男性多于女性,其中呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)376例(60.06％),副流感病毒3(PIV 3)211例(33.71％),腺病毒(ADV)20例(3.19％),流感病毒A(IFV A)6例(0.96％),副流感病毒1(PIV 1)5例(0.80％),流感病毒B(IFV B)3例(0.48％),副流感病毒2(PIV 2)2例(0.32％)和混合感染3例(0.48％).RSV在各年龄组患儿中检出率均为最高,其余几种病毒感染以2岁以内婴幼儿多见.RSV季节性较明显,主要集中在冬春季,PIY 3在夏季有一个小高峰.结论:RSV、PIV 3为本地区儿童急性呼吸道病毒感染主要致病原,不同季节有一定的流行规律.     

无锡地区654例急性呼吸道病毒感染住院患儿的病原学研究

目的 探讨无锡地区儿童急性呼吸道病毒感染的病原学特点.方法 采集2006年12月～2007年11月因急性呼吸道感染而住院治疗患儿的鼻咽分泌物,用直接荧光法检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、流感病毒A、B型(IFVA、B)、副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型(PIV Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)共7种病毒抗原.结果 654例患儿鼻咽分泌物中病毒抗原检测阳性共266例,阳性率40.6%;所检病毒依次为RSV(60.9%,162/266)、PIV Ⅲ型(19.1%)、IFV A型(7.5%)、APV(7.5%)、PIV Ⅰ型(2.6%)和IFV B型(2.2%).冬春季节病毒抗原阳性率与夏秋季相近,喘息性疾病患儿阳性率明显高于非喘息性疾病患JL(P<0.01),3岁以下患儿检出阳性率明显高于3岁以上患儿(P<0.01),男性高于女性(P<0.01).结论 无锡地区急性呼吸道感染住院患儿病毒病原体以RSV和副流感病毒Ⅲ型为主,喘息性疾病和婴幼儿感染率较高.     

婴幼儿喘息性疾病的病毒病原学研究

目的 了解婴幼儿喘息性疾病常见呼吸道病毒感染的病原学情况.方法 采集318例婴幼儿喘息性疾病住院患儿的鼻咽部分泌物标本,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)进行呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV),流感病毒A、B型(INFA、B),副流感病毒Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型(PIY Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ),腺病毒(ADV),鼻病毒(RV),偏肺病毒(hMPV)检测.结果 318例婴幼儿喘息性疾病中检出呼吸道病毒阳性258例,阳性率为81.1％.检出6种呼吸道病毒、其阳性率分别为RSV 36.2％,hMPV21.7％,RV 14.5％,INF-B 1.3％,PIV-Ⅲ3.1％,ADV 5.3％.4至6月份病毒阳性检出率最高(92.7％),1至3月份病毒阳性检出率最低(51.3％).1岁以前主要是RSV和hMPV感染,1～3岁主要是RSV和RV感染.毛细支气管炎及喘息性支气管炎主要是RSV、hMPV感染,婴幼儿哮喘主要是hMPV、RV感染.结论 合胞病毒是婴幼儿喘息性疾病的首位病毒病原体,其次是hMPV、RV.喘息患儿病毒检出阳性率呈季节性分布,且随年龄增长呈下降趋势.     

天津地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染病毒病原学分析

目的:分析天津地区儿童急性下呼吸道感染的鼻咽分泌物病毒病原学分布状况。方法:采用多重RT-PCR法,对202例鼻咽分泌物样本同时检测腺病毒(ADV),副流感病毒(PIV)1、2、3,流感病毒(Flu)A、B,鼻病毒(RhinoV),呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)A、B,人偏肺病毒(HMPV),冠状病毒(CoV)OC43/HKU1、229E/NL63共14种常见呼吸道病毒,以及PCR法检测人博卡病毒(HBoV)和WU多瘤病毒。结果:202份样本中检出致病性病毒阳性的有151份(74.8%),其中2种以上病毒混合感染54份(26.7%);RSV检出阳性率最高(42.1%),其次为PIV(20.8%)和RhinoV(19.8%);RSV在2008年12月—2009年3月检出率明显升高,PIV在2009年3月—5月检出率较高,CoV2种血清型均同时存在,HBoV混合感染率为64.3%;各年龄段病毒阳性检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);WU多瘤病毒在下呼吸道感染患儿中检出阳性率高(19.8%)。结论:RSV为天津地区儿童急性下呼吸道病毒感染主要致病原,在呼吸道感染患儿中多瘤病毒阳性检出较高,应当引起关注。     

