172例早产儿视网膜病变高危因素分析

目的 探讨早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）的发病情况,并研究ROP的相关危险因素。方法 选取2015年6月至2016年5月安徽省立医院新生儿科住院的出生胎龄≤34周或体质量<2 kg的早产儿172例,根据筛查结果分为ROP组14例与无ROP组158例,对两组患儿的出生胎龄、出生体质量、性别、吸氧时间、呼吸暂停、机械通气、贫血、输血及支气管肺发育不良（BPD）等因素进行相关性分析,选择有统计学意义的因素进行多因素logistic回归分析,探讨ROP相关危险因素。结果 两组患儿出生胎龄、出生体质量、吸氧时间、呼吸暂停、机械通气、贫血、输血及BPD这8个因素差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。通过logistic回归分析发现出生胎龄、出生体质量、呼吸暂停、机械通气及BPD是ROP的相关危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 出生胎龄、出生体质量、呼吸暂停、机械通气及BPD是ROP的相关危险因素。     

小剂量氟康唑预防早产儿经外周穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)时真菌感染的临床观察

目的观察小剂量氟康唑预防早产儿经外周穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)时侵袭性真菌感染临床观察。方法采用回顾性对照分析的方法,选取2012年1月至2016年1月出生于我院并在我院新生儿重症监护病房住院早产儿,胎龄28~32周,出生体质量<1500 g 178例放置PICC的早产儿为研究对象。其中随机抽取90例给予氟康唑3 mg/(kg·d)静脉滴注预防真菌感染为预防组,未给予氟康唑为对照组。比较分析真菌感染的发生率。结果对照组与预防组患儿的基本临床特点及侵袭性真菌感染的危险因素类似。90例预防组患儿中侵袭性真菌感染发生率1.1%,而对照组88例中侵袭性真菌感染发生率7.95%,两组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在预防用药后2周、4周比较两组肝功能指标,无差异。结论小剂量氟康唑可有效降低早产儿PICC时侵袭性真菌感染发生,临床安全性较好。     

布洛芬治疗动脉导管未闭的疗效及并发症研究

目的：探讨症状性动脉导管未闭（sPDA）与非症状性动脉导管未闭（nsPDA）经药物干预后关闭率及相关并发症的发生率,以便进一步指导临床应用。方法：回顾性分析同济医院新生儿科2016 年5 月至2019 年4 月收治的胎龄<34 周并于生后1 周末行超声心动图诊断为动脉导管未闭（PDA）的早产儿252 例,根据是否符合sPDA 诊断标准,分为sPDA 组（n=94例）和nsPDA 组（n=158例）,nsPDA 组分为nsPDA-1组（n=92）和nsPDA-2组（n=66）。sPDA 组所有患儿和nsPDA-1组在住院期间均接受了口服布洛芬治疗;而nsPDA-2组患儿在住院期间未接受布洛芬治疗。三组患儿于治疗结束后或出院前均已复查超声心动图。收集患儿资料,分析三组早产儿动脉导管关闭率和PDA 相关并发症的发生情况。结果：sPDA 组患儿胎龄、出生体质量均小于nsPDA-1组和nsPDA-2组（P<0.05）,而nsPDA-1组和nsPDA-2组胎龄和出生体质量差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。口服布洛芬治疗后sPDA组与nsPDA-1组分别有52例和81例患儿动脉导管关闭,关闭率为55.3%和88.0%,而nsPDA-2组有54例早产儿动脉导管自然关闭,关闭率为81.8%,sPDA 组动脉导管关闭率低于nsPDA-1组和nsPDA-2组（P<0.05）,而nsPDA-1组和nsPDA-2组关闭率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。sPDA组肺炎、早产儿支气管肺发育不良（BPD）、喂养不耐受、坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）及颅内出血（IVH）的发生率高于nsPDA-1组和nsPDA-2组（P<0.05）,而nsPDA-1组和nsPDA-2组上述并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。sPDA 组和nsPDA-1组的肾损伤发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但均高于nsPDA-2（P<0.05）。结论：胎龄越小、出生体质量越低,出现sPDA可能性越大,sPDA早产儿1周后口服布洛芬关闭PDA 的疗效较nsPDA早产儿差,并较后者更容易出现早产儿相关并发症（肺炎、BPD、喂养不耐受、NEC及IVH）。     

小剂量氟康唑在预防早产儿真菌性感染中应用的临床观察

目的 评价小剂量氟康唑在预防早产儿真菌性感染中的临床效果.方法 选择2011年5月-2013年4月我院治疗的早产儿60例,将患者随机均分为对照组（30例）和观察组（30例）,对照组给予抗生素治疗与各项专科护理,观察组在以上治疗与护理的基础上口服小剂量氟康唑,观察组早产儿经治疗后的临床效果与安全性.结果 观察组真菌性感染率少于对照组（P＜0.05）;治疗2周后观察组早产儿肝功能指标比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;早产儿对口服氟康唑胃肠道耐受性良好.结论 应对早产儿积极采用小剂量氟康唑治疗,可有效降低早产儿真菌感染的发生率,且安全可靠,药物耐受性良好.     