直接免疫荧光法对七种呼吸道病毒检测的临床应用

本研究应用直接免疫荧光法,对392例住院呼吸道感染患儿呼吸道分泌物中合胞病毒（RSV）、副流感病毒（PIV,1、2、3型）、流感病毒（IFV,A、B型）和腺病毒（ADV）抗原进行检测,通过分析贵州地区呼吸道感染患儿病毒病原学检测结果,为呼吸道感染性疾病提供病毒病原学诊断依据。     

潍坊地区急性呼吸道感染患儿副流感病毒检测及分析

目的:了解潍坊地区急性呼吸道感染患儿副流感病毒(PIV)感染状况及特点。方法:收集2010年10月至2012年11月在潍坊医学院附属医院儿科住院的急性呼吸道感染患儿358例,用直接免疫荧光法对患儿鼻咽分泌物标本进行7种常见呼吸道病毒抗原检测,结合临床分析其结果。结果:(1)358例患儿标本中,病毒检测阳性180例(50.3%),其中PIV 120例(120/180,66.7%),包括PIV1 36例(36/180,20.0%),PIV2 32例(32/180,17.8%),PIV3 14例(14/180,7.8%),PIV合并其他病毒38例(38/180,21.1%)。(2)PIV1、PIV3在急性上呼吸道感染与下呼吸道感染的检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);PIV2、PIV合并其他病毒在急性上、下呼吸道感染检出率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)各年龄组间PIV各亚型感染比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=14.0,P<0.05)。(4)不同季节PIV各亚型感染检出率组间比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.4,P<0.05),冬春季节检出率较高。结论:PIV在潍坊地区急性呼吸道感染患儿有较高的检出率(33.52%),其中PIV1为优势流行病毒;感染高峰在冬春季节,感染患儿以3岁以下多见;PIV1主要以上呼吸道感染为主,PIV3以急性下呼吸道感染为主。     

3483例儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学分析

目的：探讨常州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的病毒病原学流行特点,供临床诊疗参考。方法：选择3 483例于2011-2012年在我院诊断为急性呼吸道感染的患儿,采用直接免疫荧光法检测7种常见呼吸道病毒。结果：3 483例标本中,检出病毒阳性标本903例（25.93%）,其中男584例,女319例。病毒感染在冬春季1岁以内毛细支气管炎患儿中检出率最高。单一病毒感染890例（890/3 483,25.55%）,以RSV感染为主（616/3 483,17.69%）,其次为副流感病毒3型（PIV3）、腺病毒（ADV）、流感病毒A（InfA）、PIV1、PIV2和InfB。RSV感染以3岁以内儿童多见,好发于冬春季,其在毛细支气管炎患儿中检出率最高（138/304,45.39%）。混合感染以RSV合并其他病毒感染为主。结论：病毒是2011-2012年常州地区儿童急性呼吸道感染的重要病原。RSV感染居7种常见呼吸道病毒感染之首,其流行具有明显季节性,好发于冬春季。     

儿童急性呼吸道感染78例病毒病原学特点研究

目的探讨78例儿童急性呼吸道感染病毒病原学的分布特点,为其临床防治提供参考。方法对2010年3月至2013年3月在我院确诊的急性呼吸道感染的78例患儿收集其鼻咽分泌物,采用直接免疫荧光法检测急性呼吸道感染病毒抗原。结果病毒感染检出率为64.1%;最常见的三种病毒为呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、副流感病毒Ⅲ型(PIVⅢ)、腺病毒(ADV);病毒感染无明显性别差异,以1个月至2岁前感染多发。结论通过检测杭州余杭地区儿童急性呼吸道感染疾病病毒病原,在一定程度上为临床提供相对可靠的病原学参考。     

急性下呼吸道感染的病毒病原学研究

选择1995年10月至2003年3月我院儿科住院患者中患急性下呼吸道感染(ALRI)的患儿1325例，应用单克隆抗体桥联酶标法(APPAP)检测鼻咽部分泌物脱落细胞呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、腺病毒(AdV3、7)、流感病毒(FluA、B)、副流感病毒(PIV1、2、3)等，结合临床报告如下。     

住院呼吸道感染患儿374例病毒检测结果分析

目的了解住院呼吸道感染患儿病毒感染状况。方法对该院2013年收治的呼吸道感染住院患儿374例的鼻咽深部分泌物标本,进行呼吸道病毒7项指标检测。结果病毒阳性178例（47.6%）,其中呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）占39.6%,腺病毒（ADV）32.6%,病毒混合感染病例30.5%,以RSV合并ADV感染为主。RSV与ADV在≤6月龄患儿中检出率最高,RSV在毛细支气管炎中检出率最高（51.1%）,ADV在支气管肺炎的检出率最高（35.5%）。结论 RSV和ADV是儿童呼吸道病毒感染的主要病原,且混合感染现象严重。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.