氟康唑在恶性血液病化疗后粒细胞减少期预防真菌感染的应用

目的：评价氟康唑预防血液病患者化疗后粒细胞减少期并发真菌感染的疗效.方法：采用随机对照试验方法,把60例化疗后中性粒细胞减少的血液病患者分为真菌感染预防用药组和对照组.其中预防用药组患者预防性的服用氟康唑,而对照组患者未接受任何预防性抗真菌药物治疗.观察并比较2组患者真菌感染的发生率和严重程度.结果：用药组30例服用氟康唑口服液患者中.发生真菌感染的仅2例.真菌感染率为6.7%.而对照组30例中.并发真菌感染7例,包括3例深部真菌感染.真菌感染率为23.3%.明显高于预防用药组（P〈0.01）.结论：在血液病患者中性粒细胞减少期及早给予氟康唑进行预防,能有效降低真菌感染的发生率.     

超低出生体质量早产儿病因及并发症分析

目的：分析超低出生体质量早产儿（ELBWI）相关的病因、并发症,以便更好地制定诊疗方案,改善患儿临床结局。方法：采用回顾性研究方法,选取我院NICU 1998年5月至2004年12月收治的ELBWI 32例（A组）和2012年1月至2014年6月收治的ELBWI 79例（B组）,对相关早产原因、并发症进行比较分析。结果：B组中母亲行体外受精胚胎移植术（IVF-ET）、不良孕育史的患儿比例高于A组（P<0.05）。B组酸中毒、早产儿视网膜病变（ROP）、动脉导管未闭（PDA）、低血糖、休克、低体温、硬肿症的发生率较Ａ组下降,新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）、支气管肺发育不良（BPD）的发生率较A组升高（P均<0.05）。B组中,胎龄＜２８周的患儿NRDS、脑室周围白质软化（PVL）、呼吸暂停、BPD、院内感染、酸中毒、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）的发生率高于胎龄≥28周的患儿（P均<0.05）。结论：ELBWI相关的早产原因和并发症较多,近年来的主要并发症为NRDS、呼吸暂停、BPD等。积极避免早产高危因素,制定正确的诊疗方案,防止严重并发症的发生,是改善ELBWI临床结局的关键。     

固尔苏预防早产儿肺透明膜病的效果观察

目的观察固尔苏（猪肺磷脂）预防早产儿肺透明膜病（HMD）的效果。方法将胎龄≤32周,体质量≤1500g的同条件早产儿64例分为预防组31例和对照组33例。预防组在出生后6h内经气管内滴人固尔苏,对照组不应用固尔苏。结果预防组并发HMD、肺炎、需要机械通气、死亡及放弃治疗的发生率均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论早产儿预防性应用固尔苏可降低HMD的发病率,减轻病情,改善早产儿预后。     

初治急性白血病应用氟康唑预防真菌感染的临床观察

目的观察氟康唑在初治急性白血病（AL）患者粒细胞缺乏期预防真菌感染的疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2007年1月～2013年1月住院的58例初治AL患者,将其分为治疗组与对照组,治疗组给予氟康唑胶囊100mrCd,口服．自化疗开始至脱离粒细胞缺乏时停止;对照组未常规应用预防性抗真菌治疗。观察两组患者真菌感染率的差异。结果治疗组化疗后并发真菌感染率为7．4％（2／27）,对照组并发真菌感染率为29．0％（9／31）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论氟康唑预防性治疗对于预防初治AL患者真菌感染有显著疗效。     

谷氨酰胺对早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的预防效果观察

目的研究谷氨酰胺对早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的预防效果。方法选取2016年3月～2018年3月在我院出生的早产儿180例,根据治疗方式不同分为两组,每组均为90例。其中对照组不采用任何预防措施,研究组采用谷氨酰胺进行预防。比较两组早产儿NEC发生率、预后情况及治疗前后的营养情况。结果研究组早产儿NEC发生率1.11%与对照组5.55%,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05)。治疗前两组早产儿的营养情况比较差异无统计学意义(P 0.05),治疗后研究组均明显优于对照组,且两组患儿治疗后均相比治疗前出现好转,研究组早产儿不良反应发生率6.67%与对照组33.33%,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。出生时两组早产儿平均体重与头围差异无统计学意义(P 0.05),出院后3个月时,研究组均显著优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论预防使用谷氨酰胺能够有效改善营养情况,患儿体重得到明显增长,保证早产儿能够健康成长,值得应用。     

复方嗜酸乳杆菌预防早产儿真菌感染的临床观察

为了观察经口或鼻胃管服用复方嗜酸杆菌片有效预防早产儿真菌感染的临床效果,选择住院的早产儿,应用抗生素时间均长达7 d以上。随机分成2组,对照组入院后给予常规防治感染及对症支持,于入院第15 d开始口服或鼻胃管鼻饲氟康唑直至出院。治疗组在早产儿入院开始使用抗生素时即给予口服复方嗜酸杆菌片,直至出院。结果显示对照组与治疗组新生儿在应用抗生素后7 d发生真菌感染无统计学意义(P>0.05),但在14 d发生真菌感染有显著差异,有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组与治疗组新生儿在21 d发生真菌感染有显著差异,有统计学意义(P<0.05),28 d后发生真菌感染无统计学意义(P>0.05)。且<1 500 g的新生儿在相同体重下口服益生菌后可降低真菌感染发病率,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。益生菌有效预防早产儿真菌感染,同时能避免抗真菌药物所致不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.